通用医学图像处理系统的设计和实现
|
摘要
随着计算机技术的不断成熟和迅猛发展，我们使用普通的PC机就可以实现以前只有在高端的图形、图像工作站才具有的图形、图像处理功能。广大医疗机构对低成本、功能更全面的医学图像处理工作站和医学影像的存储和传输系统（即PACS系统, Picture Archiving & Communication System）的需求越来越迫切。PACS系统是放射学、影像医学、数字化图像技术、计算机技术及通信技术的结合，它将医学图像资料转化为计算机数字形式，通过高速计算设备及通讯网络，完成对图像信息的采集、存储、管理、处理及传输等功能，使得图像资料得以有效管理和充分利用。由于医学图像处理系统涉及众多图像处理、图形操作以及三维可视化算法，另外需要对复杂的DICOM3协议进行支持，因此它是PACS系统中的核心。
本论文主要论述了通用医学图像处理系统的设计和具体实现，分析了系统的需求，制定了系统的设计和实现原则。针对目前一些常见的医学图像处理工作站和PACS系统的现状，我们对它们的共性进行了归类和分析，采用面向对象的设计技术，设计了一个灵活的、易于扩充的医学图像处理系统。以我们设计和开发的医学图像处理系统为基础，可以很容易地设计和开发功能更强大的医学图像处理工作站、构造医疗机构的PACS系统等。在论文中，我们对DICOM3标准的定义及其实现作了较详细的论述。在此同时，基于对VTK（The Visualization Toolkits）类库的研究和分析，我们实现了医学图像处理系统的图形、图像处理功能和常用的一些可视化算法。
With the vigorous development of computer technology, it is possible now to process images and operate on the models of images by Personal Computers. Many years ago, the work was able to be done only by the high-level graphics and image processing workstations. At present, large number of hospitals and medical organizations are in great demand to the low cost systems for medical image processing as well as for medical image storage and communication (or briefly PACS system, for Picture Archiving and Communication System). Among those, the medical image processing system is essential for the image processing, graphics manipulation, 3-D data visualization, and the support for the complicated DICOM3 protocol related.
In this thesis, we present a design and implementation of a common medical image processing system. We first analyze the requirement and establish the principles for the system design and implementation. With a functional introduction to the present medical image processing workstations or PACS systems, we made an analysis and classification to the common functions. Then a portable medical image processing system is designed and implemented based on the principle of object-oriented design. The functions of our system are extensible, and therefore, it is feasible to develop more powerful medical image processing workstations, or construct PACS systems based on the functions established in our system. In the thesis, we also give the definition and describe the implementation of DICOM3 protocol in detail. Based on the study and analysis to VTK (the Visualization ToolKits), we implemented the graphical and image processing, as well as the common visualization functions in the image processing system.
本论文主要论述了通用医学图像处理系统的设计和具体实现，分析了系统的需求，制定了系统的设计和实现原则。针对目前一些常见的医学图像处理工作站和PACS系统的现状，我们对它们的共性进行了归类和分析，采用面向对象的设计技术，设计了一个灵活的、易于扩充的医学图像处理系统。以我们设计和开发的医学图像处理系统为基础，可以很容易地设计和开发功能更强大的医学图像处理工作站、构造医疗机构的PACS系统等。在论文中，我们对DICOM3标准的定义及其实现作了较详细的论述。在此同时，基于对VTK（The Visualization Toolkits）类库的研究和分析，我们实现了医学图像处理系统的图形、图像处理功能和常用的一些可视化算法。
With the vigorous development of computer technology, it is possible now to process images and operate on the models of images by Personal Computers. Many years ago, the work was able to be done only by the high-level graphics and image processing workstations. At present, large number of hospitals and medical organizations are in great demand to the low cost systems for medical image processing as well as for medical image storage and communication (or briefly PACS system, for Picture Archiving and Communication System). Among those, the medical image processing system is essential for the image processing, graphics manipulation, 3-D data visualization, and the support for the complicated DICOM3 protocol related.
In this thesis, we present a design and implementation of a common medical image processing system. We first analyze the requirement and establish the principles for the system design and implementation. With a functional introduction to the present medical image processing workstations or PACS systems, we made an analysis and classification to the common functions. Then a portable medical image processing system is designed and implemented based on the principle of object-oriented design. The functions of our system are extensible, and therefore, it is feasible to develop more powerful medical image processing workstations, or construct PACS systems based on the functions established in our system. In the thesis, we also give the definition and describe the implementation of DICOM3 protocol in detail. Based on the study and analysis to VTK (the Visualization ToolKits), we implemented the graphical and image processing, as well as the common visualization functions in the image processing system.
引文
[1] 赵喜平，郑崇勋，毛松寿，“PACS的发展趋势”，中华放射学杂志，1998，Vol.32 No.10。
[2] 魏宝杰，翟仁友，王亚杰，“医学影像存档与通讯系统的开发与初步应用”，中华放射学杂志，1999，Vol.33 No.12。
[3] Steven Horii, Eric Feingold, Harold Kundel, Calvin Nodine
Curtis Langlotz, Regina Redfern, George Grevera, Inna Brikman, Jill Muck, “PACS Workstation functions: usage differences between radiologists and MICU physicians”, http://www.rad.upenn.edu/~grevera/papers/spie/mi96/pacs/paper.html.
