气味商标法律研究
|
摘要
气味商标是商标法领域内一个崭新的话题。随着科技的发展与新型商业模式的应用,作为商业活动的产物,商标也开始逐渐从传统的可视性商标向听觉、味觉、嗅觉等商标发展,气味商标就是在此过程中产生的新型商标。
不过,由于气味商标的特殊性,对它的保护相对于其它类型的商标面临了更多的理论及现实上困难,在全球也尚无共识性的保护标准。我国商标法目前就对其仍然处于观望状态,国内关于气味商标的研究也受到限制,极少有文献对此进行涉及。然而,面对我国商业营销及经济发展的要求,是否或者如何将气味纳入商标保护范围将会是我国接下来所面临及有待思考的内容。
为此,本文首先以气味商标在实践中遇到的质疑与难题为切入点,讨论气味商标发展受到限制的原因,找出现实困境与问题,作为后文探讨的基础。接着,本文对国外的气味商标立法和实践情况进行比较研究,分别分析了美国、欧盟、澳大利亚、非洲等国家和地区相关案例与实务,对各国气味商标保护的情况及所采取的立场与方法进行分析,通过比较法视野的观察,从中进行借鉴。在最后,结合前文的分析并以我国现实发展要求为立足点,对我国气味商标的审查标准进行思考与探讨,提出了气味商标的显著性、非功能性、图样表示等审查标准,以期能对我国气味商标以及商标类型的发展有所裨益。
时至今日,气味商标仍是一个充满争议的课题。从实践来看,虽然气味商标在一些国家获得了承认与保护,但是,在世界范围内,已注册的气味商标相对于传统商标来说仍然犹如沧海一粟,气味商标发展中的各种现实问题让我们无法过分乐观,许多问题还需要我们继续在实践中进行探索。但是无论如何,可以预见,随着经济的发展与鼓励创新的现实要求,气味商标绝不会是商标发展史上的匆匆过客,在某些领域,气味商标必定可以成为一个企业最有价值的品牌标识。
因此,借鉴和吸收国外成功的实践经验,立足我国现实土壤对气味商标等新类型的商标进行探索,寻求适宜的保护制度,不仅可以促进我国商标立法的新发展,还可以主动参与到国际新型商标法律保护体系的创制之中,做出我们的独特贡献。
Scent Marks is a brand-new subject in the field of trademark law. With the development of science and technology and the application of new business model, trademarks, as the product of commercial activities, have also developed from traditional visual ones to new types.
Yet due to its specialty the protection of scent mark with respect to other types of trademarks is still faced with even more theoretical and practical difficulties. There is still no worldwide protection standard which reaches an accord. The Trademark Law of our county now takes a wait-and-see attitude towards this issue and correlative researches are confined to a certain degree. There are extremely rare documents that refer to scent marks. However, in face of our country's commercial marketing and the demands of the economical development, it is foreseeable that if or how scent should be protected by the Trademark Law should be faced and well-thought.
Therefore, this essay takes the questioning and challenges which scent marks meets with in practice as a breaking-through point, discusses the reasons why scent marks is restricted during its development, seeks out its practical difficulties and problems, and thus lays the foundation of further discussion. Then, conducting a comparative study of the legislation and the practices on scent marks in foreign countries, this essay respectively analyses related cases and practices in the USA, Europe and Australia and through a view of comparative law analyses how these countries protect scent marks and their stands these countries took and thus borrows some ideas. At last, combining the analyses mentioned above and taking its practical development in our country, this essay, on thinking and discussing our country's examining guidelines on scent marks, offers its own examination guidelines on its distinctiveness, un-functionality and graphical representation of the trademark existing in the examining procedure, and hopes it may do some good to the development of the scent marks and trademark types in our country.
Up to now, the examination and protection of scent marks is still controversial. Though it has obtained recognition and protection in some countries, scent marks that has been registered around the world is still like a drop in the ocean. Facing the various kinds of practical problems in its development, we cannot be overly optimistic and we should keep on exploring the questions in practice. But it is foreseeable, with the development of economy and the actual requirements of encouraging innovation, that scent marks will not be a mere passenger in the history of trademarks and, in some field, may be the most valuable brand logo an enterprise owns.
Learning and absorbing from the successful practical experience in foreign countries, exploring the new types of trademark like the scent marks while keeping a foothold on our country's reality, and seeking an appropriate protection system will not only promote the new development of the legislation of trademark law in our country, but make our own special contribution as well while participating actively in creating a new international trademark legal protection system.
不过,由于气味商标的特殊性,对它的保护相对于其它类型的商标面临了更多的理论及现实上困难,在全球也尚无共识性的保护标准。我国商标法目前就对其仍然处于观望状态,国内关于气味商标的研究也受到限制,极少有文献对此进行涉及。然而,面对我国商业营销及经济发展的要求,是否或者如何将气味纳入商标保护范围将会是我国接下来所面临及有待思考的内容。
为此,本文首先以气味商标在实践中遇到的质疑与难题为切入点,讨论气味商标发展受到限制的原因,找出现实困境与问题,作为后文探讨的基础。接着,本文对国外的气味商标立法和实践情况进行比较研究,分别分析了美国、欧盟、澳大利亚、非洲等国家和地区相关案例与实务,对各国气味商标保护的情况及所采取的立场与方法进行分析,通过比较法视野的观察,从中进行借鉴。在最后,结合前文的分析并以我国现实发展要求为立足点,对我国气味商标的审查标准进行思考与探讨,提出了气味商标的显著性、非功能性、图样表示等审查标准,以期能对我国气味商标以及商标类型的发展有所裨益。
时至今日,气味商标仍是一个充满争议的课题。从实践来看,虽然气味商标在一些国家获得了承认与保护,但是,在世界范围内,已注册的气味商标相对于传统商标来说仍然犹如沧海一粟,气味商标发展中的各种现实问题让我们无法过分乐观,许多问题还需要我们继续在实践中进行探索。但是无论如何,可以预见,随着经济的发展与鼓励创新的现实要求,气味商标绝不会是商标发展史上的匆匆过客,在某些领域,气味商标必定可以成为一个企业最有价值的品牌标识。
因此,借鉴和吸收国外成功的实践经验,立足我国现实土壤对气味商标等新类型的商标进行探索,寻求适宜的保护制度,不仅可以促进我国商标立法的新发展,还可以主动参与到国际新型商标法律保护体系的创制之中,做出我们的独特贡献。
Scent Marks is a brand-new subject in the field of trademark law. With the development of science and technology and the application of new business model, trademarks, as the product of commercial activities, have also developed from traditional visual ones to new types.
Yet due to its specialty the protection of scent mark with respect to other types of trademarks is still faced with even more theoretical and practical difficulties. There is still no worldwide protection standard which reaches an accord. The Trademark Law of our county now takes a wait-and-see attitude towards this issue and correlative researches are confined to a certain degree. There are extremely rare documents that refer to scent marks. However, in face of our country's commercial marketing and the demands of the economical development, it is foreseeable that if or how scent should be protected by the Trademark Law should be faced and well-thought.
Therefore, this essay takes the questioning and challenges which scent marks meets with in practice as a breaking-through point, discusses the reasons why scent marks is restricted during its development, seeks out its practical difficulties and problems, and thus lays the foundation of further discussion. Then, conducting a comparative study of the legislation and the practices on scent marks in foreign countries, this essay respectively analyses related cases and practices in the USA, Europe and Australia and through a view of comparative law analyses how these countries protect scent marks and their stands these countries took and thus borrows some ideas. At last, combining the analyses mentioned above and taking its practical development in our country, this essay, on thinking and discussing our country's examining guidelines on scent marks, offers its own examination guidelines on its distinctiveness, un-functionality and graphical representation of the trademark existing in the examining procedure, and hopes it may do some good to the development of the scent marks and trademark types in our country.
Up to now, the examination and protection of scent marks is still controversial. Though it has obtained recognition and protection in some countries, scent marks that has been registered around the world is still like a drop in the ocean. Facing the various kinds of practical problems in its development, we cannot be overly optimistic and we should keep on exploring the questions in practice. But it is foreseeable, with the development of economy and the actual requirements of encouraging innovation, that scent marks will not be a mere passenger in the history of trademarks and, in some field, may be the most valuable brand logo an enterprise owns.
Learning and absorbing from the successful practical experience in foreign countries, exploring the new types of trademark like the scent marks while keeping a foothold on our country's reality, and seeking an appropriate protection system will not only promote the new development of the legislation of trademark law in our country, but make our own special contribution as well while participating actively in creating a new international trademark legal protection system.
引文
[1]据介绍"open sky"是一种混合型的香味,这种气味由喜来登酒店量身定做。由于喜来登酒店的目标客群是商务客人,他们一般都为职场中高层,平常工作节奏很快,压力大,而这款清新自然的"open sky"正合他们意,能够帮助他们舒缓压力、放松心情,也体现了酒店所崇尚的健康、积极向上的生活方式。详见商场香味营销,不知不觉掏你钱包[N].无锡商报,2010,6(25)：B16。
[2]同上引
[3]在这里,为了区分,我们将存在时间最久,数量最多的文字和图形商标成为传统商标,将颜色商标、立体商标、听觉商标、气味商标、动画商标等新的表现形式的商标作为非传统的新型商标。
[4]Glenda Labadie-Jackson, Through The Looking Hole Of The Multi-sensory Trademark Rainbow:Trademark Protection Of Color Per Se Across Jurisdictions:The United States, Spain And The European Union,2008, P.9I.
151 Martin Lindstorm, Brand sense:Build Powerful Brands Through Touch, Taste, Smell, Sight, and Sound,2005, P.3.
[6]同上注。
[7]刘春茂.知识产权原理[M].北京：知识产权出版社,2002：585。
[8]In re Clarke,17 U.S.P.Q.2d (BNA) 1238 (T.T.A.B.1990).
[9]Aarushijain, Unconventional Trademarks, [EB/OL]网址http://jurisonline.in/2008/07/unconventional-trade-marks/,最后访问时间2010年9月19日。
[10]黄晖.商标法[M].北京：法律出版社,2004：5。
[11]王迁.知识产权法教程[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2009：387。
[12]吴汉东.知识产权法[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2009：206。
[13]比如我国《商标法》第八条规定,“任何能够将自然人、法人或者其他组织的商品或服务与他人的商品或服务区别开的可视性标志,包括文字、图形、字母、数字、三维标志和颜色组合,以及上述要素的组合,均可以作为商标申请注册。”虽然这里限定为商标必须为可视性标志,但在依然认可商标的区分功能。
[14]气味商标的译法稍有区别,美国一般为scent mark,而欧洲称为olfactory mark,其他诸如fragrance mark, smell mark也可表示出气味商标的意思。
[15]Thomas P. Arden, Protection of Nontraditional Marks—Trademarks Rights in Sounds, Scents, Colors, Motions and Product Designs in the U.S.,2000, P.32.
[16]黄晖.驰名商标和著名商标的法律保护[M].北京：法律出版社,2001：20。
[17]该分类参见Faye M. Hammersley, The Smell of Success:Trade Dress Protection For Scent Marks, VOL.2 Marq. Intell. Prop. L. Rev.105,1998. P.124-126.
[18]颜亮.闻香识英雄[J].生命世界,2004,5：6。
[19]Faye M. Hammersley. The Smell of Success:Trade Dress Protection For Scent Marks, VOL.2 Marq. Intell. Prop. L. Rev.105.1998, P.128.
[20]马塞尔·普鲁斯特.追忆似水年华(上)[M].南京：译林出版社,1994：30。
[21]Faye M. Hammersley, The Smell of Success:Trade Dress Protection For Scent Marks, VOL.2 Marq. Intell. Prop. L. Rev.105.1998. P.128.
