美国CERCLA及其对我国土壤污染防治立法的借鉴
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摘要
目前,我国土壤污染问题严重,土壤污染形势的不断恶化已成为影响我国工农业可持续发展的重大阻力,对我国的经济建设和发展提出了严峻的挑战。国内的学者已经认识到土壤污染问题的重要性,开始积极探求解决我国土壤污染问题以及进行土壤污染防治的有效途径。国外发达国家在上个世纪五六十年代就开始有了农业立法和相关的土壤保护法规,并随着社会的发展进步不断进行修改和完善,形成了科学有效的土壤污染防治制度体系,其先进经验值得学习。
本文旨在通过对美国CERCLA以及与之相关的一系列补充性法律法规的分析,探究美国在土壤污染防治方面的制度和措施,并在对这些制度和措施进行全面认识的基础上,结合我国的具体国情,批判的引进其中的精华部分,以期为我国的土壤污染防治立法提供有益借鉴。
本文一共分为四个部分:
第一部分是土壤污染防治与土壤污染防治法的产生和发展。这部分介绍土壤污染的概念、发生原因、结果的严重性和各国土壤污染防治的实践和意义。同时,介绍土壤污染防治法的产生和发展状况。
第二部分是我国土壤污染防治法的建设现状。这部分阐述我国土壤污染防治法的产生与发展阶段。介绍我国土壤污染防治法的立法现状、相关法律规定以及地方立法在这方面取得的成绩,对我国土壤污染防治法的建设现状进行综合概括。
第三部分是先进的美国土壤污染防治法。这部分主要介绍较早制定并不断完善的美国土壤污染防治法,分析该法在补充完善过程中的进步之处。针对该法的特色——超级基金作详细分析阐述,总结其良好的国际影响和域外效应。这些为我国借鉴CERCLA的先进经验构建国内土壤污染防治法提供了依据。
第四部分是以美国土壤污染防治法为借鉴完善我国法律。这是本篇论文的主体部分,也是本篇论文的创新之处。这部分主要建议借鉴美国土壤污染防治法构建我国的土壤污染防治法。该部分论述在我国构建专门的土壤污染防治法的必要性,并对我国土壤污染防治法的立法定位和基本结构作出界定。建议结合我国的基本国情,在我国的土壤污染防治法中实行连带、无限、不溯及既往的归责原则,并对我国污染土地的清洁治理程序和措施做出明确具体的构建。在分析美国CERCLA制度和原则的基础上,主张土壤污染防治法的立法原则要与环境法其他原则协调一致,实行谁污染谁治理原则、公众参与原则和预防和治理相结合原则。主张建立土壤污染防治基金制度、土壤危险等级评估制度、土壤污染应急处理制度、污染土地综合治理制度等土壤污染防治基本制度,为土壤污染防治工作的开展提供制度保障。
Nowadays, Soil Pollution is a serious problem in our country. Soil pollution goes worse and it comes to be a big hinder of Sustainable development of our industry and Agriculture. It is also a great challenge to our economic construction and development. Scholars of our country have already recognized the importance of Soil Pollution Control. Then, they begin to seek the effective ways to solve the problem actively. In the 1950s and 1960s of the last century, There were Agriculture Legislation and other relevant soil protection laws in Developed countries. These laws become perfect with the progress of society. And it formed a Scientific system of Soil Pollution Control. The good experience is worth studying.
This paper is aimed at seeking the System and Measures on soil pollution control in America by Analysing CERCLA and other Supplementary laws. It absorbs the Highlights of CERCLA selectively in the soil pollution prevention legislation of Our Country on the base of that analysis.
This paper is divided into four parts:
The first part is the production and development of soil pollution prevention and Soil Pollution Control Act. This section presents the concept of soil pollution, the causes of soil pollution and the serious results of various countries and the practice of soil pollution Control and significance. At the same time, introduction of the production and development situation of soil Pollution Control Act.
The second part is about our soil pollution control building situation. This section sets out our soil Pollution Control Act and the formation of the development stage. Introduction of soil pollution control legislation status quo, relevant laws and regulations as well as the achievements of local legislation in this area. Also , it gives the general evaluation About China's Soil Pollution Control Act status.
The third part is the advanced United States Soil Pollution Control Act. It introduces the earlier and improving CERCLA, and analyses the progress during its growth. It shows features of the law -- super fund and its international influence. These advanced experience provide a basis for our legislation on soil Pollution Control Act.
