摘要
基于两期全球最新300m分辨率土地覆盖数据库Globcover数据,对东北、西南、南方三个试验区做森林景观格局分析;在5×5分析窗口下采用森林破碎化分析模型将三个试验区及各省森林划分为内部、孔洞、边界、斑块、过渡及未确定6种破碎化成分,同时识别人为干扰空间位置及烈度,以此建立三个试验区和省级尺度的具有明确空间意义的森林破碎化模式地图。评价三个试验区和省级尺度森林破碎化模式,以省为单位采集道路密度、居民受教育程度、城市化水平、人口密度及人均GDP等与破碎化成分建立统计关联,进行破碎化社会经济影响分析。
结果如下:
2005年到2009年间,东北地区、南方地区和西南地区的的森林斑块均发生变化,森林景观格局均发生较大的变化。,森林斑块数量和森林斑块边缘密度增加,森林斑块平均周长、森林斑块聚集度、森林斑块分形维、森林斑块平均形状指数减小。森林内部面积缩小,作为物质、能量和物种交流的森林廊道被切断,森林斑块彼此被隔离,说明人为干扰增加。
2005年至2009年间,东北地区的辽宁省、吉林省、黑龙江省和内蒙古自治区的内部森林面积增加,孔洞森林面积增加,斑块森林面积相应减少;说明东北地区森林破碎化干扰增加的同时,国家采取了森林保护措施,实施造林工程,森林内部面积得到增加。
2005年至2009年间,南方地区的福建省、江西省、湖北省、湖南省、广东省、广西省的内部森林面积比例减少,孔洞森林面积增加。南方地区经济社会发展迅速,随着人口增长,对森林的人为干扰也相应增加,近几年南方地区自然气候环境变化大,经常出现冰雹、雨雪天气等,对森林有一定的自然干扰,且南方易出现极端干旱天气,极易引起森林火灾。
2005年至2009年间,西南地区的西藏自治区、云南省、贵州省、四川省、重庆市的内部森林面积减少,孔洞森林面积增加,斑块森林面积变化不大。西南地区主要为云贵高原,四川盆地和青藏高原高山山地区,地形气候复杂,经济发展没有其他地区快,森林砍伐较多,人为干扰烈度较强,气候复杂多样,森林火险等级较大,自然干扰影响较强。
2005年间,受教育程度(高中以上人数比例)、人均GDP和城市化水平(城镇人口比重)对森林景观破碎化的影响较大;2009年间,除人均GDP外,人口密度和道路密度对森林景观破碎化也有较大影响。
研究表明森林景观破碎化主要是由于自然环境的影响、人口的快速增长、土地利用扩展和道路交通的快速发展导致的。森林景观破碎化是一个长期的、复杂的社会问题,需要整个社会采取涉及政策、经济及教育等领域的综合措施以最小化对现存森林的干扰,降低对森林生态系统的潜在威胁,保障生态安全。
Based on the latest two Globcover databases with a spatial resolution of300m, I analyzedthe forest landscape pattern of the three regions, which was northeast region,southwest regionand south region.A forest fragmentation model was applied to classify each forest pixel intoone of the six fragmentation components, including interior, perforated, edge, patch,transitional and undetermined at the analytical window of5×5pixels. Those areas having highamount of anthropogenic disturbances were located by interpreting anthropogenic disturbance(Pfa) values derived from the model. Ultimately, a suite of forest fragmentation maps withspatially explicit implications were produced to present the fragmentation patterns. This workwas also to probe the socioeconomic and environmental drivers for forest fragmentation.Specifically, the road density,the educated degree, the urbanization level, the populationdensity and the per capita GDP were captured to correlate with the established forestfragmentation components to explain the spatial variability of driving forces responsible forforest fragmentation by implementing correlation analysis.
Results showed as follows:
During2005to2009, in the northeast region, south region and southwest region, Forestlandscape patches varied considerably, forest landscape patches quantity and forest patchesedge density increased, but forest average patches perimeter, forest average patches area,forest patches aggregation index, forest patches fractal dimension and forest patches averageshape index decreased. Forest internal area reduced, as material, energy and species exchangeways, forest corridor was cut off, forest patches isolated each other, which result fromlong-term human disturbance.
During2005to2009,in the northeast region,such as Liaoning province, Jilin province,Heilongjiang province and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the interior forest areasincreased,and the perforated forest area also increased,the patch forest areas decreased.Forestfragmentation interference increased,at the same time,forest protection measures andafforestation project were taken, the forest interior areas increased.