[22]同上注。
[23]我国商标法第一条规定,“为了加强商标管理,保护商标专用权,促使生产、经营者保证商品或服务和服务质量,维护商标信誉,以保障消费者和,促进社会主义市场经济的发展,特制定本法。”
[24]孔祥俊.商标与不正当竞争法：原理和判例[M].北京：法律出版社,2009：1。
[25]袁秀挺.知识产权权利限制研究-着重于知识产权制度的内部考察[D].北京：北京大学,2007：42。
[26]冯晓青.知识产权法利益平衡理论[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,2006：349。
[27][英]洛克.政府论(下篇)[M].北京：商务印书馆,2007：32。
[28]冯晓青.知识产权法利益平衡理论[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,2006：352。
[29]曲三强.现代知识产权法[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2009：377。
[30]陶鑫良.知识产权教程[M].上海：上海大学出版社,2006：23。
[31]黄晖.商标法[M].北京：法律出版社,2004：2。
[32]孔祥俊.商标与不正当竞争法：原理和判例[M].北京：法律出版社,2009：78。
[33]同上引
[34]吴民许.试论知识产权权利边界的确定方法[J].科技与法律,2009,(3)：92。
[35]比如《中华人民共和国商标法实施条例》第十三条规定：“申请商标注册,应当按照公布的商品或服务和服务分类表按类申请。每一件商标注册申请应当向商标局提交《商标注册申请书》1份、商标图样5份；指定颜色的,并应当提交着色图样5份、黑白稿1份。商标图样必须清晰、便于粘贴,用光洁耐用的纸张印制或者用照片代替,长或者宽应当不大于10厘米,不小于5厘米。以三维标志申请注册商标的,应当在申请书中予以声明,并提交能够确定三维形状的图样。以颜色组合申请注册商标的,应当在申请书中予以声明,并提交文字说明。申请注册集体商标、证明商标的,应当在申请书中予以声明,并提交主体资格证明文件和使用管理规则。商标为外文或者包含外文的,应当说明含义。”
[36]颜亮.闻香识英雄[J].生命世界,2004,(5)：6。
[37]任雪平,刘双喜.嗅觉生理发生机制的探析[J].商丘师范学院学报,2006,22(5)：137。
[38]Stephen L. Carter, The Trouble with Trademark, The Yale Law Journal, Vol.99, No.4,1990, P.759.
[39]Lanham Act它于1947年7月5日开始施行,它一般也被称为美国商标法。
[40]沈宇.美国商标注册制度的特点[N].中国知识产权报,2006,6(23)：7。
[41]原文为The term'trademark'includes any word, name, symbol, or device, or any combination thereof (1) used by a person, or(2) which a person has a bona fide intention to use in commerce and applies to register on the principal register established by this act, to identify and distinguish his or her goods, including a unique product, from those manufactured or sold by others and to indicate the source of the goods, even if that source is unknown."
[42]关于服务商标的定义,原文为The term'service mark'means any word, name, symbol, or device, or any combination thereof (1) used by a person, or (2) which a person has a bona fide intention to use in commerce and applies to register on the principal register established by this Act, to identify and distinguish the services of one person, including a unique service, from the services of others and to indicate the source of the services, even if that source is unknown. Titles, character names, and other distinctive features of radio or television programs may be registered as service marks notwithstanding that they, or the programs, may advertise the goods of the sponsor."
[43]关于商标侵权行为的判断,原文为Any person who, on or in connection with any goods or services, or any container for goods, uses in commerce any word, term, name, symbol, or device, or any combination thereof, or any false designation of origin, false or misleading description of fact, or false or misleading representation of fact, which (A) is likely to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive as to the affiliation, connection, or association of such person with another person, or as to the origin, sponsorship, or approval of his or her goods, services, or commercial activities by another person, or (B) in commercial advertising or promotion, misrepresents the nature, characteristics, qualities, or geographic origin of his or her or another person's goods, services, or commercial activities, shall be liable in a civil action by any person who believes that he or she is or is likely to be damaged by such act."
[44]参见刘光华,荆媛媛.论商业外观的反不正当竞争法调整[J].兰州商学院学报,2007,23(2)：101-108。该文认为,“商业外观”译自英语中的"'trade dress",作为现代商业竞争的一种新要素,西方许多国家对商业外观都提供了相应的知识产权保护。尺寸、外形、颜色或其结合、触感、图样、甚至是销售技巧等特征。
"Trade dress involves the total image of a product and may include features such as size, shape, color or color combinations, texture, graphics, or even particular sales techniques.").
[45]相关论述参见Kenneth L. Port Trademark Law and Policy,2004, P.55-75.
[46]相关论述参见Faye M. Hammersley, The Smell of Success:Trade Dress Protection For Scent Marks. VOL.2 Marq. Intell. Prop. L. Rev.105,1998, P.105-111.
[47]该法庭的全称为Trademark Trial and Appeal Board.
[48]该机构全称为United States Patent and Trademark Office。
[49]该申请人描述为The mark is "a high impact, fresh, floral fragrance reminiscent of Plumeria blossoms."
[50]原表述为“The Examining Attorney has refused registration on the ground that applicant's asserted mark does not function as a trademark because it does not identify or distinguish applicant's goods from those of others."
[51]美国商标救济途径为：美国专利商标局(United States Patent and Trademark Office,简称PTO)→专利商标局商标审判暨上诉法庭(Trademark Trial and Appeal Board,简称TTAB)→上诉法院联邦巡回法院(Courtof Appeals for the Federal Circuit,简称CAFC)或联邦地方法院→最高法院(Supreme Court of the United States,简称US)。
[52]该商标的注册号为：1639128,注册日期为1991年3月26日。然而,本案申请人未在注册后第6年届满前1年向美国专利商标局提出一份宣誓书,表明商业上使用该商标于指定商品的事实或表明其未使用基于特别理由,该商标最后于1997年9月29日被撤销。
[53]比如该案是基于Clarke是唯一的有气味纱线制造商这一事实,又或者以含糊的方式广告解释她所使用的气味等,引起了对该案的不同看法。
[54]《商标审查程序手册》Trademark Manual of Examining Procedure,一般简称TMEP。
[55]参见TMEP§1202.13 Scent or Fragrance:"'…The amount of evidence required to establish that a scent or fragrance functions as a mark is substantial…"
[56]美国的注册制度可以分为主要注册与辅助注册两种。若商标申请时具备固有识别性或已取得识别性,则可注册在主要注册簿上。如果申请时尚未具有识别性,则可先注册在辅助注册簿上,持续排他使用5年后,即可取得具识别性的表现证据而转入主要注册簿。而注册在辅助注册簿上的意义在于,一旦注册,则其它与辅助注册商标相似标识皆无法取得主要或辅助注册。
[57]参见TMEP§1202.13:"Scents that serve a utilitarian purpose, such as the scent of perfume, would be functional and not registrable.v
1581 Inwood Laboratories, Inc. v. Ives Laboratories, Inc.,456 U.S.844,850 n.10 (1982),该案例的表述为,“Ingeneral terms, a product feature is functional if it is essential to the use or purpose of the article or if it affects the cost or quality of the article.").
[59]参见TMEP § 1202.02(a)(iii)(A):"However, an inquiry into competitive need for the product design or feature at issue may be appropriate in cases where the mark sought to be registered is a color or other matter that does not easily fit within the "utilitarian" definition of functionality."
[60]参见TMEP § 807.09. para.1:"The applicant is not required to submit a drawing if the applicant's mark consists solely of a sound, a scent, or other completely non-visual matter. For these types of marks, the applicant must submit a detailed written description of the mark that clearly explains the sound or scent."
[61]参见TMEP § 808.01,:"The examining attorney should require a description of the mark if:… the mark is a sound, scent or non-visual mark."
[62]参见TMEP § 808.02:"If a description of a mark is placed in the record, the description should state accurately what the mark comprises and should not create a misleading impression by either positive statement or omission. A description cannot be used to restrict the likely public perception of a mark. A mark's meaning is based on the impression actually created by the mark in the minds of consumers, not on the impression that the applicant states the mark is intended to convey. The description of the mark should be concise."
[63]参见TMEP § 904.3, paras.3,5:"The Office will accept specimens consisting of videotapes, audiotapes, compact discs, computer diskettes, and similar materials if there are no non-bulky alternatives, and the submission is the only means available for showing use of the mark."
[64]参见TMEP § 904.3, para.4:"During examination, an examining attorney has the discretion to request additional information in the form of bulky materials.
[65]李明德,闫文军,黄晖,邰中林.欧盟知识产权法[M].北京：法律出版社,2010：444.
[66]内部市场调和局(OHIM)作为商标的审查机构,同时,对于该机构的注册审查决定、异议决定、失效或无效之决定不服者,可以提出上诉。
[67]一般比如马德里商标申请,需要对商标进入的国家进行指定,而欧盟商标则并不需要这种指定,一旦批准,它视为在各个成员国都有效。
[68]为了建立区域性的商标保护制度,欧盟一些会员国于1989年以后即陆续通过实施新的商标法,比如,西班牙商标法于1989年5月12日生效,法国商标法于1991年12月28日生效,丹麦商标法于1992年1月1日生效,意大利商标法于1992年12月28日生效,奥地利商标法于1993年修正,英国商标法于1994年10月31日生效,希腊商标法于1994年11月1日生效,德国商标法于1995年1月1日生效,葡萄牙商标法于1995年6月1目生效,瑞典商标法于1995年12月15日生效,芬兰商标法于1995年12月22日生效,荷比卢商标法于1996年1月1日生效。
[69]参见CTMR §4:A Community trademark may consist of any signs capable of being represented graphically, particularly words, including personal names, designs, letters, numerals, the shape of goods or of their packaging, provided that such signs are capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings.
[70]Bhagwan, Ashitha, Kulkarni, Namita and Ramanujam, Padmanabha, Economic Rationale For Extending Protection To Smell Marks, MPRA(5604),2007,12.
[71]该案例分析参见Myles Limited"s Application R711/1999-3, [2003] ETMR 56 (OHIM Third Board of Appeal)。
[72]《商标注册用商品和服务国际分类表》(尼斯分类)是于1957年6月15日在法国尼斯外交会议上正式签订,于1961年4月8日生效的国际公约,全称为《商标注册用商品和服务国际分类尼斯协定》(尼斯协定)。一般每五年修订一次,一是增加新的商品或服务,二是将已列入分类表的商品或服务按照新的观点进行调整,以求商品或服务更具有内在的统一性。国际商品或服务分类表自1987年印制成册已10次修订,最近一次的修订版(第九版)于2007年1月1日正式使用。相关介绍可参加黄晖.商标法[M].北京：法律出版社,2004：337。
[73]欧盟商标救济程序如下：欧盟内部市场调和局(OHIM)→调和局上诉委员会(OHIM Board of Appeal)→第一市法院(Court of First Instance,简称CFI)→欧洲法院(European Court of Justice,简称ECJ)
[74]该案参见Venoolschap onder Firma Senta Aromatic Marketing's Application R156/1998-2. [1999] ETMR 429 (OHIM Second Board of Appeal)。
[75]欧盟成员国法院在审理案件时,遇到涉及欧盟及相关条约、欧盟机构的行为以及欧盟理事会制定之法规的解释适用问题时,可提请欧洲法院作出初步裁决。初步裁决对于成员国法院具有拘束力,但并不决定案件,案件仍由该国法院作处理。
[76]该案参见Ralf Sicckmann v. Deutsches Patent-und Markenamt C-273/00, [2003] ETMR 37; [2003] RPC 38.
