集成天线的射频功率放大器的研究
摘要
随着个人通信技术的向更高频率、更宽带宽而用户发展的要求不断的提高，射频前端的设计越来说困难，近几年一个SOP(system on package)的设计思想得到射频设计界的大量关注。SOP也就是说将无源元件和微波集成电路用现有的多层封装和连接技术组装在一个射频模块中。
本研究就是基于SOP的设计思想，将天线与功率放大器在设计上基于一体考虑。在功放形式上首次采用了E类功放。E类功放类型是一个效率极高的开关类型的功放。传统的A、B类功放的功率附加效率PAE分别为14.3％、30％，AB类PAE为40％、一种AB+C类功放形式PAE为45％。E类功放的PAE相对A类、B类、AB类的功率放大器类型而言比较高，在50％—70％。分析了E类功放的工作过程后，以NE900175的GaAs场效应管作为E类功放电路的开关，进行了外围电路的设计，包括直流偏置电路、输入匹配网络的设计，功放的稳定性、带宽、增益的分析。该功放增益最大达到11.4dB,带宽为320MHz。
论文另一部分内容将E类功放与微带天线集于一体。针对功放对负载的要求进行了天线的设计，这样天线的功能不只是传统的能量的辐射作用，同时也负有滤波，负载匹配等其它功能。在天线的设计中，采用矩形微带，它的带宽较窄，可以过滤掉不需要的谐波，从而省略了功放和天线之间的滤波器，且易于前面的功放组合。设计的微带天线增益为5.47dB、方向性系数5.5、效率为97％、带宽为100MHz。天线和功放集成后，整个系统的带宽主要决定于天线的带宽。
最后，对天线和功放集成系统进行了仿真，在场效应管直流偏置电压V_(ds)=2.5V、输入频率为2.4GHz的方波时，功放的PAE=53.57％。
Wireless communications are evolving toward using higher frequencies, wider bandwidth and more functionality to satisfy growing demands of users worldwide .In recent years a concept of System-on-Package (SOP) is getting more attention in the RF area and is being applied to RF functional blocks and the front-end modules to achieve lower cost, improved performance, and increased design flexibility.
Design a power amplifier integrated antenna is based on the SOP concept, In this design I choose the class E power amplifier and rectangle microstrip antenna as the load amplifier. Through the design the DC feed network , input matching network for the NE900175 GaAs FET and analysis the stabilization , power gain, bandwidth of the power amplifier we get the power amplifier is stability , the power gain is 11.967dB and the bandwidth is 300MHz.Microstrip antenna has a narrow bandwidth, in this design antenna's bandwidth is 100MHz.Antenna is the not only the load of the power amplifier, but also as the filter connecting to the output of the power amplifier. So the power amplifier's output elides the design of a narrow bandwidth filter. Connecting the antenna and the power amplifier together ,the power amplifier's PAE is 53.57%.
本研究就是基于SOP的设计思想，将天线与功率放大器在设计上基于一体考虑。在功放形式上首次采用了E类功放。E类功放类型是一个效率极高的开关类型的功放。传统的A、B类功放的功率附加效率PAE分别为14.3％、30％，AB类PAE为40％、一种AB+C类功放形式PAE为45％。E类功放的PAE相对A类、B类、AB类的功率放大器类型而言比较高，在50％—70％。分析了E类功放的工作过程后，以NE900175的GaAs场效应管作为E类功放电路的开关，进行了外围电路的设计，包括直流偏置电路、输入匹配网络的设计，功放的稳定性、带宽、增益的分析。该功放增益最大达到11.4dB,带宽为320MHz。
论文另一部分内容将E类功放与微带天线集于一体。针对功放对负载的要求进行了天线的设计，这样天线的功能不只是传统的能量的辐射作用，同时也负有滤波，负载匹配等其它功能。在天线的设计中，采用矩形微带，它的带宽较窄，可以过滤掉不需要的谐波，从而省略了功放和天线之间的滤波器，且易于前面的功放组合。设计的微带天线增益为5.47dB、方向性系数5.5、效率为97％、带宽为100MHz。天线和功放集成后，整个系统的带宽主要决定于天线的带宽。
最后，对天线和功放集成系统进行了仿真，在场效应管直流偏置电压V_(ds)=2.5V、输入频率为2.4GHz的方波时，功放的PAE=53.57％。
Wireless communications are evolving toward using higher frequencies, wider bandwidth and more functionality to satisfy growing demands of users worldwide .In recent years a concept of System-on-Package (SOP) is getting more attention in the RF area and is being applied to RF functional blocks and the front-end modules to achieve lower cost, improved performance, and increased design flexibility.