[4] R. Van den Broeck, F. Verhelle, M. Osteaux, “A progressive, phased PACS Implementation: ImAZ”, http://www.europacs.org/article-vandenbroeck.html
[5] William J，Schroeder，Kenneth M，Martin，William E，Lorensen，“The Design and Implementation Of An Object-Oriented Toolkit For 3D Graphics And Visualization”, 1993。
[6] W，Schroeder,K，Martin,and W，Lorensen, “The Visualization Toolkit:An Object-Oriented Approach t 3D Graphics” ,2nd Edition，,Prentice-Hall, Old Tappan,N ，J.,1998.。
[7] 王延华，洪飞，吴恩华，“基于VTK库的医学图像处理子系统设计和实现”，计算机工程与应用，已接收.
[8] Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine(DICOM); NEMA Standards Publication PS3.x(199x);NEMA; 1300 North 17'h Street, Suite 1847, Rosslyn, Virginia 22209.
[9] Chang-Shing Lee,Huei-Jane Tschai,Yau-Hwang Kuo,Wen-Tsai Ko,Yu-Hua Cheng,Chun-Chieh Wang. PACS:Construction and Application to Medical Image Enhancement. 1999 Third International Conference on Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information Engineeing Systems,31 Aug-1 Sept 1999,Adelaide,Australia
[10]Ronald J.Norman "Object-Oriented Systems Analysis And Design",Tsinghua Press
[11]Mark Oskin, Implementing the DICOM Standard Experiences at the University of California,1999
[12]王岩，田捷，韩博闻，DICOM通信机制的设计和实现，计算机应用研究，2001，Vol.18,No11.
[13] Andrew S. Tanenbaum ，“Computer Networks” Third Edition， Prentice Hall International， Inc.，1996
[14] 刘润东 《UML对象设计与编程》，北京希望电子出版社，
[15] Castleman,《DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING》影印版，清华大学出版社，1998年4月
[16] 向世明 《OpenGL编程与实践》，电子工业出版社，1999年9月，6-21页
[17] 邹海明、余祥宣 《计算机算法基础》，华中理工大学出版社
[18] ISO/IEC 14495-1, ITU Recommendation T.87, “Information technology - Lossless and near-lossless compression of continuous-tone still images” 1999.
[19] Marcelo J. Weinberger, Gadiel Seroussi, and Guillermo Sapiro “LOCO-I: A Low Complexity, Context-Based, Lossless Image Compression Algorithm” in Proc. 1996 Data Compression Conference, (Snowbird, Utah, USA),pp. 140-149, Mar. 1996.
[20] Marcelo J. Weinberger, Gadiel Seroussi, and Guillermo Sapiro “The LOCO-I Lossless Image Compression Algorithm:Principles and Standardization into JPEG-LS”
[21] David A. Clunie “Lossless Compression of Grayscale Medical Images - Effectiveness of Traditional and State of the Art Approaches”, “http://www.idt.net”,mailto:dclunie@idt.net.
[22] Golomb SW, "Run-length encodings", IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 1966 pp 140-149.
[23] ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG1. WG1N1523 JPEG 2000 Part I Committee Draft Version 1.0. 1999, “http://www.jpeg.org/JPEG2000.htm”
[24] 何斌、马天予、王运坚、朱红莲，《Visual C++ 数字图像处理》，人民邮电出版社，2001年四月
[25] Sotiris A. Pavlopoulos and Anastasios N. Delopoulos,“Designing and Implementing the Transition to a Fully Digital Hospital”， IEEE Transactions on Information Technology In Biomedicine , VOL. 3, NO. 1, MARCH 1999
[26] Seon-Cheol Hwang and Myoung-Ho Lee,“A WEB-Based TelePACS Using an Asymmetric Satellite System”，IEEE Transactions on Information Technology In Biomedicine, VOL. 4, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2000
[27] Philippe G. Lacroute，“Fast Volume Rendering Using a Shear-warp Factorization of the Viewing Transformation" ,Technical Reports, http://www-graphics.stanford.edu/
[28]孙文武，吴恩华，“以物体空间为序的非规则数据场快速立体绘制算法”，
Chinagraph'2000，2000，144-149
[29]Wencheng Wang, Dinghong Zhou, Enhua Wu. Accelerating Techniquies in Volume Rendering of Irregular Data. Computers & Graphics, 1997, 21(3). P289-296, Elsevier Science Publishers.
[30]Yingqing Xu, Yanyun Chen, Steve Lin, Hua Zhong, Baining Guo, and Heung-Yeung Shum . Photorealistic Rendering of Knitwear Using the Lumislice. Proc. of Siggraph-2001, Los Angeles, CA, Aug, 2001
[2] 魏宝杰，翟仁友，王亚杰，“医学影像存档与通讯系统的开发与初步应用”，中华放射学杂志，1999，Vol.33 No.12。
[3] Steven Horii, Eric Feingold, Harold Kundel, Calvin Nodine
Curtis Langlotz, Regina Redfern, George Grevera, Inna Brikman, Jill Muck, “PACS Workstation functions: usage differences between radiologists and MICU physicians”, http://www.rad.upenn.edu/~grevera/papers/spie/mi96/pacs/paper.html.