[77]该条文为First Directive §2:A trade mark may consist of any sign capable of being represented graphically. particularly words, including personal names, designs, letters, numerals, the shape of goods or of their packaging. provided that such signs arc capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings.
[78]Bhagwan. Ashitha, Kulkarni, Namita and Ramanujam, Padmanabha, Economic Rationale For Extending Protection To Smell Marks. MPRA(5604).2007,14.
[79]该案参见Instilut pour la Protection des Fragrances'Applicaion R186/2000-4, [2005] ETMR 42 (OHIM Fourth Board of Appeal)。
[80]描述原文为：The trade mark is a graphic representation of a particular fragrance. A lawn green note, citrus (bergamot, lemon), pink floral (orange blossom, hyacinth), musky.
[81]该案参见Eden SARL v. Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market, In Case T-305/04, Judgment of The Court of First Instance (Third Chamber).
[82]Seiko Hidaka, Nicola Tatchell, Mark Daniels, Bonita Trimmer and Adam Cooke, A Sign Of The Times? A Review Of Key Trade Mark Decisions Of The European Court Of Justice And Their Impact Upon National Trade Mark Jurisprudence In The EU,94 TMR 1105,2004, P.1124.
[83]Bhagwan, Ashitha, Kulkarni, Namita and Ramanujam, Padmanabha, Economic Rationale For Extending Protection To Smell Marks,(2007), P.12.
[84]该商标法(Trade Marks Act 1995)于1996年正式实行。
[85]参见Trade Marks Act 1995, as amended (No.119, Oct.17,1995)§ 17:"A trade mark is a sign used, or intended to be used, to distinguish goods or services dealt with or provided in the course of trade by a person from goods or services so dealt with or provided by any other person.'
[86]参见Trade Marks Act 1995, as amended (No.119, Oct.17,1995)§6:"sign includes the following or any combination of the following, namely, any letter, word, name, signature, numeral, device, brand, heading, label, ticket, aspect of packaging, shape, colour, sound or scent."
[87]参见Trade Marks Act 1995, as amended (No.119, Oct.17,1995)§40:"An application for the registration of a trade mark must be rejected if the trade mark cannot be represented graphically."
[88]澳大利亚商标局(Australian Trade Marks Office)为详细规范商标申请、审查及注册等事宜,制定了商标审查与程序手册(Trade Marks Manual of Practice and Procedure).
[89]相关规定参见Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure,第10部分第3条,原文为：
3.4.1 The applicant should state on their application that the trade mark is a scent trade mark.
3.4.2 Trade marks consisting of or containing a scent will be indexed as the kind of sign "scent" and therefore, all scent trade marks will come up on a search of the "scent" kinds of sign. Where a trade mark contains or consists of a non-traditional sign this will also be identified on the first screen in the enquiries facility.
3.4.3 The onus lies with the applicant to ensure that the trade mark is adequately represented. The application must include a graphical representation of the trade mark (eg. "the scent of apple blossoms") as well as a concise and accurate description of the trade mark (eg. "The scent of apple blossoms applied to car tyres'"). In some cases the description may also be used as the representation where there is no other form of graphic representation. The description will be entered as an endorsement of the application (subreg 4.3(7)) and will thereby help to define the scope of the registration. A precise word description of the trade mark would be a satisfactory representation of a scent trade mark, however the results of analytical techniques would not be as they would not be readily understood by the ordinary person searching the Register.
3.4.4 If the description or representation of the trade mark is not satisfactory in that it does not demonstrate the nature of the trade mark sufficiently or show each feature of the trade mark sufficiently, the applicant may be requested to provide a description or further description of the trade mark (subreg 4.3(8)). The office does not usually request a specimen of the scent, but it would be acceptable in these circumstances to request an example of the scent in use on the goods claimed.
[90]相关规定参见Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure,第7部分第1条,原文为：The application must include a graphical representation of the scent mark. This could be by way of a verbal description of the scent such as "the scent of apple blossoms". The graphical representation must be in a form that conveys information to the ordinary person allowing them to identify the trade mark. Highly technical data will not be acceptable as a graphical representation. For example, the results of analytical techniques such as infrared spectroscopy:vacuum, fractional and molecular distillation; nuclear magnetic resonance; vacuum fractionation: "electronic nose" analysis and chromatographic techniques would not be acceptable. An actual sample of the scent is not required at filing but may be needed during the course of examination. The applicant must include a precise and accurate description of the scent that will be entered as an endorsement of the application. The description must include both what the scent is. and how it is to be used in respect of the goods or services claimed. Examples of acceptable descriptions are as follows:The trade mark is a scent mark. It consists of the smell of roses applied to plastic storage boxes for domestic purposes. The application is a scent mark, consisting of the smell of apple blossoms applied to car tyres. The mark comprises the strong smell of bitter beer applied to the flights of darts.
[91]相关规定参见Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure,第7部分第2条,原文为：Relying on an olfactory sense, rather than on the visual or auditory, to identify a proprietor is perhaps a new concept, but the question of the capability of a scent to distinguish an applicant's goods and/or services should be decided on the same general criteria as is any other kind of trade mark. That is, on the basis of whether other traders would want or need to use it in the ordinary course of their business, without improper motive. 7.21 Scents not adapted to distinguish Natural scent of a product
The natural scent of a product will have no inherent adaptation to distinguish the goods. Into this category come goods such as perfumes and eau de colognes for personal use; essential oils for perfumery or cooking; the scent of cedar for timber products and herbal scents/essences for culinary use. These scents either form the goods themselves or are a natural attribute of the goods. The scent thus refers to the goods, and not to the trade source. Other examples of this type are the scents of chocolate or vanilla for bakery goods (commonly used ingredients), or the smell of rubber for car tyres. Masking scents
In addition to the natural or inherent scents of goods, many producers use scents to mask unpleasant natural odours in the goods they sell. A masking scent has a functional purpose, and is not capable of distinguishing for that reason. Examples of this type of scent could be the use of lemon to scent domestic bleaches and laundry sprays, and lavender to scent carpet deodorants. As masking scents are commonly used within the trade, purchasers are unlikely to regard the scent as an indicator of trade source, but rather as something that mitigates the normally unpleasant odour of the goods. Scents which are common to a trade.
A non-functional use. but nevertheless use which is common to the trade, and hence not adapted to distinguish, is use of a scent to make a product more pleasant or attractive. Potential purchasers of these goods are unlikely to consider these fragrances as an indication of the origin of the goods because the use of fragrance on such goods is common to the trade. For example, the scent of lemon has been added, over a considerable period of time, to dish washing detergents and laundry products. While it cannot be said that a lemon scent is "descriptive" of such goods as there is no specific relationship between lemon and the cleaning qualities of such goods, a lemon scent would be treated as not being capable of distinguishing because it is common to the trade. The use of pine or cedar scents for disinfectants falls into the same category, as do herbal scents for shampoos and soaps. Scents which may be capable of distinguishing
To be capable of distinguishing the applicant's goods, the scent needs to be something apart from the goods themselves. It should be neither a natural characteristic nor an expected characteristic of the product, but something added to identify the applicant's goods from those of others in the same market. Examples which have been accepted in various jurisdictions include the smell of beer for dart flights, and a smell reminiscent of frangipani (plumeria) flowers for embroidery yarn, as well as various fruit perfumes for synthetic motor oils. In these cases, the perfume did not consist of the natural scent of the product, nor was there an expectation that the product be perfumed. The scent was something unusual added to the goods to assist in identifying them via olfactory means from the similar products of other traders.
[92]注册号：1241420,注册登记日：2009.2.26.使用类别为：Golf Tees,商标描述为The mark consists of a eucalyptus radiata scent for the goods。
[93]何艳.发展中的非洲区域知识产权保护体制[J].西亚非洲,2009,(1)：22。
[94]参见非洲知识产权组织(OAPI)[J].中华商标,2010, (3)：62。
[95]郑成思.知识产权论[M].北京：法律出版社,2003：543。
[96]原文为：La marque est un signe visible utilise par une personne physique ou morale pour distinguer ses produits ou services de ceux de ses concurrents.L'Accord de Bangui enumere de maniere significative les signes qui sont susceptibles de constituer une marque. II s'agit notamment des noms patronymiques, des denominations particulieres, arbitraires ou de fantaisie, de la forme caracteristique du produit ou de son conditionnement, des etiquettes, enveloppes, emblemes, empreintes, timbres, cachets, vignettes, liseres, combinaisons ou dispositions de couleurs, dessins, reliefs, lettres, chiffres, devises, pseudonymes.参见非洲知识产权组织网站,http://www.oapi.int/index.php/en/intellectual-property/industrial-property/marque,最后访问日期2010年9月28口。
[97]何艳.发展中的非洲区域知识产权保护体制[J].西亚非洲,2009, (1)：23。
[98]在该规定的原文为：
A Trademark constitute any sign that individualizes the goods of a given enterprise and capable of distinguishing such goods from the goods of competitors. Thus a trade marks should:
(1)Individualize a product by indication of source to the satisfaction of the consumer, and
(ii)Clearly distinguish the goods of one enterprise from those of other enterprises.
The following expressions, denominations or signs may constitute a trademark.
"Words" include company names, surnames, forenames, geographic names or any other words or set of words.
" Letters and Numerals" these include one or more letters or numerals or combination thereof.
" Devices" These include fancy devices, drawings and symbols.
" Coloured Marks" These include words, devices and any combination there of in colour.
" Audible Signs" These include sounds transcribed in musical notes or other symbols, e.g. The cry of a cow.
"Olfactory Marks" These are marks associated with a certain fragrance for recognizing the goods by a smell.
"Invisible Signs" Examples of invisible signs are those that can be recognised by touch ie a sun ray or moon, etc.
" Three Dimensional Signs" These are marks indicating the shape of goods or their packaging.
参见非洲地区工业产权组织网站：http://www.aripo.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=13&Itemid=60,最后访问日期2010年9月28日。
[99]夏吉生.当代各国政治体制——南非[M].兰州：兰州大学出版社,1979：192。
[100]张怀印.全球化与南非的知识产权保护[J].学术界,2007(3)：286。
[101]参见TRADE MARKS ACT 194 OF 1993,
Registrable trade marks
9. (1) In order to be registrable, a trade mark shall be capable of distinguishing the goods or services of a person in respect of which it is registered or proposed to be registered from the goods or services of another person either generally or, where the trade mark is registered or proposed to be registered subject to limitations, in relation to use within those limitations.
(2)A mark shall be considered to be capable of distinguishing within the meaning of subsection (1) if, at the date of application for registration, it is inherently capable of so distinguishing or it is capable of distinguishing by reason of prior use thereof.参见南非企业和知识产权注册局(C1PRO)网站： http://www.cipro.co.za/products_services/trademarks.asp,最后访问日期2010年9月28日。
[102]胡开忠.知识产权法比较研究[M].北京：中国人民公安大学出版社,2004：413。
[103]湛茜.亚太地区非传统商标注册比较研究[J].电子知识产权,2009(12)：55。
[104]Trade Marks Act 2002 §5 (1):"sign" includes (a) a brand, colour, device, heading, label, letter, name, numeral, shape, signature, smell, sound, taste, ticket, or word; and (b) any combination of signs.
[105]Practice Guidelines-Section 18 of the Trade Marks Act 2002-Absolute Grounds:Distinctiveness (5 January 2004).