Part IV is studying CERCLA to legislate our Soil Pollution Control Act. This is the main part of the paper. Also, It is the innovation part of the paper. The major job of this part is proposing to construct the Soil Pollution Control Act following CERCLA. This part tells the need for pollution control and defines the basic structure of soil pollution control act. We should se up related, unlimited, non-retroactivity principle of liability in light of China's basic national conditions and soil pollution in Soil Pollution Control Act of China , make sure our clean governance procedures and measures to clear pollution soil. Based on the analysis of CERCLA, the legislative principle of soil pollution Control should be coherence to other principles of environment law. The principles of our soil pollution control act should be who pollution who pay principle, the principle of public participation , the prevention and treatment principle. We should establish soil pollution prevention fund system, assess system of soil danger rating, to soil pollution emergency management system, pollution soil treatment system and so on. It could provide protection on the work of soil pollution control.
本文旨在通过对美国CERCLA以及与之相关的一系列补充性法律法规的分析,探究美国在土壤污染防治方面的制度和措施,并在对这些制度和措施进行全面认识的基础上,结合我国的具体国情,批判的引进其中的精华部分,以期为我国的土壤污染防治立法提供有益借鉴。
本文一共分为四个部分:
第一部分是土壤污染防治与土壤污染防治法的产生和发展。这部分介绍土壤污染的概念、发生原因、结果的严重性和各国土壤污染防治的实践和意义。同时,介绍土壤污染防治法的产生和发展状况。
第二部分是我国土壤污染防治法的建设现状。这部分阐述我国土壤污染防治法的产生与发展阶段。介绍我国土壤污染防治法的立法现状、相关法律规定以及地方立法在这方面取得的成绩,对我国土壤污染防治法的建设现状进行综合概括。
第三部分是先进的美国土壤污染防治法。这部分主要介绍较早制定并不断完善的美国土壤污染防治法,分析该法在补充完善过程中的进步之处。针对该法的特色——超级基金作详细分析阐述,总结其良好的国际影响和域外效应。这些为我国借鉴CERCLA的先进经验构建国内土壤污染防治法提供了依据。
第四部分是以美国土壤污染防治法为借鉴完善我国法律。这是本篇论文的主体部分,也是本篇论文的创新之处。这部分主要建议借鉴美国土壤污染防治法构建我国的土壤污染防治法。该部分论述在我国构建专门的土壤污染防治法的必要性,并对我国土壤污染防治法的立法定位和基本结构作出界定。建议结合我国的基本国情,在我国的土壤污染防治法中实行连带、无限、不溯及既往的归责原则,并对我国污染土地的清洁治理程序和措施做出明确具体的构建。在分析美国CERCLA制度和原则的基础上,主张土壤污染防治法的立法原则要与环境法其他原则协调一致,实行谁污染谁治理原则、公众参与原则和预防和治理相结合原则。主张建立土壤污染防治基金制度、土壤危险等级评估制度、土壤污染应急处理制度、污染土地综合治理制度等土壤污染防治基本制度,为土壤污染防治工作的开展提供制度保障。
Nowadays, Soil Pollution is a serious problem in our country. Soil pollution goes worse and it comes to be a big hinder of Sustainable development of our industry and Agriculture. It is also a great challenge to our economic construction and development. Scholars of our country have already recognized the importance of Soil Pollution Control. Then, they begin to seek the effective ways to solve the problem actively. In the 1950s and 1960s of the last century, There were Agriculture Legislation and other relevant soil protection laws in Developed countries. These laws become perfect with the progress of society. And it formed a Scientific system of Soil Pollution Control. The good experience is worth studying.
This paper is aimed at seeking the System and Measures on soil pollution control in America by Analysing CERCLA and other Supplementary laws. It absorbs the Highlights of CERCLA selectively in the soil pollution prevention legislation of Our Country on the base of that analysis.
This paper is divided into four parts:
The first part is the production and development of soil pollution prevention and Soil Pollution Control Act. This section presents the concept of soil pollution, the causes of soil pollution and the serious results of various countries and the practice of soil pollution Control and significance. At the same time, introduction of the production and development situation of soil Pollution Control Act.
The second part is about our soil pollution control building situation. This section sets out our soil Pollution Control Act and the formation of the development stage. Introduction of soil pollution control legislation status quo, relevant laws and regulations as well as the achievements of local legislation in this area. Also , it gives the general evaluation About China's Soil Pollution Control Act status.
The third part is the advanced United States Soil Pollution Control Act. It introduces the earlier and improving CERCLA, and analyses the progress during its growth. It shows features of the law -- super fund and its international influence. These advanced experience provide a basis for our legislation on soil Pollution Control Act.
