基于图形理解的建筑工程量信息获取原理、方法及其应用研究
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摘要
计算机辅助建筑工程量信息获取技术经过近二十年的研究，形成了基于数据交换文件、图形输入等方法，并在实际中得到了较广泛的应用，但这些方法离根本解决工程量信息自动获取的目标还相当遥远。咎其根本原因在于现有的工程量信息获取方法和计算机辅助建筑设计没有很好地集成和形成一体化。本文在分析该领域的研究现状和存在问题的基础上，提出了一种新的基于图形理解的工程量信息获取方法，不仅对建筑图样的计算机理解具有一定的理论价值，而且将对工程造价管理工作的改革和发展、建筑业计算机应用的深入起到推动作用，并具有广阔的应用前景。
基于图形理解的工程量信息获取方法，实质是在对施工图进行图形理解的基础上，识别出建筑物的各种功能部件，广义上是建筑图样的计算机理解和三维重建方法研究。论文第二章面向图形理解对施工图语义从表达方式、投影关系、尺寸约束等不同层次进行了分析，归纳出建筑图样和机械图样视图表达方式的主要区别，针对现有的三维重建策略在建筑图样图形理解中的局限性，提出了针对建筑图样的基于知识的建筑图理解策略。
建筑图样和机械图样的一个显著区别是：反映建筑物功能部件形状信息的平、立、剖面图时常不在同一张图纸中。论文第三章从功能部件的视图表达方式入手，分析了面向功能部件图形信息完整表达的不同种类施工图组合形式，归纳出了功能部件的视图关联特征，提出了基于视图关联的工程量信息获取方法。以土石方工程量为例，给出了功能部件对应图形信息的理解策略、具体算法和应用实例。利用基于中心线最大连通域搜索技术，判别墙基础的类型，提出了建立视图尺寸关系树以获取施工图中图形实体尺寸的方法。
建筑图样和机械图样的另一个显著区别是：建筑图样的理解要从建筑物视图中识别出某类特定的功能部件，为了提高图形理解的有效性，减小图形信息的搜索空间，论文第四章提出了工程特征类的概念和基于工程特征类的工程量信息获取方法。工程特征类用以实现对施工图的图形信息进行分离并以面向对象的方式进行表达；通过对工程特征类对象的图形实体进行分析，提出了特征实体利关联实体的概念，建立了工程特征类对象图形实体间的内在关联，为工程特征类对象的实例化提供了切入点。
建筑图样形体形状的表达方式丰富、多样，建筑图样的很多标注中蕴涵形体的形状信息，并且这些标注具有明显的视图特点。论文第五章通过分析施工图中的标注和建筑物功能部件的关联特征，提出了基于标注实体功能语义的工程量信息获取方法。结合钢筋量工程量统计，分析了这些标注的特点、识别方法和所蕴涵的工程量信息的获取方法，并采用模糊逻辑对建筑结构图中钢筋线跟踪和钢筋形状的识别进行了研究。
基于上述的研究工作，第六章介绍了所开发的基于图形理解的“建筑CAD与(概)
浙江大学博士学位论文 基于图形理解的建筑工程量信息获取原理、方法及其应用研究
一
预算一体化软件系统”的组成、结构和各模块的功能，以及系统运行的一些实例。验证了
论文中理论和技术方法的可行性、有效性和先进性。
最后，在第七章总结了本文在建筑图样计算机理解、基于施工图理解的工程量信息获
取技术研究和应用等方面的研究成果，并展望了未来的研究方向。
本文研究得到了杭州市重大工业攻关项目（项目编号：9引12809－1）的资助。
Computer aided engineering quantity information extracting is still far from the aim after almost twenty years' research, though some extracting methods have been developed and applied in practice, such as "data exchange file" and "drawings input", etc. the key problem is that the existing methods and computer aided architecture design(CAAD) are not well integrated. On the basis of the analysis of its status quo and the problems remained, a new method is put forward in this dissertation. The research has important value of architectural drawing understanding, and it will also promote the innovation and development of project cost management , computer applications in architecture field in depth, and moreover, it will has huge foreground in practice.