[106]原文为sign" includes any letter, word, name, signature, numeral, device, brand, heading, label, ticket, shape, colour, aspect of packaging or any combination thereof; "trade mark" means any sign capable of being represented graphically and which is capable of distinguishing goods or services dealt with or provided in the course of trade by a person from goods or services so dealt with or provided by any other person.,
[107]参见Takahiko Kondo, Japan's Efforts towards International Protections of Trademarks, International Trademark Symposium,2000。
[108]日本安德森.毛利.友常律师事务所.日本商务法律实务[M].北京：法律出版社,2009：222。
[109]湛茜.亚太地区非传统商标注册比较研究[J].电子知识产权,2009(12)：56。
[110]参见Indian Trademark Act 1999 Article S-2(1)(zb):" trade mark "means a mark capable of being represented graphically and which is capable of distinguishing goods and services of one from those of others and may include shape of goods, their packaging and combination of colors.
[111]湛茜.亚太地区非传统商标注册比较研究[J].电子知识产权,2009(12)：53。
[112]原文为a trade-mark is a word (or words), a design, or a combination of these, used to identify the goods or services of one person or organization and to distinguish these goods or services from those of others in the marketplace,参见A Guide To Trade-marks, Canadian Intellectual Property Office, P.4,电了文档见www.cipo.ic.gc.ca/tm,最后访问日期2010年9月28日。
[113]Bob H. Sotiriadis & Laurent Carriere, The Statutory Protection of on-Traditional Trade-Marks in Canada:A Few Reflections ontheir Registrability and Distinctiveness.2000, P.58.
[114]原文为The kinds of marks that you may not register include the following:names and surnames; clearly descriptive marks; "deceptively misdescriptive" marks; words that denote a geographical location commonly known to be the place of origin of such goods or services:words or designs that are considered confusing with a previously registered trade-mark or pending trade-mark:and words or designs that nearly resemble a prohibited mark.参见 A Guide To Trade-marks. Canadian Intellectual Property Office, P.6电子文档见www.cipo.ic.gc.ca/tm,最后访问日期2010年9月28日。
[115]参见Fleck, Lorraine M.. "What makes sense in one country may not in another:a survey of select jurisdictions re Scent Mark Registration and a Critique of Scents as Trademarks". Center of Innovation Law and Policy, UK.2003. P.13.
[116]Fleck, Lorraine M., "What makes sense in one country may not in another:a survey of select jurisdictions re Scent Mark Registration and a Critique of Scents as Trademarks", Center of Innovation Law and Policy. UK,2003, P.3.
[117]同上注。
[118]郑成思.知识产权论[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2007：121。
[119]吴汉东.知识产权法律构造与移植的文化理解[J].中国法学,2007(6)：57。
[120]吴汉东.知识产权法律构造与移植的文化理解[J].中国法学,2007(6)：57-58。
[121]单晓光,许春明.知识产权制度与经济增长：机制、实证、优化[M].北京：经济科学出版社,2009：426。
[122]单晓光,许春明.知识产权制度与经济增长：机制、实证、优化[M].北京：经济科学出版社,2009： 4。
[123]孔祥俊.商标与不正当竞争法：原理和判例[M].北京：法律出版社,2009：3。
[124]齐元勋.五觉品牌恒源祥[J].服装界,2007,7：15。
[125]我国首个嗅觉商标将问世[J]. 国内外香化信息,2009(12)：22。
[126]张晓松.我国正研究声音与气味注册商标[N].北京青年报,2010,9(2)：A4。
[127]夏清华.中国企业自主知识产权能力建设研究[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2010：101。
[128]吴汉东.中国知识产权法制30年的9个问题.中国知识产权蓝皮书[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2009：92。
[129]吴汉东.中国知识产权法制30年的9个问题.中国知识产权蓝皮书[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2009：89。
[130]刘华.知识产权法律本土化中的文化功能.中国知识产权蓝皮书[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2009：280。
[131]张晓松.我国正研究声音与气味注册商标[N].北京青年报,2010,9(2)：A4。
[132]Bhagwan, Ashitha, Kulkarni, Namita and Ramanujam, Padmanabha, Economic Rationale For Extending Protection To Smell Marks,2007, P.17.
[133]James E. Hawes, Fragrances As Trademarks, Trademark Reporter Vol.79, P.44.
[134]In re Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp.,774 F.2d 1116 (C.A.F.C.1985).
[135]Daniel A. Levy, Ramona O. Hopkins, and Larry R. Squirel, Impaired odor recognition memory in patients with hippocampal lesions, Leaming& Memory, P.794.
[136]In re Morton-Norwich Products, Inc.,671 F.2d 1332 (C.C.P.A.1982).
[137]TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.,532 U.S.23 (2001).
[138]德国商标法第3条第2项规定：“仅由下列形状组成的标志不能作为商标保护：1、该形状由商品或服务本身的性质决定的；2、该形状为获取一种技术效果所必须；或者3、该形状为商品或服务提供了实质的价值。”即使通过使用上述形状组成的标志已具有显著性,也不能r以注册。参见谢东伟.德国商标和其他标志保护法(商标法)[M].知识产权文从(第三卷),北京：中国政法大学出版社,2009：449。
[139]在我国,商标局根据《商标注册用商品和服务国际分类表》制定了《类似商品和服务区分表》,作为我国商标申请时的分类标准。
[140]申请号：925979：注册号：640541.
[141]该图即为荷比卢同盟商标局所批准的前注所指商标。
[1]吴汉东. 财产的非物质化革命与革命的非物质财产法[J].中国社会科学,2003,(4)： 122-133。
[2]吴汉东.关于知识产权私权属性的再认识——兼评“知识产权公权化”理论[J].社会科学,2005,(10)：58-64。
[3]吴汉东.知识产权法律构造与移植的文化理解[J].中国法学,2007, (6)：57。
[4]张洪峰.法律世界化与本土化之争及其超越[J].福建法学,2005, (1)：22。
[5]吴民许.试论知识产权权利边界的确定方法[J].科技与法律,2009,(3)：92。
[6]张怀印.全球化与南非的知识产权保护[J].学术界,2007, (3)：286。
[7]何艳.发展中的非洲区域知识产权保护体制[J].西亚非洲,2009, (1)：22。
[8]任雪平,刘双喜.嗅觉生理发生机制的探析[J].商丘师范学院学报,2006,22(5)：137。
[9]陈颖丽.气味受体与嗅觉组织——阐明人类嗅觉系统工作方式[J].国外科技动态2004,(11)：22-24。
[10]湛茜.亚太地区非传统商标注册比较研究[J].电子知识产权,2009, (12)：55。
[11]刘光华,荆媛媛.论商业外观的反不正当竞争法调整[J].兰州商学院学报,2007,23(2)：101-108。
[12]我国首个嗅觉商标将问世[J]. 国内外香化信息,2009,(12)：22。
[13]非洲知识产权组织(OAPI)[J].中华商标,2010, (3)：62。
[14]颜亮.闻香识英雄[J].生命世界,2004,(5)：6。
[15]齐元勋.五觉品牌恒源祥[J].服装界,2007,(7)：15。
[16]Faye M. Hammersley, The Smell of Success:Trade Dress Protection For Scent Marks,2 Marq. Intell. Prop. L. Rev.105,1998, P.105-156.
[17]Stephen L. Carter, The Trouble with Trademark The Yale Law Journal, Vol.99, No.4,1990, P.759.
[18]Matheson, Julia Anne, The Sweet Smell of a Successful Registration, Corporate Counsel's Quarterly,4,2003, P.1-5.
[19]Seiko Hidaka, Nicola Tatchell, Mark Daniels, Bonita Trimmer and Adam Cooke, A Sign Of The Times? A Review Of Key Trade Mark Decisions Of The European Court Of Justice And Their Impact Upon National Trade Mark Jurisprudence In The EU,94 TMR 1105,2004, P.1124.
[20]Bhagwan, Ashitha. Kulkarni, Namita and Ramanujam. Padmanabha, Economic Rationale For Extending Protection To Smell Marks, MPRA(5604),2007, P.12.
[21]James E. Hawes, Fragrances As Trademarks, Trademark Reporter Vol.79, P.44.
[22]Fleck, Lorraine M., "What makes sense in one country may not in another:a survey of select jurisdictions re Scent Mark Registration and a Critique of Scents as Trademarks", Center of Innovation Law and Policy, UK,2003, P.3.
[23]Daniel A. Levy, Ramona O. Hopkins, and Larry R. Squirel, Impaired odor recognition memory in patients with hippocampal lesions, Learning& Memory, P.794.
[24]Bob H. Sotiriadis & Laurent Carriere, The Statutory Protection of on-Traditional Trade-Marks in Canada:A Few Reflections ontheir Registrability and Distinctiveness,2000, P.58.
[25]Alison Firth, Trademark registration for smells, IPRhelpdesk,7,2004, P.6.
[26]Rostam Josef Neuwirth, Law as Mnemonics:The Mind as a Prime Source of Normativity, Eurpean Journal of Leagal Studies, Vol2(1),2008, P.143-182.
[27]Jeanne C. Fromer, A Psychology of Intellectual Property, Northwestern University Law Review,104,2010, P.18-20.
[28]Amanda E. Compton, Acquiring a Flavor for Trademarks:There's No Common Taste in the World, Vol.8 NW. J. TECH. & INTELL. PROP.,2010, P.340.
[1][英]洛克.政府论(下篇)[M].北京：商务印书馆,2007：32。
[2]郑成思.知识产权论[M].北京：法律出版社,2003：121-243。
[3]郑成思.知识产权论[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2007：121。
[4]王迁.知识产权法教程[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2009：387。
[5]吴汉东.知识产权法[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2009：206。
[6]黄晖.驰名商标和著名商标的法律保护[M].北京：法律出版社,2001：20。
[7]孔祥俊.商标与不正当竞争法：原理和判例[M].北京：法律出版社,2009：1-78。
[8]吴汉东.中国知识产权法制30年的9个问题.中国知识产权蓝皮书[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2009：92。
[9]李明德,闫文军,黄晖,邰中林.欧盟知识产权法[M].北京：法律出版社,2010：444。
[10]曲三强.现代知识产权法[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2009：377-378。
[11]陶鑫良.知识产权教程[M].上海：上海大学出版社,2006：23。
[12]单晓光,许春明.知识产权制度与经济增长：机制、实证、优化[M].北京：经济科学出版社,2009：426。
[13]黄晖.商标法[M].北京：法律出版社,2004：2。
[14]刘华.知识产权法律本土化中的文化功能.中国知识产权蓝皮书[M].北京：北京 大学出版社,2009：280。
[15]蒋言斌.知识产权制度反思与法律调适[M].北京：知识产权出版社,2007：序1。
[16]张丽娜.WTO与中国知识产权法律制度研究[M].北京：中国民主法治出版社,2006：131。
[17]夏清华.中国企业自主知识产权能力建设研究[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2010：101。
[18]刘春茂.知识产权原理[M].北京：知识产权出版社,2002：585。
[19]冯晓青.知识产权法利益平和理论[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,2006：349。
[20]胡开忠.知识产权法比较研究[M].北京：中国人民公安大学出版社,2004：413。
[21]谢东伟.德国商标和其他标志保护法(商标法)[M].知识产权文丛第三卷,北京：中国政法大学出版社,2009：449。
[22]日本安德森·毛利·友常律师事务所.日本商务法律实务[M].北京：法律出版社,2009：222。
[23]夏吉生.当代各国政治体制——南非[M].兰州：兰州大学出版社,1979：192。
[24]马塞尔·普鲁斯特.追忆似水年华(上)[M].南京：泽林出版社,1994：30。
[25]J. Thomas McCarthy, McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition (4th ed.),1996, P.85-95.