Part IV is studying CERCLA to legislate our Soil Pollution Control Act. This is the main part of the paper. Also, It is the innovation part of the paper. The major job of this part is proposing to construct the Soil Pollution Control Act following CERCLA. This part tells the need for pollution control and defines the basic structure of soil pollution control act. We should se up related, unlimited, non-retroactivity principle of liability in light of China's basic national conditions and soil pollution in Soil Pollution Control Act of China , make sure our clean governance procedures and measures to clear pollution soil. Based on the analysis of CERCLA, the legislative principle of soil pollution Control should be coherence to other principles of environment law. The principles of our soil pollution control act should be who pollution who pay principle, the principle of public participation , the prevention and treatment principle. We should establish soil pollution prevention fund system, assess system of soil danger rating, to soil pollution emergency management system, pollution soil treatment system and so on. It could provide protection on the work of soil pollution control.
引文
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1孙铁珩,李培军,周启星.土壤污染形成机理与修复技术.北京:科学出版社,2005.(1).5~8
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1王永生.遏制土地污染,确保生命线安全.国土资源,2006,(65):21
1韩义雷.防治土壤污染成环保战略重点.科技日报,2005—11—26(07)
3http://news.163.com/05/0805/13/1QD5MPR400011GHD.html最后访问日期:2008年3月12号
4绿色地带:Green field,指未被污染、可开发利用的土地。
9《美国联邦法典》第15卷,第631节
10《美国税法典》第501条C款(3)项
1彼得·哈伊,沈宗灵译.美国法律概论.北京:北京大学出版社.1997.3
11 CERCLA : Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (Superfund) / Carole Stern Switzer, Lynn A. Bulan.2002
1罗思东:《美国城市的棕色地块及其治理》,《城市问题》,2002,(6):64~67
13瓦伦·弗雷德曼,曹叠云,杨延华译.美国联邦环境保护法规.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1993.335~346
14徐祥民.环境法学.北京:北京大学出版社,2005(9).131~199
15王曦.美国环境法概论.武汉:武汉大学出版社,1992.379
16家藤一郎,大冢直,林岛昭夫等.土壤污染与企业责任.东京:有斐阁,1995.149
17家藤一郎,大冢直,林岛昭夫等.土壤污染与企业责任.东京:有斐阁,1995.137
18张文显.法理学.北京:高等教育出版社,2003(11).148
19徐祥民.环境法学.北京:北京大学出版社,2005(9).199
1张梓太.环境法律责任研究.北京:商务印书馆,2004.113
22CERCLA Priority List of Hazardous Substances,http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/cercla/
23夏家淇,骆永明.我国土壤环境质量研究几个值得探讨的问题.生态与农村环境学报,2007,(23):3
24王曦,胡苑.美国的污染治理超级基金制度.环境保护,2007,(10):65
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26《Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act》,http://www.usa.gov最后访问日期:2007年11月11日
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29 CERCLA enforcement :a practitioner's compendium of essential EPA guidance and policy documents / Carole Stern, John A. McKinney, Jr., David B. Graham, editors.1996
30《Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act》,http://www.usa.gov最后访问日期:2007年11月11日
[1]夏家淇,骆永明.我国土壤环境质量研究几个值得探讨的问题.生态与农村环境学报,2007,(23):2
[2]王永生.遏制土地污染,确保生命线安全.国土资源,2006,(65):21
[3]韩义雷.防治土壤污染成环保战略重点.科技日报,2005—11—26(07)
[4]赵宇红.危险废物污染土壤的治理——美国立法给我们的启示.科技与法律,2003,(2):66
[5]王曦,胡苑.美国的污染治理超级基金制度.环境保护,2007,(10):65
[6]陆文华.美国环保超级基金的成就与不足.全球科技经济嘹望,2000,(1):64
[7]王旭.美国“棕色地带”再开发计划和城市社区的可持续发展.东南学术,2003,(3):36
[8]王蓉.论损害土地质量罪立法.法学杂志,2000,(3):43~47
[9]罗思东:《美国城市的棕色地块及其治理》,《城市问题》,2002,(6):64~67专著:
[1]徐祥民.环境法学.北京:北京大学出版社,2005(9).131~199
[2]叶俊荣.环境政策与法律.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2003.274
[3]张文显.法理学.北京:高等教育出版社,2003(11).148
[4]王曦.美国环境法概论.武汉:武汉大学出版社,1992.379
[5]张梓太.环境法律责任研究.北京:商务印书馆,2004.113
[6]彼得·哈伊,沈宗灵译.美国法律概论.北京:北京大学出版社.1997.3
[7]家藤一郎,大冢直,林岛昭夫等.土壤污染与企业责任.东京:有斐阁,1995.137~149
[8]瓦伦·弗雷德曼,曹叠云,杨延华译.美国联邦环境保护法规.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1993.335~346
[9]伦纳德·奥托兰诺.环境管理与影响评价.北京:化学工业出版社,2004.316~342
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[12]戚道孟,周庆春.国外土壤污染防治立法及对我国的启示思考.全国环境资源法学研讨会论文集,2007.850~853
