基于数据挖掘的土地利用决策研究
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摘要
随着我国工业化、城镇化进程的不断加快,人口的不断增长,资源环境的过渡开发与利用,使人地矛盾日益加剧。土地是国家最重要的资源,是人类生存与发展的基础与保障。土地利用是土地问题的核心。而土地利用决策是通过寻求和选择最佳的土地利用方式,使土地资源实现优化配置,提高土地利用与管理水平,保证经济效益,社会效益和生态效益的协调发展及土地资源的可持续利用。
     本研究从土地利用决策者需求出发,在区域尺度、地方尺度和地块尺度三种尺度下,以土地利用强度和土地利用效益作为土地利用方式衡量标准,采用BP神经网络、RBF神经网络和小波神经网络(WNN)等多种空间数据挖掘方法,构建了多尺度的土地利用时空决策分析模型,并以榆中盆地作为研究区,对其土地利用数据进行时空数据挖掘与决策分析。针对生态型、集约型、过渡型、粗放型、耗损型等5种土地利用方式,采用博弈论方法,对土地利用决策者所做的决策选择进行博弈分析,为不同决策者提供科学可行的决策方案。主要进行了以下几方面的研究:
     (1)本研究对BP神经网络模型,RBF神经网络模型和WNN模型从理论到应用进行了比较分析。采用榆中盆地2000-2008年土地利用数据,对三种模型的泛化能力、收敛速度和误差精度等方面进行对比与分析。结果表明,WNN模型得到的网络具有更好的拟合效果,泛化能力更强,收敛速度更快,精度更高。
     (2)在区域尺度上,对榆中盆地2000-2008年土地利用总体动态趋势分析表明,土地利用综合指数是呈现稳步上升趋势的。这说明在区域总体上,榆中盆地土地利用强度和土地利用效益的综合指数在不断增强。
     (3)在地方尺度上,综合考虑了三种模型,借助GIS空间分析技术,对榆中盆地7个乡镇土地利用强度和土地利用效益进行空间数据挖掘和决策分析。得到结论:①在农业生产需求下,金崖镇处于半集约利用状态,城关镇、夏官营镇和小康营乡处于半粗放利用状态,和平镇和连搭乡处于粗放利用状态;②榆中盆地建设发展需求用地的土地利用方式以过渡型偏于粗放利用为主。金崖镇处于半集约利用状态,和平镇处于半粗放利用状态,而城关镇和夏官营镇则处于粗放利用状态;③在生态保护需求下,和平镇和金崖镇处于半粗放利用状态,而城关镇和夏官营镇则处于粗放利用状态。
     (4)在地块尺度上,以榆中盆地2008年土地利用现状图斑为单元,采用WNN模型,构建了地块尺度的土地利用空间决策分析模型。得到结论:①农业生产需求下,榆中盆地土地利用方式属于过渡偏粗放型。耕地、园地和设施农用地都是过渡偏粗放型;②建设发展需求下,榆中盆地土地利用方式属于过渡偏粗放型。城镇村及工矿用地和交通运输用地是以过渡偏粗放型为主的土地利用方式,而水利设施用地是生态型为主的土地利用方式;③生态保护需求下,榆中盆地土地利用方式属于过渡偏粗放型。草地和林地都是以过渡偏粗放型土地利用方式,而水域则是以过渡偏集约型土地利用方式。
     (5)从决策者的角度,对5种土地利用方式下的决策主体与决策参与者之间的博弈关系进行了分析。得到的结论:在5种土地利用方式下,政府和农民,政府和用地单位,以及用地单位和农民3种博弈关系分析中,既能提高土地利用效益,又没有来自农民或用地单位的阻碍的策略组合是最优组合,其总收益达到最大。第五种策略组合虽然使博弈双方都增加了博弈成本,但也能达到博弈均衡。
With the speeding up of the industrialization and urbanization in China, the contradiction between people and land is growing due to the population growth and over-exploitation and utilization of resources. Land is the most important resource for a country, and meanwhile, it is the basis for human survival and development. Land use is the core of land problem. In this paper, the land use decision-making is to seek and choose the best land utilization type for achieving the optimal allocation and sustainable use of land resources, improving land use and management level, and ensuring the coordinated development with economic benefits, social benefits and ecological benefits.
     In this paper, the demand for land use decision-makers was firstly considered. And then a space-time dynamic analysis model of land use decision was building by using multiple spatial data mining method based on the demand of decision-makers. The model was studied at three scales, which include the regional scale, the local scale, and the parcel scale. In this study, the regional scale refers to the entire study area. The local scale is to study the area's administrative divisions as research subjects. The parcel area refers to the area's land use status parcels. In this model, land utilization types are measured with land use intensity and land use efficiency. The spatial data mining methods of BP neural network, RBF neural network and wavelet neural network (WNN) were employed. In this paper, land use temporal data mining and decision analysis were applied in Yuzhong Basin. Finally, the choice of land use decision scheme was made to land utilization types, which is divided into 5 types (ecotype, intensive type, transitional type, extensive type, and consumption type), based on game theory. The paper makes a study on the following aspects:
     (1) This paper compared and analyzed BP neural network, RBF neural network and wavelet neural network (WNN) from theory to application. The models were compared in generalization capability, convergence rate, and error accuracy by using land use data in Yuzhong basin from 2000 to 2008. The results show that WNN model has better fitting effect, stronger generalization, faster convergence, and higher accuracy.
     (2) At the regional scale, the total dynamic trend of land use in Yuzhong basin from 2000 to 2008 was upward by calculating the index of land use. This shows that from the region as a whole, the index of land use intensity and land use efficiency were growing in Yuzhong basin.
     (3) At the local scale, land use intensity and land use efficiency were anayzed by using GIS and the three neural network models. The conclusions are as follows:①in agricultural production needs, Jinya is in a semi-intensive used state, Chengguan, Xiaguanying and Xiaogangying are in a semi-extensive used state, and Heping is in a extensive used state;②land utilization type for the construction and development needs in Yuzhong basin is in a extensive transition used state. Jinya is in a semi-intensive used state, Heping is in a semi-extensive used state, and Chengguan, Xiaguanying is in a extensive used state;③in ecological protection needs, Heping and Jinya are in a a semi-extensive used state, meanwhile, Chengguan and Xiaguanying are in a extensive transition used state.
     (4) At the parcel scale, land use polygons of Yuzhong basin in 2008 as the unit, the land-use spatial decision analysis model was building by using WNN model. It is concluded that①in agricultural production needs, land utilization type in Yuzhong basin is extensive transition type. Cultivated land, garden and facility agriculture land are in a extensive transition use state;②in construction and development needs, land utilization type in Yuzhong basin is also extensive transition type. Urban village and industrial land and transportation land are in a extensive transition use state. And water conservancy facility land is in a ecotype used state;③in ecological protection needs, land utilization type in Yuzhong basin is in a extensive transition used state. Grassland and woodland are also in an extensive transition used state, but waters is in a intensive transition used state.
     (5) From the perspective of decision makers, the game relationship was analyzed between the decision-making body and decision-making participants in five kinds of land utilization types. The conclusion drawn from the research is that the optimal combination can get the maximum total benefit in three kinds of game relationships, which include government and farmers, government and enterprise, enterprise and farmers. The optimal combination could not only improve land use efficiency, but also have no obstacle driving from farmers and enterprise. Moreover, although the game cost has been increased to both sides, the fifth strategy combination could also achieve a balanced game relationship.
引文
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