[26]Kenneth L. Port, Trademark Law and Policy,2004, P.55-75.
[27]Glenda Labadie-Jackson. Through The Looking Hole Of The Multi-sensory Trademark Rainbow:Trademark Protection Of Color Per Se Across Jurisdictions:The United States, Spain And The European Union,2008, P.91.
[28]Thomas P. Arden, Protection of Nontraditional Marks Trademarks Rights in Sounds, Scents, Colors, Motions and Product Designs in the U.S.,2000, P.32.
[29]Martin Lindstorm, Brand sense:Build Powerful Brands Through Touch, Taste, Smell, Sight, and Sound,2005, P.3.
[30]Annette Kur, EU TRADEMARK LAW,2008, P.2-10.
[1]Aarushijain, Unconventional Trademarks, [EB/OL]. P.35-37网址http://jurisonline.in/2008/07/unconventional-trade-marks/,最后访问时间2010-9-9。
[2]Port, Kenneth L., On Nontraditional Trademarks, [EB/OL]. William Mitchell Legal Studies Research Paper No.2010-05, P.35-37.网址http://ssrn.com/abstract=1564230,最后访问时间2010-9-25。
[3]Deven R. Desai, A Brand Theory of Trademark Law, [EB/OL]. P.35-38网址http://ssrn.com/abstract=1585327,最后访问时间2010-9-12。
[1]Takahiko Kondo, Japan's Efforts towards International Protections of Trademarks, International Trademark Symposium,2000.
[1]袁秀挺.知识产权权利限制研究——着重于知识产权制度的内部考察[D].北京：北京大学,2007。
[2]曾铁山.非传统商标的法律保护[D].武汉：华中科技大学,2006。
[3]黄坚真.气味商标之研究—以实务申请探讨中心[D].新竹：“国立”清华大学,2007。
[4]侯同晓.非传统商标研究—以非传统商标注册为视角[D].北京：中国政法大学,2009。
[1]张晓松.我国正研究声音与气味注册商标[N].北京青年报,2010,9(2)：A4。
[2]商场香味营销,不知不觉掏你钱包[N].无锡商报,2010,6(25)：B16。
[3]沈宇.美国商标注册制度的特点[N].中国知识产权报,2006,6(23)：7。
[1]In re Clarke,17 U.S.P.Q.2d (BNA) 1238 (T.T.A.B.1990).
[2]Inwood Laboratories, Inc. v. Ives Laboratories, Inc.,456 U.S.844,850 n.10 (1982).
[3]In re Morton-Norwich Products, Inc.,671 F.2d 1332 (C.C.P.A.1982).
[4]In re Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp.,774 F.2d 1116 (C.A.F.C.1985).
[5]TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.,532 U.S.23 (2001).
[6]Venootschap onder Firma Senta Aromatic Marketing's Application R156/1998-2, [1999] ETMR 429 (OHIM Second Board of Appeal).
[7]Ralf Sieckmann v. Deutsches Patent-und Markenamt C-273/00, [2003] ETMR 37; [2003] RPC 38.
[8]Myles Limited's Application R711/1999-3, [2003] ETMR 56 (OHIM Third Board of Appeal).
[9]Institut pour la Protection des Fragrances' Applicaion Rl 86/2000-4, [2005] ETMR 42 (OHIM Fourth Board of Appeal).
[1]美国专利商标局：http://www.uspto.gov/main/trademarks.htm。
[2]加拿大知识产权局：http://strategis.gc.ca/sc_mrksv/cipo/tin/tm_main-e.html。
[3]欧盟内部市场调和局：http://oami.eu.int/en/mark/default.htm。
[4]英国商标注册局：http://www.patent.gov.uk/tm/index.htm。
[5]荷比卢同盟商标局：http://www.binb-bbm.org/merken/en/index.php。
[6]澳大利亚商标局：http://www.ipaustralia.gov.au/。
[7]新西兰知识产权局：http://www.ipaustralia.gov.au/http://www.iponz.govt.nz/pls/web/dbssiten.main。
[8]香港特别行政区知识产权署：http://www.ipd.gov.hk/chi/trademarks.htm。
[9]新加坡知识产权局：http://www.ipos.gov.sg/main/index.html。
[10]非洲地区工业产权组织：http://www.aripo.org/index.php。
[11]非洲知识产权组织：http://www.oapi.int/index.php。
[12]南非公司和知识产权注册局：http://www.cipro.co.za。
[13]世界知识产权组织：http://www.wipo.int/portal/index.html.en。
[2]同上引
[3]在这里,为了区分,我们将存在时间最久,数量最多的文字和图形商标成为传统商标,将颜色商标、立体商标、听觉商标、气味商标、动画商标等新的表现形式的商标作为非传统的新型商标。
[4]Glenda Labadie-Jackson, Through The Looking Hole Of The Multi-sensory Trademark Rainbow:Trademark Protection Of Color Per Se Across Jurisdictions:The United States, Spain And The European Union,2008, P.9I.
151 Martin Lindstorm, Brand sense:Build Powerful Brands Through Touch, Taste, Smell, Sight, and Sound,2005, P.3.
[6]同上注。
[7]刘春茂.知识产权原理[M].北京：知识产权出版社,2002：585。
[8]In re Clarke,17 U.S.P.Q.2d (BNA) 1238 (T.T.A.B.1990).
[9]Aarushijain, Unconventional Trademarks, [EB/OL]网址http://jurisonline.in/2008/07/unconventional-trade-marks/,最后访问时间2010年9月19日。
[10]黄晖.商标法[M].北京：法律出版社,2004：5。
[11]王迁.知识产权法教程[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2009：387。
[12]吴汉东.知识产权法[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2009：206。
[13]比如我国《商标法》第八条规定,“任何能够将自然人、法人或者其他组织的商品或服务与他人的商品或服务区别开的可视性标志,包括文字、图形、字母、数字、三维标志和颜色组合,以及上述要素的组合,均可以作为商标申请注册。”虽然这里限定为商标必须为可视性标志,但在依然认可商标的区分功能。
[14]气味商标的译法稍有区别,美国一般为scent mark,而欧洲称为olfactory mark,其他诸如fragrance mark, smell mark也可表示出气味商标的意思。
[15]Thomas P. Arden, Protection of Nontraditional Marks—Trademarks Rights in Sounds, Scents, Colors, Motions and Product Designs in the U.S.,2000, P.32.
[16]黄晖.驰名商标和著名商标的法律保护[M].北京：法律出版社,2001：20。
[17]该分类参见Faye M. Hammersley, The Smell of Success:Trade Dress Protection For Scent Marks, VOL.2 Marq. Intell. Prop. L. Rev.105,1998. P.124-126.
[18]颜亮.闻香识英雄[J].生命世界,2004,5：6。
[19]Faye M. Hammersley. The Smell of Success:Trade Dress Protection For Scent Marks, VOL.2 Marq. Intell. Prop. L. Rev.105.1998, P.128.
[20]马塞尔·普鲁斯特.追忆似水年华(上)[M].南京：译林出版社,1994：30。
[21]Faye M. Hammersley, The Smell of Success:Trade Dress Protection For Scent Marks, VOL.2 Marq. Intell. Prop. L. Rev.105.1998. P.128.
[22]同上注。
[23]我国商标法第一条规定,“为了加强商标管理,保护商标专用权,促使生产、经营者保证商品或服务和服务质量,维护商标信誉,以保障消费者和,促进社会主义市场经济的发展,特制定本法。”
[24]孔祥俊.商标与不正当竞争法：原理和判例[M].北京：法律出版社,2009：1。
[25]袁秀挺.知识产权权利限制研究-着重于知识产权制度的内部考察[D].北京：北京大学,2007：42。
[26]冯晓青.知识产权法利益平衡理论[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,2006：349。
[27][英]洛克.政府论(下篇)[M].北京：商务印书馆,2007：32。
[28]冯晓青.知识产权法利益平衡理论[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,2006：352。
[29]曲三强.现代知识产权法[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2009：377。
[30]陶鑫良.知识产权教程[M].上海：上海大学出版社,2006：23。
[31]黄晖.商标法[M].北京：法律出版社,2004：2。
[32]孔祥俊.商标与不正当竞争法：原理和判例[M].北京：法律出版社,2009：78。
[33]同上引
[34]吴民许.试论知识产权权利边界的确定方法[J].科技与法律,2009,(3)：92。
[35]比如《中华人民共和国商标法实施条例》第十三条规定：“申请商标注册,应当按照公布的商品或服务和服务分类表按类申请。每一件商标注册申请应当向商标局提交《商标注册申请书》1份、商标图样5份；指定颜色的,并应当提交着色图样5份、黑白稿1份。商标图样必须清晰、便于粘贴,用光洁耐用的纸张印制或者用照片代替,长或者宽应当不大于10厘米,不小于5厘米。以三维标志申请注册商标的,应当在申请书中予以声明,并提交能够确定三维形状的图样。以颜色组合申请注册商标的,应当在申请书中予以声明,并提交文字说明。申请注册集体商标、证明商标的,应当在申请书中予以声明,并提交主体资格证明文件和使用管理规则。商标为外文或者包含外文的,应当说明含义。”
[36]颜亮.闻香识英雄[J].生命世界,2004,(5)：6。
[37]任雪平,刘双喜.嗅觉生理发生机制的探析[J].商丘师范学院学报,2006,22(5)：137。
[38]Stephen L. Carter, The Trouble with Trademark, The Yale Law Journal, Vol.99, No.4,1990, P.759.
[39]Lanham Act它于1947年7月5日开始施行,它一般也被称为美国商标法。
[40]沈宇.美国商标注册制度的特点[N].中国知识产权报,2006,6(23)：7。
[41]原文为The term'trademark'includes any word, name, symbol, or device, or any combination thereof (1) used by a person, or(2) which a person has a bona fide intention to use in commerce and applies to register on the principal register established by this act, to identify and distinguish his or her goods, including a unique product, from those manufactured or sold by others and to indicate the source of the goods, even if that source is unknown."
[42]关于服务商标的定义,原文为The term'service mark'means any word, name, symbol, or device, or any combination thereof (1) used by a person, or (2) which a person has a bona fide intention to use in commerce and applies to register on the principal register established by this Act, to identify and distinguish the services of one person, including a unique service, from the services of others and to indicate the source of the services, even if that source is unknown. Titles, character names, and other distinctive features of radio or television programs may be registered as service marks notwithstanding that they, or the programs, may advertise the goods of the sponsor."
[43]关于商标侵权行为的判断,原文为Any person who, on or in connection with any goods or services, or any container for goods, uses in commerce any word, term, name, symbol, or device, or any combination thereof, or any false designation of origin, false or misleading description of fact, or false or misleading representation of fact, which (A) is likely to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive as to the affiliation, connection, or association of such person with another person, or as to the origin, sponsorship, or approval of his or her goods, services, or commercial activities by another person, or (B) in commercial advertising or promotion, misrepresents the nature, characteristics, qualities, or geographic origin of his or her or another person's goods, services, or commercial activities, shall be liable in a civil action by any person who believes that he or she is or is likely to be damaged by such act."
[44]参见刘光华,荆媛媛.论商业外观的反不正当竞争法调整[J].兰州商学院学报,2007,23(2)：101-108。该文认为,“商业外观”译自英语中的"'trade dress",作为现代商业竞争的一种新要素,西方许多国家对商业外观都提供了相应的知识产权保护。尺寸、外形、颜色或其结合、触感、图样、甚至是销售技巧等特征。
"Trade dress involves the total image of a product and may include features such as size, shape, color or color combinations, texture, graphics, or even particular sales techniques.").