[13]汪再祥.中国土壤污染防治立法述评.全国环境资源法学研讨会论文集,2007.682~687
[14]王欢欢.美国城市土壤污染治理法律免责制度比较研究.全国环境资源法学研讨会论文集,2007.883~886
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[16]王卫华,王广华.中国土地权利的法制建设.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2002.385~341
[17]肖乾刚.自然资源法.北京:法律出版社,1992.254~280
[18]孙铁珩,李培军,周启星.土壤污染形成机理与修复技术.北京:科学出版社,2005.(1).5~8
[19]李法云,曲向荣,吴龙华.污染土壤生物修复理论基础与技术.北京:化学工业出版社,2006(1).2
[1]CERCLA enforcement :a practitioner's compendium of essential EPA guidance and policy documents / Carole Stern, John A. McKinney, Jr., David B. Graham, editors.1996
[2]《Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act》,http://www.usa.gov最后访问日期:2007年11月11日
[3] CERCLA:Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (Superfund) / Carole Stern Switzer, Lynn A. Bulan.2002
[4] CERCLA Priority List of Hazardous Substances,http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/cercla/
[5]《Small Business Liability Relief and Brown fields Revitalization Act》,http://www.usa.gov最后访问日期:2008年1月10日
[6]《Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act》,http://www.usa.gov最后访问日期:2008年1月12日
[7] CERCLA and the need for independent federal common-law rules of corporate liability [microform] / Kevin M. Walos.1994
[8] Amending CERCLA : the post-SARA amendments to the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act / Michael B. Gerrard and Joel M. Gross.2006
[9] CERCLA law and procedure/Light, Alfred R.1991访问的网站:
[1]http://www.chinanews.com.cn/gn/news/2008/02-13/1161396.shtml最后访问日期:2007年12月25日
[2]http://news.163.com/05/0805/13/1QD5MPR400011GHD.html最后访问日期:2008年3月12号
[3] http://www. unep.org最后访问日期:2008年3月15号
1孙铁珩,李培军,周启星.土壤污染形成机理与修复技术.北京:科学出版社,2005.(1).5~8
2夏家淇,骆永明.我国土壤环境质量研究几个值得探讨的问题.生态与农村环境学报,2007,(23):2
1王永生.遏制土地污染,确保生命线安全.国土资源,2006,(65):21
1韩义雷.防治土壤污染成环保战略重点.科技日报,2005—11—26(07)
3http://news.163.com/05/0805/13/1QD5MPR400011GHD.html最后访问日期:2008年3月12号
4绿色地带:Green field,指未被污染、可开发利用的土地。
9《美国联邦法典》第15卷,第631节
10《美国税法典》第501条C款(3)项
1彼得·哈伊,沈宗灵译.美国法律概论.北京:北京大学出版社.1997.3
11 CERCLA : Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (Superfund) / Carole Stern Switzer, Lynn A. Bulan.2002
1罗思东:《美国城市的棕色地块及其治理》,《城市问题》,2002,(6):64~67
13瓦伦·弗雷德曼,曹叠云,杨延华译.美国联邦环境保护法规.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1993.335~346
14徐祥民.环境法学.北京:北京大学出版社,2005(9).131~199
15王曦.美国环境法概论.武汉:武汉大学出版社,1992.379
16家藤一郎,大冢直,林岛昭夫等.土壤污染与企业责任.东京:有斐阁,1995.149
17家藤一郎,大冢直,林岛昭夫等.土壤污染与企业责任.东京:有斐阁,1995.137
18张文显.法理学.北京:高等教育出版社,2003(11).148
19徐祥民.环境法学.北京:北京大学出版社,2005(9).199
1张梓太.环境法律责任研究.北京:商务印书馆,2004.113
22CERCLA Priority List of Hazardous Substances,http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/cercla/
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[2]《Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act》,http://www.usa.gov最后访问日期:2007年11月11日
[3] CERCLA:Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (Superfund) / Carole Stern Switzer, Lynn A. Bulan.2002
[4] CERCLA Priority List of Hazardous Substances,http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/cercla/
[5]《Small Business Liability Relief and Brown fields Revitalization Act》,http://www.usa.gov最后访问日期:2008年1月10日
[6]《Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act》,http://www.usa.gov最后访问日期:2008年1月12日
[7] CERCLA and the need for independent federal common-law rules of corporate liability [microform] / Kevin M. Walos.1994
[8] Amending CERCLA : the post-SARA amendments to the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act / Michael B. Gerrard and Joel M. Gross.2006
[9] CERCLA law and procedure/Light, Alfred R.1991访问的网站:
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[2]http://news.163.com/05/0805/13/1QD5MPR400011GHD.html最后访问日期:2008年3月12号
[3] http://www. unep.org最后访问日期:2008年3月15号