Design a power amplifier integrated antenna is based on the SOP concept, In this design I choose the class E power amplifier and rectangle microstrip antenna as the load amplifier. Through the design the DC feed network , input matching network for the NE900175 GaAs FET and analysis the stabilization , power gain, bandwidth of the power amplifier we get the power amplifier is stability , the power gain is 11.967dB and the bandwidth is 300MHz.Microstrip antenna has a narrow bandwidth, in this design antenna's bandwidth is 100MHz.Antenna is the not only the load of the power amplifier, but also as the filter connecting to the output of the power amplifier. So the power amplifier's output elides the design of a narrow bandwidth filter. Connecting the antenna and the power amplifier together ,the power amplifier's PAE is 53.57%.
引文
[1] Bernhard Ingruber, Josef Baumgartner, Dieter Smely, Martin Wachutka, Gottfried Magerl and Felix A. Petz "Rectangularly Driven Class-A Harmonic-Control Amplifier"
[2] Masatoshi Nakayama,Kazutomi Mori,KazuhisaYamauchi,Yasushi Itoh,and Tadashi Takagi" A Novel Amplitude and Phase Linearizing Technique for Microwave Power Amplifiers"
[3] O.Sullivan,G.St. Onge,E/heaney,F.McGrath,C.Kermarrec, High Performance Integrated PA, T/R Switch for 1.9 GHz Personal Communications Handsets"
[4] Im,S.PineI,M.Davis,A.Sutono,C-H.Lee,D.Heo,a. Obatoynbo,J.laskar, U.Tantzeris and R.Tummala,"RF-SOP For Wireless Communications,'
[5] An.H.B.Nauwelaers and A.Van De Capelle," broadband active microstrip antenna design with the simplified real frequency technique' IEEE trans antennas and propagation vol ap-42,no.12.1994,pp.1612-1619.
[6] Yang,and X.X.Zhang," A Broadbandual frequency microstrip antenna" 1997 IEEE Digest of Papers, Vol.2.pp960-963,1997
[7] Croq. F..and D.M.Pozar," aultifrequency operation of microstrip antennas Using Aperture-coupled Parallel Resonators" ieee trans.antennas and propagation,bol.ap_40.1992,pp1367-1374
[8] 晓玲译、晨水校，“圆极化微带天线简单设计公式”，广播与电视技术，1989年第6期；
[9] 栾秀珍、谭克俊、邰佑诚，“小型矩形微带天线 贴片天线的理论分析”，大连海事大学学报，2002年5月；
[10] 杨雪霞、钟顺时，“双极化微带天线单元及二元阵的FDTD法分析”，电子学报，2002年第9期；
[11] 洪家才、徐天东，“宽频带微带天线的设计”，宇航计测技术，2000年第6期；
[12] 叶云裳、李全明、杨小勇，“单馈点圆极化GPS微带天线”，中国空间科学技术，2002年4月；
[13] Vrena radisic,Yongxi Qian and Tatso itoh" brandband power amplifier integrated with slot antanna and novel harmonic structure"
[14] W.r.dela, Vrena radisic,Yongxi qian and Tatso itoh" a high efficiency slot antenna push-pull power amplifier"
[15] Novel Architectures for High-Efficiency Amplifiers for Wireless Applications
[16] T.H.Chon,P.D.Chow, K.L.Tan, J.A.Lester, G. Zell,and M.Huang "One Watt Q-Band Class A Pseudonmouphic HEMT MMIC Amplifier"
[17] M.Avasarla,D.S.Day, S.Chan,P. Gregory, J.R.Basset "High Efficiency Small Size 6w Class AB X-band Power Amplifier Module Using a Novel Mbe GaAs FET"
[18] J.Cao, X.Wang, C.K,Quek, R. Singh,H.Nakaura "A 3.2V, 45％ Efficient, Novel Class AB+C CDMA MMIC Power Amplifier using Quasi Enhancement Mode PHMENTS
[19] Tirdad Sowlati, C.Andrr T. Salama,John Sitch,Gord Rabjohn and David Smith "Low Voltage,High Efficiency Class E GaAs Power Amplifiers for Mobile Communications"