[45]相关论述参见Kenneth L. Port Trademark Law and Policy,2004, P.55-75.
[46]相关论述参见Faye M. Hammersley, The Smell of Success:Trade Dress Protection For Scent Marks. VOL.2 Marq. Intell. Prop. L. Rev.105,1998, P.105-111.
[47]该法庭的全称为Trademark Trial and Appeal Board.
[48]该机构全称为United States Patent and Trademark Office。
[49]该申请人描述为The mark is "a high impact, fresh, floral fragrance reminiscent of Plumeria blossoms."
[50]原表述为“The Examining Attorney has refused registration on the ground that applicant's asserted mark does not function as a trademark because it does not identify or distinguish applicant's goods from those of others."
[51]美国商标救济途径为：美国专利商标局(United States Patent and Trademark Office,简称PTO)→专利商标局商标审判暨上诉法庭(Trademark Trial and Appeal Board,简称TTAB)→上诉法院联邦巡回法院(Courtof Appeals for the Federal Circuit,简称CAFC)或联邦地方法院→最高法院(Supreme Court of the United States,简称US)。
[52]该商标的注册号为：1639128,注册日期为1991年3月26日。然而,本案申请人未在注册后第6年届满前1年向美国专利商标局提出一份宣誓书,表明商业上使用该商标于指定商品的事实或表明其未使用基于特别理由,该商标最后于1997年9月29日被撤销。
[53]比如该案是基于Clarke是唯一的有气味纱线制造商这一事实,又或者以含糊的方式广告解释她所使用的气味等,引起了对该案的不同看法。
[54]《商标审查程序手册》Trademark Manual of Examining Procedure,一般简称TMEP。
[55]参见TMEP§1202.13 Scent or Fragrance:"'…The amount of evidence required to establish that a scent or fragrance functions as a mark is substantial…"
[56]美国的注册制度可以分为主要注册与辅助注册两种。若商标申请时具备固有识别性或已取得识别性,则可注册在主要注册簿上。如果申请时尚未具有识别性,则可先注册在辅助注册簿上,持续排他使用5年后,即可取得具识别性的表现证据而转入主要注册簿。而注册在辅助注册簿上的意义在于,一旦注册,则其它与辅助注册商标相似标识皆无法取得主要或辅助注册。
[57]参见TMEP§1202.13:"Scents that serve a utilitarian purpose, such as the scent of perfume, would be functional and not registrable.v
1581 Inwood Laboratories, Inc. v. Ives Laboratories, Inc.,456 U.S.844,850 n.10 (1982),该案例的表述为,“Ingeneral terms, a product feature is functional if it is essential to the use or purpose of the article or if it affects the cost or quality of the article.").
[59]参见TMEP § 1202.02(a)(iii)(A):"However, an inquiry into competitive need for the product design or feature at issue may be appropriate in cases where the mark sought to be registered is a color or other matter that does not easily fit within the "utilitarian" definition of functionality."
[60]参见TMEP § 807.09. para.1:"The applicant is not required to submit a drawing if the applicant's mark consists solely of a sound, a scent, or other completely non-visual matter. For these types of marks, the applicant must submit a detailed written description of the mark that clearly explains the sound or scent."
[61]参见TMEP § 808.01,:"The examining attorney should require a description of the mark if:… the mark is a sound, scent or non-visual mark."
[62]参见TMEP § 808.02:"If a description of a mark is placed in the record, the description should state accurately what the mark comprises and should not create a misleading impression by either positive statement or omission. A description cannot be used to restrict the likely public perception of a mark. A mark's meaning is based on the impression actually created by the mark in the minds of consumers, not on the impression that the applicant states the mark is intended to convey. The description of the mark should be concise."
[63]参见TMEP § 904.3, paras.3,5:"The Office will accept specimens consisting of videotapes, audiotapes, compact discs, computer diskettes, and similar materials if there are no non-bulky alternatives, and the submission is the only means available for showing use of the mark."
[64]参见TMEP § 904.3, para.4:"During examination, an examining attorney has the discretion to request additional information in the form of bulky materials.
[65]李明德,闫文军,黄晖,邰中林.欧盟知识产权法[M].北京：法律出版社,2010：444.
[66]内部市场调和局(OHIM)作为商标的审查机构,同时,对于该机构的注册审查决定、异议决定、失效或无效之决定不服者,可以提出上诉。
[67]一般比如马德里商标申请,需要对商标进入的国家进行指定,而欧盟商标则并不需要这种指定,一旦批准,它视为在各个成员国都有效。
[68]为了建立区域性的商标保护制度,欧盟一些会员国于1989年以后即陆续通过实施新的商标法,比如,西班牙商标法于1989年5月12日生效,法国商标法于1991年12月28日生效,丹麦商标法于1992年1月1日生效,意大利商标法于1992年12月28日生效,奥地利商标法于1993年修正,英国商标法于1994年10月31日生效,希腊商标法于1994年11月1日生效,德国商标法于1995年1月1日生效,葡萄牙商标法于1995年6月1目生效,瑞典商标法于1995年12月15日生效,芬兰商标法于1995年12月22日生效,荷比卢商标法于1996年1月1日生效。
[69]参见CTMR §4:A Community trademark may consist of any signs capable of being represented graphically, particularly words, including personal names, designs, letters, numerals, the shape of goods or of their packaging, provided that such signs are capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings.
[70]Bhagwan, Ashitha, Kulkarni, Namita and Ramanujam, Padmanabha, Economic Rationale For Extending Protection To Smell Marks, MPRA(5604),2007,12.
[71]该案例分析参见Myles Limited"s Application R711/1999-3, [2003] ETMR 56 (OHIM Third Board of Appeal)。
[72]《商标注册用商品和服务国际分类表》(尼斯分类)是于1957年6月15日在法国尼斯外交会议上正式签订,于1961年4月8日生效的国际公约,全称为《商标注册用商品和服务国际分类尼斯协定》(尼斯协定)。一般每五年修订一次,一是增加新的商品或服务,二是将已列入分类表的商品或服务按照新的观点进行调整,以求商品或服务更具有内在的统一性。国际商品或服务分类表自1987年印制成册已10次修订,最近一次的修订版(第九版)于2007年1月1日正式使用。相关介绍可参加黄晖.商标法[M].北京：法律出版社,2004：337。
[73]欧盟商标救济程序如下：欧盟内部市场调和局(OHIM)→调和局上诉委员会(OHIM Board of Appeal)→第一市法院(Court of First Instance,简称CFI)→欧洲法院(European Court of Justice,简称ECJ)
[74]该案参见Venoolschap onder Firma Senta Aromatic Marketing's Application R156/1998-2. [1999] ETMR 429 (OHIM Second Board of Appeal)。
[75]欧盟成员国法院在审理案件时,遇到涉及欧盟及相关条约、欧盟机构的行为以及欧盟理事会制定之法规的解释适用问题时,可提请欧洲法院作出初步裁决。初步裁决对于成员国法院具有拘束力,但并不决定案件,案件仍由该国法院作处理。
[76]该案参见Ralf Sicckmann v. Deutsches Patent-und Markenamt C-273/00, [2003] ETMR 37; [2003] RPC 38.
[77]该条文为First Directive §2:A trade mark may consist of any sign capable of being represented graphically. particularly words, including personal names, designs, letters, numerals, the shape of goods or of their packaging. provided that such signs arc capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings.
[78]Bhagwan. Ashitha, Kulkarni, Namita and Ramanujam, Padmanabha, Economic Rationale For Extending Protection To Smell Marks. MPRA(5604).2007,14.
[79]该案参见Instilut pour la Protection des Fragrances'Applicaion R186/2000-4, [2005] ETMR 42 (OHIM Fourth Board of Appeal)。
[80]描述原文为：The trade mark is a graphic representation of a particular fragrance. A lawn green note, citrus (bergamot, lemon), pink floral (orange blossom, hyacinth), musky.
[81]该案参见Eden SARL v. Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market, In Case T-305/04, Judgment of The Court of First Instance (Third Chamber).
[82]Seiko Hidaka, Nicola Tatchell, Mark Daniels, Bonita Trimmer and Adam Cooke, A Sign Of The Times? A Review Of Key Trade Mark Decisions Of The European Court Of Justice And Their Impact Upon National Trade Mark Jurisprudence In The EU,94 TMR 1105,2004, P.1124.
[83]Bhagwan, Ashitha, Kulkarni, Namita and Ramanujam, Padmanabha, Economic Rationale For Extending Protection To Smell Marks,(2007), P.12.
[84]该商标法(Trade Marks Act 1995)于1996年正式实行。
[85]参见Trade Marks Act 1995, as amended (No.119, Oct.17,1995)§ 17:"A trade mark is a sign used, or intended to be used, to distinguish goods or services dealt with or provided in the course of trade by a person from goods or services so dealt with or provided by any other person.'
[86]参见Trade Marks Act 1995, as amended (No.119, Oct.17,1995)§6:"sign includes the following or any combination of the following, namely, any letter, word, name, signature, numeral, device, brand, heading, label, ticket, aspect of packaging, shape, colour, sound or scent."
[87]参见Trade Marks Act 1995, as amended (No.119, Oct.17,1995)§40:"An application for the registration of a trade mark must be rejected if the trade mark cannot be represented graphically."
[88]澳大利亚商标局(Australian Trade Marks Office)为详细规范商标申请、审查及注册等事宜,制定了商标审查与程序手册(Trade Marks Manual of Practice and Procedure).
[89]相关规定参见Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure,第10部分第3条,原文为：
3.4.1 The applicant should state on their application that the trade mark is a scent trade mark.
3.4.2 Trade marks consisting of or containing a scent will be indexed as the kind of sign "scent" and therefore, all scent trade marks will come up on a search of the "scent" kinds of sign. Where a trade mark contains or consists of a non-traditional sign this will also be identified on the first screen in the enquiries facility.
3.4.3 The onus lies with the applicant to ensure that the trade mark is adequately represented. The application must include a graphical representation of the trade mark (eg. "the scent of apple blossoms") as well as a concise and accurate description of the trade mark (eg. "The scent of apple blossoms applied to car tyres'"). In some cases the description may also be used as the representation where there is no other form of graphic representation. The description will be entered as an endorsement of the application (subreg 4.3(7)) and will thereby help to define the scope of the registration. A precise word description of the trade mark would be a satisfactory representation of a scent trade mark, however the results of analytical techniques would not be as they would not be readily understood by the ordinary person searching the Register.
3.4.4 If the description or representation of the trade mark is not satisfactory in that it does not demonstrate the nature of the trade mark sufficiently or show each feature of the trade mark sufficiently, the applicant may be requested to provide a description or further description of the trade mark (subreg 4.3(8)). The office does not usually request a specimen of the scent, but it would be acceptable in these circumstances to request an example of the scent in use on the goods claimed.
[90]相关规定参见Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure,第7部分第1条,原文为：The application must include a graphical representation of the scent mark. This could be by way of a verbal description of the scent such as "the scent of apple blossoms". The graphical representation must be in a form that conveys information to the ordinary person allowing them to identify the trade mark. Highly technical data will not be acceptable as a graphical representation. For example, the results of analytical techniques such as infrared spectroscopy:vacuum, fractional and molecular distillation; nuclear magnetic resonance; vacuum fractionation: "electronic nose" analysis and chromatographic techniques would not be acceptable. An actual sample of the scent is not required at filing but may be needed during the course of examination. The applicant must include a precise and accurate description of the scent that will be entered as an endorsement of the application. The description must include both what the scent is. and how it is to be used in respect of the goods or services claimed. Examples of acceptable descriptions are as follows:The trade mark is a scent mark. It consists of the smell of roses applied to plastic storage boxes for domestic purposes. The application is a scent mark, consisting of the smell of apple blossoms applied to car tyres. The mark comprises the strong smell of bitter beer applied to the flights of darts.