To realize engineering quantity information extracting based on shop drawings, recognizing diversified functional components in shop drawings based on drawing understanding is essential, which is in fact a method of "engineering drawing computer understanding" or "The 3D Reconstruction" in general. In chapter 2, we analyze shop drawings hierarchically such as projection relation, expression mode and dimension restriction, etc; conclude the main difference between mechanical and architectural drawings, based on it, strategies of knowledge-based engineering drawing computer understanding aim at shop drawings are introduced.
One distinct difference between mechanical and architectural drawings is, views, which express one type of functional components, are not in one paper, in general, when all of the views is in the same paper, the methods aim at mechanical drawings such as engineering drawing computer understanding or "The 3D Reconstruction" can be used in architectural drawings. In chapter 3, a method to extract engineering quantity information based on relating views is introduced, understanding strategies of drawing information related to engineering quantity, detailed algorithms and its applied example are also introduced at the same time.
Another distinct difference between mechanical and architectural drawings is, the aim of architectural drawing understanding is to recognize one type of the given components, for improving the validity of drawing understanding, reducing the search scope, in chapter 4, the concept of "Engineering Feature Class" is put forward, which is hoped for separating drawings information related to engineering quantity, expressing the drawing information in object oriented mode. Through the analysis of entities in Engineering Feature Class object, notions of Feature Entity and Relevancy Entity are introduced, Relevancy Entity opens out the relations between entities of Engineering Feature Class object; Feature Entity supplies the way in point of
Engineering Feature Class object instantiation.
Considering the shape expression modes are more diversiform, dispersed, and complex in shop drawing, many notations in shop drawing contain shape information, also with distinct characteristics, a new method of extracting engineering quality based on notation entities functional semantics is put forward in chapter 5. Characteristics, recognition and engineering extracting methods of the notations are analyzed with an example of steel bars quality, tracking and shape recognition methods of steel bars lines are introduced at the same time.
Based on the research work above all, a "CAAD and budgetary-budget integration software system" based on drawings understanding is introduced in chapter 6, including its buildup, structure and main functions, also with some examples, witch testifies the feasibility, validity and advancement of the technology and methods presented in the dissertation.
Finally, the development of architectural drawings computer understanding, technology research on CAAD and budgetary-budget integration based on drawing understanding is summarized and the future research work is put forward.
基于图形理解的工程量信息获取方法，实质是在对施工图进行图形理解的基础上，识别出建筑物的各种功能部件，广义上是建筑图样的计算机理解和三维重建方法研究。论文第二章面向图形理解对施工图语义从表达方式、投影关系、尺寸约束等不同层次进行了分析，归纳出建筑图样和机械图样视图表达方式的主要区别，针对现有的三维重建策略在建筑图样图形理解中的局限性，提出了针对建筑图样的基于知识的建筑图理解策略。
建筑图样和机械图样的一个显著区别是：反映建筑物功能部件形状信息的平、立、剖面图时常不在同一张图纸中。论文第三章从功能部件的视图表达方式入手，分析了面向功能部件图形信息完整表达的不同种类施工图组合形式，归纳出了功能部件的视图关联特征，提出了基于视图关联的工程量信息获取方法。以土石方工程量为例，给出了功能部件对应图形信息的理解策略、具体算法和应用实例。利用基于中心线最大连通域搜索技术，判别墙基础的类型，提出了建立视图尺寸关系树以获取施工图中图形实体尺寸的方法。
建筑图样和机械图样的另一个显著区别是：建筑图样的理解要从建筑物视图中识别出某类特定的功能部件，为了提高图形理解的有效性，减小图形信息的搜索空间，论文第四章提出了工程特征类的概念和基于工程特征类的工程量信息获取方法。工程特征类用以实现对施工图的图形信息进行分离并以面向对象的方式进行表达；通过对工程特征类对象的图形实体进行分析，提出了特征实体利关联实体的概念，建立了工程特征类对象图形实体间的内在关联，为工程特征类对象的实例化提供了切入点。
建筑图样形体形状的表达方式丰富、多样，建筑图样的很多标注中蕴涵形体的形状信息，并且这些标注具有明显的视图特点。论文第五章通过分析施工图中的标注和建筑物功能部件的关联特征，提出了基于标注实体功能语义的工程量信息获取方法。结合钢筋量工程量统计，分析了这些标注的特点、识别方法和所蕴涵的工程量信息的获取方法，并采用模糊逻辑对建筑结构图中钢筋线跟踪和钢筋形状的识别进行了研究。
基于上述的研究工作，第六章介绍了所开发的基于图形理解的“建筑CAD与(概)
浙江大学博士学位论文 基于图形理解的建筑工程量信息获取原理、方法及其应用研究
一
预算一体化软件系统”的组成、结构和各模块的功能，以及系统运行的一些实例。验证了