[20] Tirdad Sowlati, Yurity Greshishchev, C.Andre T.Salama, Gord Ravjohn and Johm Sitch" Linearized High Efficiency Class E Power Amplifier for Wireless Communications
[21] King-Chun Tsai and Paul R. Gray "A 1.9GHz 1W CMOS Class E Power Amplifier for Wireless Communications"
[22] Roger. F.Harrington "On the Gain and Beamwidth of Directional Antennas"
[23] NATHAN O. SOKAL, SENIOR MEMBER, IEEE, AND ALAN D. SOKAL "Class E-A New Single-Ended Class of High-Effic iency Tuned Switching Power Amplifiers"
[24] MARIAN K. KAZIUIERCZUK "Class E Tuned Power Amplifier withNonsinu;soidal Output Voltage" IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATECIRCUITS, VOL. SC-21,NC).4, AUGUST 1986 575
[25] Charalampos.p.avratonlou,Nicholas c.voulgaris,and otini .ioannido" Analysis and Design class e tuned power amplifier"
[26] Natiian.o.sokal and Fredenrjck.h.rabb "harmonic output of class-E RF power amplifiers and load coupling network design
[27] FREDERICK H. RAAB "Idealized Operation of the Class E Tuned Power Amplifier "IEEE TRANSACITONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, VOL. CAS-24, NO.12, DECEMBER 1977 725
[28] Koen L. R.Mertens and Michiel S. J. Steyaert "A 700-MHz 1-W Fully Differential CMOS Class-E Power Amplifier"
[29] ing-Chun Tsai and Paul R. Gray "A 1.9GHz 1W CMOS Class E Power Amplifier for Wireless Communications"
[30] 孙文宾、黄云新、刘鹏，“一种设计宽带一种设计宽带高效E类功率放大器的方法——‘参数补偿压缩法’”，电子学报，2001年第11期；
[31] 刘宝华，“E类射频调谐功放的分析与设计”，设备与电路；
[32] A. Raghavan, D. Heo; M. Maeng, A. Sutono, K. Lim,J. Laskar,"A 2.4 GHz high efficiency SiGe HBT poweramplifier with high-Q LTCC harmonic suppression filter," IEEE MTT-S International MicrowaveSymposium Digest vol.2, Page(s): 1019-1022, 2002.
[33] 甘本袯 吴万春“现代微波滤波器的结构与设计”科学技术出版社
[34] Howell.J.Q."Microstrip Antennas," IEEE AP-S Int symp,Digest,1972,pp177-180
[35] Munson,R.E."Conformal Microstrip Antennas and Microstrip Phased Arrays,"IEEE Trans.on Antennas and Propagation,Vol,AP-22,1974,pp74-78
[36] Ester,B.and R.J.Roberts," Radiation from Half-wavelength Open
Circuit Microstrip Resonators," Electron.lett,Vol.6,1970,pp573-574
[37] James,J.R and A.Henderson,"High-Frequency Behavior of Microstrip Open-Circuit Terminations" ,IEE J Microwaves, Optics and Acoustics,Vol,3.1979,pp.205-218
[38] Bahl.L.J and S.S.Stuchly and M. A.Stuchly,"A Uicrostrip antenna for Medical Applications",IEEE MTT-S Int,Symp. Digest,1980,pp358-360
[39] Mink,J.W.,"Circular Ring Microstrip Antenna Elelents." IEEE AP-S Int,symp Digest 1980,pp.605-608
[40] Cuhaci,M.and D.S James," Radiation from Triangular and Circular Resonators in Microstrip,"IEEE MTT-S Int.Microwav Symp. Digest,1977,pp 438-411
[41] 饶亲江，“偏心环微带天线谐振特性的研究”，电子科学学刊，1993；
[42] Negev．M、相正平“集成多通道多频段微带天线阵列”，电子工程信息，1990；
[43] 黄景熙、范治波，“环形微带天线输入阻抗的一种简单计算方法”，武汉大学学报(自然板)，1990；
[44] 冰、曹伟，“微带天线巴仑的准静态分析”，南京邮电学院学报，1994；
[45] HAROLD.H Wheeler.H.A "Transimission-line Properties of a Strip on a Dielectric Sheet on a Plane
[46] Fei-Ran Yang, Yongxi Qian, Roberto Coccioli,Tatsuoltoh "A Novel Low-Loss Slow-Wave Microstrip Structure"
[47] V. F. Fusco and S. L. Karode, "Self-phasing Antenna Array Techniques for Mobile Communications Applications," IEE Journal oF Communications Engineering, December 1999.