[4] R. Van den Broeck, F. Verhelle, M. Osteaux, “A progressive, phased PACS Implementation: ImAZ”, http://www.europacs.org/article-vandenbroeck.html
[5] William J，Schroeder，Kenneth M，Martin，William E，Lorensen，“The Design and Implementation Of An Object-Oriented Toolkit For 3D Graphics And Visualization”, 1993。
[6] W，Schroeder,K，Martin,and W，Lorensen, “The Visualization Toolkit:An Object-Oriented Approach t 3D Graphics” ,2nd Edition，,Prentice-Hall, Old Tappan,N ，J.,1998.。
[7] 王延华，洪飞，吴恩华，“基于VTK库的医学图像处理子系统设计和实现”，计算机工程与应用，已接收.
[8] Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine(DICOM); NEMA Standards Publication PS3.x(199x);NEMA; 1300 North 17'h Street, Suite 1847, Rosslyn, Virginia 22209.
[9] Chang-Shing Lee,Huei-Jane Tschai,Yau-Hwang Kuo,Wen-Tsai Ko,Yu-Hua Cheng,Chun-Chieh Wang. PACS:Construction and Application to Medical Image Enhancement. 1999 Third International Conference on Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information Engineeing Systems,31 Aug-1 Sept 1999,Adelaide,Australia
[10]Ronald J.Norman "Object-Oriented Systems Analysis And Design",Tsinghua Press
[11]Mark Oskin, Implementing the DICOM Standard Experiences at the University of California,1999
[12]王岩，田捷，韩博闻，DICOM通信机制的设计和实现，计算机应用研究，2001，Vol.18,No11.
[13] Andrew S. Tanenbaum ，“Computer Networks” Third Edition， Prentice Hall International， Inc.，1996
[14] 刘润东 《UML对象设计与编程》，北京希望电子出版社，
[15] Castleman,《DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING》影印版，清华大学出版社，1998年4月
[16] 向世明 《OpenGL编程与实践》，电子工业出版社，1999年9月，6-21页
[17] 邹海明、余祥宣 《计算机算法基础》，华中理工大学出版社
[18] ISO/IEC 14495-1, ITU Recommendation T.87, “Information technology - Lossless and near-lossless compression of continuous-tone still images” 1999.
[19] Marcelo J. Weinberger, Gadiel Seroussi, and Guillermo Sapiro “LOCO-I: A Low Complexity, Context-Based, Lossless Image Compression Algorithm” in Proc. 1996 Data Compression Conference, (Snowbird, Utah, USA),pp. 140-149, Mar. 1996.
[20] Marcelo J. Weinberger, Gadiel Seroussi, and Guillermo Sapiro “The LOCO-I Lossless Image Compression Algorithm:Principles and Standardization into JPEG-LS”
[21] David A. Clunie “Lossless Compression of Grayscale Medical Images - Effectiveness of Traditional and State of the Art Approaches”, “http://www.idt.net”,mailto:dclunie@idt.net.
[22] Golomb SW, "Run-length encodings", IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 1966 pp 140-149.
[23] ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG1. WG1N1523 JPEG 2000 Part I Committee Draft Version 1.0. 1999, “http://www.jpeg.org/JPEG2000.htm”
[24] 何斌、马天予、王运坚、朱红莲，《Visual C++ 数字图像处理》，人民邮电出版社，2001年四月
[25] Sotiris A. Pavlopoulos and Anastasios N. Delopoulos,“Designing and Implementing the Transition to a Fully Digital Hospital”， IEEE Transactions on Information Technology In Biomedicine , VOL. 3, NO. 1, MARCH 1999
[26] Seon-Cheol Hwang and Myoung-Ho Lee,“A WEB-Based TelePACS Using an Asymmetric Satellite System”，IEEE Transactions on Information Technology In Biomedicine, VOL. 4, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2000
[27] Philippe G. Lacroute，“Fast Volume Rendering Using a Shear-warp Factorization of the Viewing Transformation" ,Technical Reports, http://www-graphics.stanford.edu/
[28]孙文武，吴恩华，“以物体空间为序的非规则数据场快速立体绘制算法”，
Chinagraph'2000，2000，144-149
[29]Wencheng Wang, Dinghong Zhou, Enhua Wu. Accelerating Techniquies in Volume Rendering of Irregular Data. Computers & Graphics, 1997, 21(3). P289-296, Elsevier Science Publishers.
[30]Yingqing Xu, Yanyun Chen, Steve Lin, Hua Zhong, Baining Guo, and Heung-Yeung Shum . Photorealistic Rendering of Knitwear Using the Lumislice. Proc. of Siggraph-2001, Los Angeles, CA, Aug, 2001