During2005to2009,in the southern region,such as Fujian province,Jiangxiprovince,Hubei province,Hunan province,Guangdong provinces and Guangxi ZhuangAutonomous Region, the interior forest areas reduced,perforated forest areas increased.Duringthe rapid economic and social development, with the growth of population, humandisturbances also increased accordingly.In recent years, the South natural climate has changedfrequently, hail, sleet and dry weather often appeared, the dry weather was extremely easy tocause forest fire,
During2005to2009, in the southwest region,such as the Tibet Autonomous Region,Yunnan province, Guizhou province,Sichuan province and city of Chong qing,theinterior forest areas reduced,perforated forest areas increased.the patch forest areas slightlychanged.the areas include the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Sichuan Basin and Qinghai-TibetPlateau high Shanshan area terrain,Topographic and climate were complex, compared withdeveloped regions,the economic development rate was slowly,deforestation wasfrequent,human disturbance intensity was strong, climate were complex and diversed, forestfire often happened, natural disturbance influence were strong.
In2005, the educated degree,the per capita GDP and the urbanization were allsignificantly correlated with the forest fragmentation components. In2009, the per capitaGDP, the population density and the road density were also significantly correlated with theforest fragmentation components.
In conclusion, forest fragmentation in China was primarily attributed to the influence ofthe natural environment and widespread anthropogenic disturbances and heavy traffic,particularly, the expansion of agricultural land uses driven by a huge population. forestfragmentation is a long-term, complex societal issue, which requires a comprehensive measurethat is closely associated with political, economic and educational processes to be taken tominimize the impacts of human events on the existing forests, to mitigate the potential threatsof forest fragmentation to forest ecosystems to ensure the ecological security of nation.
引文
[1] Ho P. Credibility of institutions: Forestry, social conflict and titling in China [J],Land UsePolicy,2006,23:588–603.
[2]郭泺,杜世宏,杨一鹏.基于RS与GIS的广州市森林景观格局时空分异研究[J].地理与地理信息科学,2008,24(1):96–112.
[3]邬建国.景观生态学——格局、过程、尺度、等级[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2007:106–120.
[4]王宪礼,布仁仓,胡远满,肖笃宁.辽河三角洲湿地的景观破碎化分析[J].应用生态学报,1996,7(3):299-304.
[5] Lord J M, Norton D A. Scale and the Spatial Concept of Fragmentation[J]. Conservation Biology,1990,4(2):197–202.
[6]李团胜,石玉琼.景观生态学[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2009:89–92.
[7]余新晓,牛健植,关文彬,冯仲科.景观生态学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006:280–292.
[8] Riitters K H, Wickham J D, O’Neill R V, Jones K B, Smith E R, Coulston J W, Wade T G, Smith J H.Fragmentation of continental United States forests[J]. Ecosystems,2002,5:815–822.
[9] Fuller D. Forest fragmentation in Loudoun County, Virginia, USA evaluated with multitemporal Landsatimagery[J]. Landscape Ecology,2001,16:627–642.
[10]刘建锋,肖文发,江泽平,冯霞,李秀英.景观破碎化对生物多样性的影响[J].林业科学研究,2005,18(2):222–226.
[11] Butler B J, Swenson J J, Alig R. Forest fragmentation in the Pacific Northwest: quantification andcorrelations[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2004,189:363–373.
[12] Cayuela L, Benayas J, Echeverr′a C. Clearance and fragmentation of tropical ontane forests in theHighlands of Chiapas, Mexico (1975–2000)[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2006,226:208–218.
[13] Echeverr′a C, Coomes D, Salas J, Benayas J, Lara A, Newton A. Rapid deforestation and fragmentationof Chilean temperate forests[J]. Biological Conservation,2006,130(4):481–494.
[14]郭泺,杜世宏,杨一鹏.基于RS与GIS的广州市森林景观格局时空分异研究[J].地理与地理信息科学,2008,24(1):96–112.
[15]邬建国.景观生态学——格局、过程、尺度、等级[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2007:106–120.
[16]王宪礼,布仁仓,胡远满,肖笃宁.辽河三角洲湿地的景观破碎化分析[J].应用生态学报,1996,7(3):299-304.
[17]马克明,傅伯杰.北京东灵山地区景观格局及破碎化评价[J].植物生态学报,2000,24(3)320–326.