[48] Vesna Radisic, Yongxi Qian,Roberto Coccioli, and Tatsuo Itoh "over 2-D Photonic Bandgap Structure for Microstrip Lines"
[49] 董玉良、杨小鹏，“新型三角型微带天线及其分析”，西安电子科技大学
学报，2002；
[50] 尹家贤、谭怀英，“双极化口径耦合微带天线FDTD分析”，微波学报，2001。
[2] Masatoshi Nakayama,Kazutomi Mori,KazuhisaYamauchi,Yasushi Itoh,and Tadashi Takagi" A Novel Amplitude and Phase Linearizing Technique for Microwave Power Amplifiers"
[3] O.Sullivan,G.St. Onge,E/heaney,F.McGrath,C.Kermarrec, High Performance Integrated PA, T/R Switch for 1.9 GHz Personal Communications Handsets"
[4] Im,S.PineI,M.Davis,A.Sutono,C-H.Lee,D.Heo,a. Obatoynbo,J.laskar, U.Tantzeris and R.Tummala,"RF-SOP For Wireless Communications,'
[5] An.H.B.Nauwelaers and A.Van De Capelle," broadband active microstrip antenna design with the simplified real frequency technique' IEEE trans antennas and propagation vol ap-42,no.12.1994,pp.1612-1619.
[6] Yang,and X.X.Zhang," A Broadbandual frequency microstrip antenna" 1997 IEEE Digest of Papers, Vol.2.pp960-963,1997
[7] Croq. F..and D.M.Pozar," aultifrequency operation of microstrip antennas Using Aperture-coupled Parallel Resonators" ieee trans.antennas and propagation,bol.ap_40.1992,pp1367-1374
[8] 晓玲译、晨水校，“圆极化微带天线简单设计公式”，广播与电视技术，1989年第6期；
[9] 栾秀珍、谭克俊、邰佑诚，“小型矩形微带天线 贴片天线的理论分析”，大连海事大学学报，2002年5月；
[10] 杨雪霞、钟顺时，“双极化微带天线单元及二元阵的FDTD法分析”，电子学报，2002年第9期；
[11] 洪家才、徐天东，“宽频带微带天线的设计”，宇航计测技术，2000年第6期；
[12] 叶云裳、李全明、杨小勇，“单馈点圆极化GPS微带天线”，中国空间科学技术，2002年4月；
[13] Vrena radisic,Yongxi Qian and Tatso itoh" brandband power amplifier integrated with slot antanna and novel harmonic structure"
[14] W.r.dela, Vrena radisic,Yongxi qian and Tatso itoh" a high efficiency slot antenna push-pull power amplifier"
[15] Novel Architectures for High-Efficiency Amplifiers for Wireless Applications
[16] T.H.Chon,P.D.Chow, K.L.Tan, J.A.Lester, G. Zell,and M.Huang "One Watt Q-Band Class A Pseudonmouphic HEMT MMIC Amplifier"
[17] M.Avasarla,D.S.Day, S.Chan,P. Gregory, J.R.Basset "High Efficiency Small Size 6w Class AB X-band Power Amplifier Module Using a Novel Mbe GaAs FET"
[18] J.Cao, X.Wang, C.K,Quek, R. Singh,H.Nakaura "A 3.2V, 45％ Efficient, Novel Class AB+C CDMA MMIC Power Amplifier using Quasi Enhancement Mode PHMENTS
[19] Tirdad Sowlati, C.Andrr T. Salama,John Sitch,Gord Rabjohn and David Smith "Low Voltage,High Efficiency Class E GaAs Power Amplifiers for Mobile Communications"
[20] Tirdad Sowlati, Yurity Greshishchev, C.Andre T.Salama, Gord Ravjohn and Johm Sitch" Linearized High Efficiency Class E Power Amplifier for Wireless Communications
[21] King-Chun Tsai and Paul R. Gray "A 1.9GHz 1W CMOS Class E Power Amplifier for Wireless Communications"
[22] Roger. F.Harrington "On the Gain and Beamwidth of Directional Antennas"
[23] NATHAN O. SOKAL, SENIOR MEMBER, IEEE, AND ALAN D. SOKAL "Class E-A New Single-Ended Class of High-Effic iency Tuned Switching Power Amplifiers"