[91]相关规定参见Trade Marks Office Manual of Practice and Procedure,第7部分第2条,原文为：Relying on an olfactory sense, rather than on the visual or auditory, to identify a proprietor is perhaps a new concept, but the question of the capability of a scent to distinguish an applicant's goods and/or services should be decided on the same general criteria as is any other kind of trade mark. That is, on the basis of whether other traders would want or need to use it in the ordinary course of their business, without improper motive. 7.21 Scents not adapted to distinguish Natural scent of a product
The natural scent of a product will have no inherent adaptation to distinguish the goods. Into this category come goods such as perfumes and eau de colognes for personal use; essential oils for perfumery or cooking; the scent of cedar for timber products and herbal scents/essences for culinary use. These scents either form the goods themselves or are a natural attribute of the goods. The scent thus refers to the goods, and not to the trade source. Other examples of this type are the scents of chocolate or vanilla for bakery goods (commonly used ingredients), or the smell of rubber for car tyres. Masking scents
In addition to the natural or inherent scents of goods, many producers use scents to mask unpleasant natural odours in the goods they sell. A masking scent has a functional purpose, and is not capable of distinguishing for that reason. Examples of this type of scent could be the use of lemon to scent domestic bleaches and laundry sprays, and lavender to scent carpet deodorants. As masking scents are commonly used within the trade, purchasers are unlikely to regard the scent as an indicator of trade source, but rather as something that mitigates the normally unpleasant odour of the goods. Scents which are common to a trade.
A non-functional use. but nevertheless use which is common to the trade, and hence not adapted to distinguish, is use of a scent to make a product more pleasant or attractive. Potential purchasers of these goods are unlikely to consider these fragrances as an indication of the origin of the goods because the use of fragrance on such goods is common to the trade. For example, the scent of lemon has been added, over a considerable period of time, to dish washing detergents and laundry products. While it cannot be said that a lemon scent is "descriptive" of such goods as there is no specific relationship between lemon and the cleaning qualities of such goods, a lemon scent would be treated as not being capable of distinguishing because it is common to the trade. The use of pine or cedar scents for disinfectants falls into the same category, as do herbal scents for shampoos and soaps. Scents which may be capable of distinguishing
To be capable of distinguishing the applicant's goods, the scent needs to be something apart from the goods themselves. It should be neither a natural characteristic nor an expected characteristic of the product, but something added to identify the applicant's goods from those of others in the same market. Examples which have been accepted in various jurisdictions include the smell of beer for dart flights, and a smell reminiscent of frangipani (plumeria) flowers for embroidery yarn, as well as various fruit perfumes for synthetic motor oils. In these cases, the perfume did not consist of the natural scent of the product, nor was there an expectation that the product be perfumed. The scent was something unusual added to the goods to assist in identifying them via olfactory means from the similar products of other traders.
[92]注册号：1241420,注册登记日：2009.2.26.使用类别为：Golf Tees,商标描述为The mark consists of a eucalyptus radiata scent for the goods。
[93]何艳.发展中的非洲区域知识产权保护体制[J].西亚非洲,2009,(1)：22。
[94]参见非洲知识产权组织(OAPI)[J].中华商标,2010, (3)：62。
[95]郑成思.知识产权论[M].北京：法律出版社,2003：543。
[96]原文为：La marque est un signe visible utilise par une personne physique ou morale pour distinguer ses produits ou services de ceux de ses concurrents.L'Accord de Bangui enumere de maniere significative les signes qui sont susceptibles de constituer une marque. II s'agit notamment des noms patronymiques, des denominations particulieres, arbitraires ou de fantaisie, de la forme caracteristique du produit ou de son conditionnement, des etiquettes, enveloppes, emblemes, empreintes, timbres, cachets, vignettes, liseres, combinaisons ou dispositions de couleurs, dessins, reliefs, lettres, chiffres, devises, pseudonymes.参见非洲知识产权组织网站,http://www.oapi.int/index.php/en/intellectual-property/industrial-property/marque,最后访问日期2010年9月28口。
[97]何艳.发展中的非洲区域知识产权保护体制[J].西亚非洲,2009, (1)：23。
[98]在该规定的原文为：
A Trademark constitute any sign that individualizes the goods of a given enterprise and capable of distinguishing such goods from the goods of competitors. Thus a trade marks should:
(1)Individualize a product by indication of source to the satisfaction of the consumer, and
(ii)Clearly distinguish the goods of one enterprise from those of other enterprises.
The following expressions, denominations or signs may constitute a trademark.
"Words" include company names, surnames, forenames, geographic names or any other words or set of words.
" Letters and Numerals" these include one or more letters or numerals or combination thereof.
" Devices" These include fancy devices, drawings and symbols.
" Coloured Marks" These include words, devices and any combination there of in colour.
" Audible Signs" These include sounds transcribed in musical notes or other symbols, e.g. The cry of a cow.
"Olfactory Marks" These are marks associated with a certain fragrance for recognizing the goods by a smell.
"Invisible Signs" Examples of invisible signs are those that can be recognised by touch ie a sun ray or moon, etc.
" Three Dimensional Signs" These are marks indicating the shape of goods or their packaging.
参见非洲地区工业产权组织网站：http://www.aripo.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=13&Itemid=60,最后访问日期2010年9月28日。
[99]夏吉生.当代各国政治体制——南非[M].兰州：兰州大学出版社,1979：192。
[100]张怀印.全球化与南非的知识产权保护[J].学术界,2007(3)：286。
[101]参见TRADE MARKS ACT 194 OF 1993,
Registrable trade marks
9. (1) In order to be registrable, a trade mark shall be capable of distinguishing the goods or services of a person in respect of which it is registered or proposed to be registered from the goods or services of another person either generally or, where the trade mark is registered or proposed to be registered subject to limitations, in relation to use within those limitations.
(2)A mark shall be considered to be capable of distinguishing within the meaning of subsection (1) if, at the date of application for registration, it is inherently capable of so distinguishing or it is capable of distinguishing by reason of prior use thereof.参见南非企业和知识产权注册局(C1PRO)网站： http://www.cipro.co.za/products_services/trademarks.asp,最后访问日期2010年9月28日。
[102]胡开忠.知识产权法比较研究[M].北京：中国人民公安大学出版社,2004：413。
[103]湛茜.亚太地区非传统商标注册比较研究[J].电子知识产权,2009(12)：55。
[104]Trade Marks Act 2002 §5 (1):"sign" includes (a) a brand, colour, device, heading, label, letter, name, numeral, shape, signature, smell, sound, taste, ticket, or word; and (b) any combination of signs.
[105]Practice Guidelines-Section 18 of the Trade Marks Act 2002-Absolute Grounds:Distinctiveness (5 January 2004).
[106]原文为sign" includes any letter, word, name, signature, numeral, device, brand, heading, label, ticket, shape, colour, aspect of packaging or any combination thereof; "trade mark" means any sign capable of being represented graphically and which is capable of distinguishing goods or services dealt with or provided in the course of trade by a person from goods or services so dealt with or provided by any other person.,
[107]参见Takahiko Kondo, Japan's Efforts towards International Protections of Trademarks, International Trademark Symposium,2000。
[108]日本安德森.毛利.友常律师事务所.日本商务法律实务[M].北京：法律出版社,2009：222。
[109]湛茜.亚太地区非传统商标注册比较研究[J].电子知识产权,2009(12)：56。
[110]参见Indian Trademark Act 1999 Article S-2(1)(zb):" trade mark "means a mark capable of being represented graphically and which is capable of distinguishing goods and services of one from those of others and may include shape of goods, their packaging and combination of colors.
[111]湛茜.亚太地区非传统商标注册比较研究[J].电子知识产权,2009(12)：53。
[112]原文为a trade-mark is a word (or words), a design, or a combination of these, used to identify the goods or services of one person or organization and to distinguish these goods or services from those of others in the marketplace,参见A Guide To Trade-marks, Canadian Intellectual Property Office, P.4,电了文档见www.cipo.ic.gc.ca/tm,最后访问日期2010年9月28日。
[113]Bob H. Sotiriadis & Laurent Carriere, The Statutory Protection of on-Traditional Trade-Marks in Canada:A Few Reflections ontheir Registrability and Distinctiveness.2000, P.58.
[114]原文为The kinds of marks that you may not register include the following:names and surnames; clearly descriptive marks; "deceptively misdescriptive" marks; words that denote a geographical location commonly known to be the place of origin of such goods or services:words or designs that are considered confusing with a previously registered trade-mark or pending trade-mark:and words or designs that nearly resemble a prohibited mark.参见 A Guide To Trade-marks. Canadian Intellectual Property Office, P.6电子文档见www.cipo.ic.gc.ca/tm,最后访问日期2010年9月28日。
[115]参见Fleck, Lorraine M.. "What makes sense in one country may not in another:a survey of select jurisdictions re Scent Mark Registration and a Critique of Scents as Trademarks". Center of Innovation Law and Policy, UK.2003. P.13.
[116]Fleck, Lorraine M., "What makes sense in one country may not in another:a survey of select jurisdictions re Scent Mark Registration and a Critique of Scents as Trademarks", Center of Innovation Law and Policy. UK,2003, P.3.
[117]同上注。
[118]郑成思.知识产权论[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2007：121。
[119]吴汉东.知识产权法律构造与移植的文化理解[J].中国法学,2007(6)：57。
[120]吴汉东.知识产权法律构造与移植的文化理解[J].中国法学,2007(6)：57-58。
[121]单晓光,许春明.知识产权制度与经济增长：机制、实证、优化[M].北京：经济科学出版社,2009：426。
[122]单晓光,许春明.知识产权制度与经济增长：机制、实证、优化[M].北京：经济科学出版社,2009： 4。
[123]孔祥俊.商标与不正当竞争法：原理和判例[M].北京：法律出版社,2009：3。
[124]齐元勋.五觉品牌恒源祥[J].服装界,2007,7：15。
[125]我国首个嗅觉商标将问世[J]. 国内外香化信息,2009(12)：22。
[126]张晓松.我国正研究声音与气味注册商标[N].北京青年报,2010,9(2)：A4。
[127]夏清华.中国企业自主知识产权能力建设研究[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2010：101。
[128]吴汉东.中国知识产权法制30年的9个问题.中国知识产权蓝皮书[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2009：92。
[129]吴汉东.中国知识产权法制30年的9个问题.中国知识产权蓝皮书[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2009：89。
[130]刘华.知识产权法律本土化中的文化功能.中国知识产权蓝皮书[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2009：280。
[131]张晓松.我国正研究声音与气味注册商标[N].北京青年报,2010,9(2)：A4。
[132]Bhagwan, Ashitha, Kulkarni, Namita and Ramanujam, Padmanabha, Economic Rationale For Extending Protection To Smell Marks,2007, P.17.
[133]James E. Hawes, Fragrances As Trademarks, Trademark Reporter Vol.79, P.44.
[134]In re Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp.,774 F.2d 1116 (C.A.F.C.1985).
[135]Daniel A. Levy, Ramona O. Hopkins, and Larry R. Squirel, Impaired odor recognition memory in patients with hippocampal lesions, Leaming& Memory, P.794.
[136]In re Morton-Norwich Products, Inc.,671 F.2d 1332 (C.C.P.A.1982).
[137]TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.,532 U.S.23 (2001).