[18]郭明,马明国,肖笃宁,赵善伦.基于遥感和GIS的干旱区绿洲景观破碎化分析——以金塔绿洲为例[J].中国沙漠,2004,24(2):201-206.
[19]王斌,刘华,张硕新,雷瑞德.秦岭火地塘林区景观格局破碎度分析[J].中国农学通报,2005,21(10):111-143.
[20]汤萃文,张海风,陈银萍,姚雪玲,王丽娟,肖笃宁.祁连山南坡植被景观格局及其破碎化[J].生态学杂志,2009,28(11):2305-2310.
[21]徐金铎,普顿,石军南.基于森林资源二类调查的仁义镇森林景观格局及破碎化分析[J].林业调查规划,2010,35(5):39-43.
[22]赵安玖,胡庭兴,赖长鸿,宋小波.区域森林景观破碎化对比分析[J].四川农业大学学报,2006,24(2):187-193.
[23]陈方敏,徐明策,李俊祥.中国东部地区常绿阔叶林景观破碎化[J].生态学杂志,2010,29(10):1919-1924.
[24]曾辉,孔宁宁,李书娟.基于边界特征的山地森林景观碎裂化研究[J].生态学报,2002,22(11):1803-1810.
[25]杨国靖,肖笃宁.森林景观格局分析及破碎化评价——以祁连山西水自然保护区为例[J].生态学杂志,2003,22(5):56-61.
[26]孙菲菲,康永祥,刘婧辉,张宝库,代栓发,何小军.太白山自然保护区森林覆被变化及破碎化分析[J].西北林学院学报,2009,24(4):27-31.
[27]郝云庆,江洪,王金锡,金静,马元丹.九寨沟保护区植被景观变化与生境破碎化研究[J].地理科学,2009,29(6):886-892
[28]索安宁,熊友才,王天明,寇晓军,葛剑平.黄土高原子午岭森林破碎化对流域水文过程的影响[J].林业科学,2007,43(6):13-19.
[29]刘佳妮,李伟强,包志毅.道路网络理论在景观破碎化效应研究中的运用——以浙江省公路网络为例[J].生态学报,2008,28(9):4352-4362.
[30]丁平,姜仕仁,诸葛阳.浙江西部白颈长尾雉栖息地片断化研究[J].动物学研究,2000,21(1):65-69.
[31]邓文洪,高玮,宋晓东.破碎化次生林斑块面积及斑块隔离对大山雀繁殖成功的影响[J].应用生态学报,2001,12(4)∶527-531
[32]曹长雷,高玮,王继龙.温带次生林破碎化对繁殖鸟类群落的影响[J].大众科技,2008(4):137-139.
[33]王亚明,薛亚东,夏友福.滇西北滇金丝猴栖息地景观格局分析及其破碎化评价[J].林业调查规划,2011,36(2):34-37.
[34]国庆喜,王化儒,高梅香.景观破碎化对东北虎主要猎物种群动态影响的模拟[J].生态学报,2010,30(1):0015-0023.
[35]李明诗,徐祎凡,李云梅,徐达,温卫松,刘安兴.南方集体林区森林破碎化模式及趋势遥感刻画——以浙江余杭为例[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2010,34(4):135-139.
[36] Wickham J D, Jones K B, Riitters K H, Wade T G, O’Neill RV. Transitions in forest fragmentation:implications for restoration opportunities at regional scales[J]. Landscape Ecology,1999,14:137–145.
[37] Staus N L, Strittholt J R, Dellasala D A, Robinson R. Rate and pattern of forest disturbance in theKlamath-Siskiyou ecoregion, USA between1972and1992[J]. Landscape Ecology,2002,17:455–470.
[38] Wade T, Riitters K, Wickham J, Jones K. Distribution and causes of global forest fragmentation[J/OL].ConservationEcology,2003,7(2):7.http://www.wonsecol.org/vol17/isse/art7.
[39] Mendoza E, Fay J, Dirzo R. A quantitative analysis of forest fragmentation in Los Tuxtlas, southeastMexico: patterns and implications for conservation[J]. Revista Chilena de Historia Natutal,2005,78:451–467.
[40] Fitzsimmons M. Effects of deforestation and reforestation on landscape spatial structure in borealSaskatchewan, Canada[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2003,174:577–592.
[41] Abdullah S A, Nakagoshi N. Forest fragmentation and its correlations to human land use change in thestate of Selangor, peninsular Malaysia[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2007,241:39–48.