[24] MARIAN K. KAZIUIERCZUK "Class E Tuned Power Amplifier withNonsinu;soidal Output Voltage" IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATECIRCUITS, VOL. SC-21,NC).4, AUGUST 1986 575
[25] Charalampos.p.avratonlou,Nicholas c.voulgaris,and otini .ioannido" Analysis and Design class e tuned power amplifier"
[26] Natiian.o.sokal and Fredenrjck.h.rabb "harmonic output of class-E RF power amplifiers and load coupling network design
[27] FREDERICK H. RAAB "Idealized Operation of the Class E Tuned Power Amplifier "IEEE TRANSACITONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, VOL. CAS-24, NO.12, DECEMBER 1977 725
[28] Koen L. R.Mertens and Michiel S. J. Steyaert "A 700-MHz 1-W Fully Differential CMOS Class-E Power Amplifier"
[29] ing-Chun Tsai and Paul R. Gray "A 1.9GHz 1W CMOS Class E Power Amplifier for Wireless Communications"
[30] 孙文宾、黄云新、刘鹏，“一种设计宽带一种设计宽带高效E类功率放大器的方法——‘参数补偿压缩法’”，电子学报，2001年第11期；
[31] 刘宝华，“E类射频调谐功放的分析与设计”，设备与电路；
[32] A. Raghavan, D. Heo; M. Maeng, A. Sutono, K. Lim,J. Laskar,"A 2.4 GHz high efficiency SiGe HBT poweramplifier with high-Q LTCC harmonic suppression filter," IEEE MTT-S International MicrowaveSymposium Digest vol.2, Page(s): 1019-1022, 2002.
[33] 甘本袯 吴万春“现代微波滤波器的结构与设计”科学技术出版社
[34] Howell.J.Q."Microstrip Antennas," IEEE AP-S Int symp,Digest,1972,pp177-180
[35] Munson,R.E."Conformal Microstrip Antennas and Microstrip Phased Arrays,"IEEE Trans.on Antennas and Propagation,Vol,AP-22,1974,pp74-78
[36] Ester,B.and R.J.Roberts," Radiation from Half-wavelength Open
Circuit Microstrip Resonators," Electron.lett,Vol.6,1970,pp573-574
[37] James,J.R and A.Henderson,"High-Frequency Behavior of Microstrip Open-Circuit Terminations" ,IEE J Microwaves, Optics and Acoustics,Vol,3.1979,pp.205-218
[38] Bahl.L.J and S.S.Stuchly and M. A.Stuchly,"A Uicrostrip antenna for Medical Applications",IEEE MTT-S Int,Symp. Digest,1980,pp358-360
[39] Mink,J.W.,"Circular Ring Microstrip Antenna Elelents." IEEE AP-S Int,symp Digest 1980,pp.605-608
[40] Cuhaci,M.and D.S James," Radiation from Triangular and Circular Resonators in Microstrip,"IEEE MTT-S Int.Microwav Symp. Digest,1977,pp 438-411
[41] 饶亲江，“偏心环微带天线谐振特性的研究”，电子科学学刊，1993；
[42] Negev．M、相正平“集成多通道多频段微带天线阵列”，电子工程信息，1990；
[43] 黄景熙、范治波，“环形微带天线输入阻抗的一种简单计算方法”，武汉大学学报(自然板)，1990；
[44] 冰、曹伟，“微带天线巴仑的准静态分析”，南京邮电学院学报，1994；
[45] HAROLD.H Wheeler.H.A "Transimission-line Properties of a Strip on a Dielectric Sheet on a Plane
[46] Fei-Ran Yang, Yongxi Qian, Roberto Coccioli,Tatsuoltoh "A Novel Low-Loss Slow-Wave Microstrip Structure"
[47] V. F. Fusco and S. L. Karode, "Self-phasing Antenna Array Techniques for Mobile Communications Applications," IEE Journal oF Communications Engineering, December 1999.
[48] Vesna Radisic, Yongxi Qian,Roberto Coccioli, and Tatsuo Itoh "over 2-D Photonic Bandgap Structure for Microstrip Lines"
[49] 董玉良、杨小鹏，“新型三角型微带天线及其分析”，西安电子科技大学
学报，2002；
[50] 尹家贤、谭怀英，“双极化口径耦合微带天线FDTD分析”，微波学报，2001。