[138]德国商标法第3条第2项规定：“仅由下列形状组成的标志不能作为商标保护：1、该形状由商品或服务本身的性质决定的；2、该形状为获取一种技术效果所必须；或者3、该形状为商品或服务提供了实质的价值。”即使通过使用上述形状组成的标志已具有显著性,也不能r以注册。参见谢东伟.德国商标和其他标志保护法(商标法)[M].知识产权文从(第三卷),北京：中国政法大学出版社,2009：449。
[139]在我国,商标局根据《商标注册用商品和服务国际分类表》制定了《类似商品和服务区分表》,作为我国商标申请时的分类标准。
[140]申请号：925979：注册号：640541.
[141]该图即为荷比卢同盟商标局所批准的前注所指商标。
[1]吴汉东. 财产的非物质化革命与革命的非物质财产法[J].中国社会科学,2003,(4)： 122-133。
[2]吴汉东.关于知识产权私权属性的再认识——兼评“知识产权公权化”理论[J].社会科学,2005,(10)：58-64。
[3]吴汉东.知识产权法律构造与移植的文化理解[J].中国法学,2007, (6)：57。
[4]张洪峰.法律世界化与本土化之争及其超越[J].福建法学,2005, (1)：22。
[5]吴民许.试论知识产权权利边界的确定方法[J].科技与法律,2009,(3)：92。
[6]张怀印.全球化与南非的知识产权保护[J].学术界,2007, (3)：286。
[7]何艳.发展中的非洲区域知识产权保护体制[J].西亚非洲,2009, (1)：22。
[8]任雪平,刘双喜.嗅觉生理发生机制的探析[J].商丘师范学院学报,2006,22(5)：137。
[9]陈颖丽.气味受体与嗅觉组织——阐明人类嗅觉系统工作方式[J].国外科技动态2004,(11)：22-24。
[10]湛茜.亚太地区非传统商标注册比较研究[J].电子知识产权,2009, (12)：55。
[11]刘光华,荆媛媛.论商业外观的反不正当竞争法调整[J].兰州商学院学报,2007,23(2)：101-108。
[12]我国首个嗅觉商标将问世[J]. 国内外香化信息,2009,(12)：22。
[13]非洲知识产权组织(OAPI)[J].中华商标,2010, (3)：62。
[14]颜亮.闻香识英雄[J].生命世界,2004,(5)：6。
[15]齐元勋.五觉品牌恒源祥[J].服装界,2007,(7)：15。
[16]Faye M. Hammersley, The Smell of Success:Trade Dress Protection For Scent Marks,2 Marq. Intell. Prop. L. Rev.105,1998, P.105-156.
[17]Stephen L. Carter, The Trouble with Trademark The Yale Law Journal, Vol.99, No.4,1990, P.759.
[18]Matheson, Julia Anne, The Sweet Smell of a Successful Registration, Corporate Counsel's Quarterly,4,2003, P.1-5.
[19]Seiko Hidaka, Nicola Tatchell, Mark Daniels, Bonita Trimmer and Adam Cooke, A Sign Of The Times? A Review Of Key Trade Mark Decisions Of The European Court Of Justice And Their Impact Upon National Trade Mark Jurisprudence In The EU,94 TMR 1105,2004, P.1124.
[20]Bhagwan, Ashitha. Kulkarni, Namita and Ramanujam. Padmanabha, Economic Rationale For Extending Protection To Smell Marks, MPRA(5604),2007, P.12.
[21]James E. Hawes, Fragrances As Trademarks, Trademark Reporter Vol.79, P.44.
[22]Fleck, Lorraine M., "What makes sense in one country may not in another:a survey of select jurisdictions re Scent Mark Registration and a Critique of Scents as Trademarks", Center of Innovation Law and Policy, UK,2003, P.3.
[23]Daniel A. Levy, Ramona O. Hopkins, and Larry R. Squirel, Impaired odor recognition memory in patients with hippocampal lesions, Learning& Memory, P.794.
[24]Bob H. Sotiriadis & Laurent Carriere, The Statutory Protection of on-Traditional Trade-Marks in Canada:A Few Reflections ontheir Registrability and Distinctiveness,2000, P.58.
[25]Alison Firth, Trademark registration for smells, IPRhelpdesk,7,2004, P.6.
[26]Rostam Josef Neuwirth, Law as Mnemonics:The Mind as a Prime Source of Normativity, Eurpean Journal of Leagal Studies, Vol2(1),2008, P.143-182.
[27]Jeanne C. Fromer, A Psychology of Intellectual Property, Northwestern University Law Review,104,2010, P.18-20.
[28]Amanda E. Compton, Acquiring a Flavor for Trademarks:There's No Common Taste in the World, Vol.8 NW. J. TECH. & INTELL. PROP.,2010, P.340.
[1][英]洛克.政府论(下篇)[M].北京：商务印书馆,2007：32。
[2]郑成思.知识产权论[M].北京：法律出版社,2003：121-243。
[3]郑成思.知识产权论[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2007：121。
[4]王迁.知识产权法教程[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2009：387。
[5]吴汉东.知识产权法[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2009：206。
[6]黄晖.驰名商标和著名商标的法律保护[M].北京：法律出版社,2001：20。
[7]孔祥俊.商标与不正当竞争法：原理和判例[M].北京：法律出版社,2009：1-78。
[8]吴汉东.中国知识产权法制30年的9个问题.中国知识产权蓝皮书[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2009：92。
[9]李明德,闫文军,黄晖,邰中林.欧盟知识产权法[M].北京：法律出版社,2010：444。
[10]曲三强.现代知识产权法[M].北京：北京大学出版社,2009：377-378。
[11]陶鑫良.知识产权教程[M].上海：上海大学出版社,2006：23。
[12]单晓光,许春明.知识产权制度与经济增长：机制、实证、优化[M].北京：经济科学出版社,2009：426。
[13]黄晖.商标法[M].北京：法律出版社,2004：2。
[14]刘华.知识产权法律本土化中的文化功能.中国知识产权蓝皮书[M].北京：北京 大学出版社,2009：280。
[15]蒋言斌.知识产权制度反思与法律调适[M].北京：知识产权出版社,2007：序1。
[16]张丽娜.WTO与中国知识产权法律制度研究[M].北京：中国民主法治出版社,2006：131。
[17]夏清华.中国企业自主知识产权能力建设研究[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2010：101。
[18]刘春茂.知识产权原理[M].北京：知识产权出版社,2002：585。
[19]冯晓青.知识产权法利益平和理论[M].北京：中国政法大学出版社,2006：349。
[20]胡开忠.知识产权法比较研究[M].北京：中国人民公安大学出版社,2004：413。
[21]谢东伟.德国商标和其他标志保护法(商标法)[M].知识产权文丛第三卷,北京：中国政法大学出版社,2009：449。
[22]日本安德森·毛利·友常律师事务所.日本商务法律实务[M].北京：法律出版社,2009：222。
[23]夏吉生.当代各国政治体制——南非[M].兰州：兰州大学出版社,1979：192。
[24]马塞尔·普鲁斯特.追忆似水年华(上)[M].南京：泽林出版社,1994：30。
[25]J. Thomas McCarthy, McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition (4th ed.),1996, P.85-95.
[26]Kenneth L. Port, Trademark Law and Policy,2004, P.55-75.
[27]Glenda Labadie-Jackson. Through The Looking Hole Of The Multi-sensory Trademark Rainbow:Trademark Protection Of Color Per Se Across Jurisdictions:The United States, Spain And The European Union,2008, P.91.
[28]Thomas P. Arden, Protection of Nontraditional Marks Trademarks Rights in Sounds, Scents, Colors, Motions and Product Designs in the U.S.,2000, P.32.
[29]Martin Lindstorm, Brand sense:Build Powerful Brands Through Touch, Taste, Smell, Sight, and Sound,2005, P.3.
[30]Annette Kur, EU TRADEMARK LAW,2008, P.2-10.
[1]Aarushijain, Unconventional Trademarks, [EB/OL]. P.35-37网址http://jurisonline.in/2008/07/unconventional-trade-marks/,最后访问时间2010-9-9。
[2]Port, Kenneth L., On Nontraditional Trademarks, [EB/OL]. William Mitchell Legal Studies Research Paper No.2010-05, P.35-37.网址http://ssrn.com/abstract=1564230,最后访问时间2010-9-25。
[3]Deven R. Desai, A Brand Theory of Trademark Law, [EB/OL]. P.35-38网址http://ssrn.com/abstract=1585327,最后访问时间2010-9-12。
[1]Takahiko Kondo, Japan's Efforts towards International Protections of Trademarks, International Trademark Symposium,2000.
[1]袁秀挺.知识产权权利限制研究——着重于知识产权制度的内部考察[D].北京：北京大学,2007。
[2]曾铁山.非传统商标的法律保护[D].武汉：华中科技大学,2006。
[3]黄坚真.气味商标之研究—以实务申请探讨中心[D].新竹：“国立”清华大学,2007。
[4]侯同晓.非传统商标研究—以非传统商标注册为视角[D].北京：中国政法大学,2009。
[1]张晓松.我国正研究声音与气味注册商标[N].北京青年报,2010,9(2)：A4。
[2]商场香味营销,不知不觉掏你钱包[N].无锡商报,2010,6(25)：B16。
[3]沈宇.美国商标注册制度的特点[N].中国知识产权报,2006,6(23)：7。
[1]In re Clarke,17 U.S.P.Q.2d (BNA) 1238 (T.T.A.B.1990).
[2]Inwood Laboratories, Inc. v. Ives Laboratories, Inc.,456 U.S.844,850 n.10 (1982).
[3]In re Morton-Norwich Products, Inc.,671 F.2d 1332 (C.C.P.A.1982).
[4]In re Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp.,774 F.2d 1116 (C.A.F.C.1985).
[5]TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.,532 U.S.23 (2001).
[6]Venootschap onder Firma Senta Aromatic Marketing's Application R156/1998-2, [1999] ETMR 429 (OHIM Second Board of Appeal).
[7]Ralf Sieckmann v. Deutsches Patent-und Markenamt C-273/00, [2003] ETMR 37; [2003] RPC 38.
[8]Myles Limited's Application R711/1999-3, [2003] ETMR 56 (OHIM Third Board of Appeal).
[9]Institut pour la Protection des Fragrances' Applicaion Rl 86/2000-4, [2005] ETMR 42 (OHIM Fourth Board of Appeal).
[1]美国专利商标局：http://www.uspto.gov/main/trademarks.htm。
[2]加拿大知识产权局：http://strategis.gc.ca/sc_mrksv/cipo/tin/tm_main-e.html。
[3]欧盟内部市场调和局：http://oami.eu.int/en/mark/default.htm。
[4]英国商标注册局：http://www.patent.gov.uk/tm/index.htm。
[5]荷比卢同盟商标局：http://www.binb-bbm.org/merken/en/index.php。
[6]澳大利亚商标局：http://www.ipaustralia.gov.au/。
[7]新西兰知识产权局：http://www.ipaustralia.gov.au/http://www.iponz.govt.nz/pls/web/dbssiten.main。
[8]香港特别行政区知识产权署：http://www.ipd.gov.hk/chi/trademarks.htm。
[9]新加坡知识产权局：http://www.ipos.gov.sg/main/index.html。
[10]非洲地区工业产权组织：http://www.aripo.org/index.php。
[11]非洲知识产权组织：http://www.oapi.int/index.php。
[12]南非公司和知识产权注册局：http://www.cipro.co.za。
[13]世界知识产权组织：http://www.wipo.int/portal/index.html.en。