[42] Alig R J, Kline J D, Lichtenstein M. Urbanization on the U.S. landscape: looking ahead in the21stcentury[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,2004,69:219–234.
[43] Alig R J, Lewis D J, Swenson J. Is forest fragmentation driven by the spatial configuration of land quality?The case of western Oregon[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2005,217:266–274.
[44] Wickham J D, Jones K B, Riitters K H, Wade T G, O’Neill RV. Transitions in forest fragmentation:implications for restoration opportunities at regional scales[J]. Landscape Ecology,1999,14:137–145.
[45] Riitters K H, Wickham J D, O’Neill R V, Jones B, Smith E R. Global-Scale Patterns of ForestFragmentation[J].Conservation Ecology,2000,4(2):3.
[46] Abdullah S A, Nakagoshi N. Forest fragmentation and its correlation to human land use change in the stateof Selangor, peninsular Malaysia[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2007,241:39–48.
[47] Riitters K H, Wickham J D, O’Neill R V, Jones K B, Smith E R, Coulston J W, Wade T G, Smith J H.Fragmentation of continental United States forests[J]. Ecosystems,2002,5:815–822.
[48] Wade T, Riitters K, Wickham J, Jones K. Distribution and causes of global forestfragmentation[J/OL].Conservation Ecology,2003,7(2):7.http://www.wonsecol.org/vol17/isse/art7.
[49] J. D. Wickham,K. H. Riitters,T. G. Wade,M. Coan,C. Homer. The effect of Appalachian mountaintopmining on interior forest[J]. Landscape Ecology,2007(22):179–187.
[50] Wickham J D, Riitters K H, Wade T G, Homer C. Temporal change in fragmentation of continental USforests[J]. Landscape Ecol,2008,23:892–898.
[51] Kurt Riitters, Peter Vogt, Pierre Soille, Christine Estreguil.Landscape patterns from mathematicalmorphology on maps with contagion.Landscape Ecology,2009,24(5):699-709
[52] Katarzyna Ostapowicz,Peter Vogt,K H. Riitters,Jacek Kozak,Christine Estreguil.Impact of scale onmorphological spatial pattern of forest[J]. Landscape Ecology,2008(23):1107–1117.
[53] Greg J. Holland Andrew F. Bennett. Differing responses to landscape change: implications for smallmammal assemblages in forest fragments[J].biodiversity and conservation,2009(18):2997–3016.
[54] N. Ignacio Gasparri, H. Ricardo Grau.Deforestation and fragmentation of Chaco dry forest in NWArgentina(1972–2007)[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2009(258):913–921
[55] Martin-Hugues St-Laurent, Christian Dussault, Jean Ferron, Réjean Gagnon.Dissecting habitat loss andfragmentation effects following logging in boreal forest: Conservation perspectives from landscapesimulations[J].Biological Conservation,2009(142):2240–2249
[56]Michael A. Wulder, Joanne C. White, Margaret E. Andrew, Nicole E. Seitz, Nicholas C. Coops.Forestfragmentation, structure, and age characteristics as a legacy of forest management[J].Forest Ecology andManagement,2009(258):1938–1949
[57]Somnath Baidya Roy.Mesoscale moisture transport effects on forest edges in a fragmented landscape inAmazonia[J].Climatic Change,2011(108):609–617.
[58]Hongcheng Zeng, Jordi Garcia-Gonzalo, Heli Peltola, Seppo Kellomaki.The effects of forest structure onthe risk of wind damage at a landscape level in a boreal forest ecosystem[J].Annals of ForestScience,2010,67(1):111
[59]Gabriel Grilli,Carlos Urcelay,Leonardo Galetto.Forest fragment size and nutrient availability: complexresponses of mycorrhizal fungi in native–exotic hosts[J].Plant Ecology,2011(11):9966-9968
[60]Salima Machkour-M’Rabet, Yann He′naut, Sophie Calme′, Luc Legal.When landscape modification isadvantageous for protected species. The case of a synanthropic tarantula, Brachypelma vagans[J]..journalof insect conservation,2011(11):9434-9436
[61]Alexandre Sebbenn.Effects of forest fragmentation on the effective and realized gene flow of Neotropicaltree species: implications for genetic conservation[J].Sebbenn BMC Proceedings.2011,5(7):O6-07
[62]高中灵,汪小钦,陈云芝. MERIS遥感数据特性及应用[J].海洋技术,2006,25(3):61–65.
[63] Bicheron P et al. GLOBCOVER:Products Description and Validation Report[J/OL].2008.