论文中理论和技术方法的可行性、有效性和先进性。
最后，在第七章总结了本文在建筑图样计算机理解、基于施工图理解的工程量信息获
取技术研究和应用等方面的研究成果，并展望了未来的研究方向。
本文研究得到了杭州市重大工业攻关项目（项目编号：9引12809－1）的资助。
Computer aided engineering quantity information extracting is still far from the aim after almost twenty years' research, though some extracting methods have been developed and applied in practice, such as "data exchange file" and "drawings input", etc. the key problem is that the existing methods and computer aided architecture design(CAAD) are not well integrated. On the basis of the analysis of its status quo and the problems remained, a new method is put forward in this dissertation. The research has important value of architectural drawing understanding, and it will also promote the innovation and development of project cost management , computer applications in architecture field in depth, and moreover, it will has huge foreground in practice.
To realize engineering quantity information extracting based on shop drawings, recognizing diversified functional components in shop drawings based on drawing understanding is essential, which is in fact a method of "engineering drawing computer understanding" or "The 3D Reconstruction" in general. In chapter 2, we analyze shop drawings hierarchically such as projection relation, expression mode and dimension restriction, etc; conclude the main difference between mechanical and architectural drawings, based on it, strategies of knowledge-based engineering drawing computer understanding aim at shop drawings are introduced.
One distinct difference between mechanical and architectural drawings is, views, which express one type of functional components, are not in one paper, in general, when all of the views is in the same paper, the methods aim at mechanical drawings such as engineering drawing computer understanding or "The 3D Reconstruction" can be used in architectural drawings. In chapter 3, a method to extract engineering quantity information based on relating views is introduced, understanding strategies of drawing information related to engineering quantity, detailed algorithms and its applied example are also introduced at the same time.
Another distinct difference between mechanical and architectural drawings is, the aim of architectural drawing understanding is to recognize one type of the given components, for improving the validity of drawing understanding, reducing the search scope, in chapter 4, the concept of "Engineering Feature Class" is put forward, which is hoped for separating drawings information related to engineering quantity, expressing the drawing information in object oriented mode. Through the analysis of entities in Engineering Feature Class object, notions of Feature Entity and Relevancy Entity are introduced, Relevancy Entity opens out the relations between entities of Engineering Feature Class object; Feature Entity supplies the way in point of
Engineering Feature Class object instantiation.
Considering the shape expression modes are more diversiform, dispersed, and complex in shop drawing, many notations in shop drawing contain shape information, also with distinct characteristics, a new method of extracting engineering quality based on notation entities functional semantics is put forward in chapter 5. Characteristics, recognition and engineering extracting methods of the notations are analyzed with an example of steel bars quality, tracking and shape recognition methods of steel bars lines are introduced at the same time.
Based on the research work above all, a "CAAD and budgetary-budget integration software system" based on drawings understanding is introduced in chapter 6, including its buildup, structure and main functions, also with some examples, witch testifies the feasibility, validity and advancement of the technology and methods presented in the dissertation.
Finally, the development of architectural drawings computer understanding, technology research on CAAD and budgetary-budget integration based on drawing understanding is summarized and the future research work is put forward.
引文
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