山西省土地资源生态安全评价
|
摘要
生态安全评价是目前研究的热点问题,土地生态环境是生态系统的重要组成部分,土地资源生态安全是生态安全的重要研究内容之一。当前,由于人口的增长和经济的发展,土地利用强度不断增加,导致土地资源生态环境遭到破环,严重威胁到区域土地资源生态安全,所以,土地资源生态安全研究迫在眉睫,事关全局。但是,目前土地资源生态安全评价还处于起步阶段,土地资源生态安全评价的理论还处于探讨阶段,评价方法、评价指标体系及标准值的确定仍是研究中的难点问题,土地生态安全预测与预警还是处于探索阶段,需要在不同区域进行探索和实践。
山西省属温带大陆性气候,地处黄土高原东缘,是我国北方半干旱农牧交错典型脆弱生态区的一部分。植被覆盖率低、水土流失率高、旱灾频繁、生态环境脆弱;加之土地人口承载指数大、矿产资源开发强度高、土地污染率高、土地污染治理投资不足等经济社会问题,严重威胁到区域土地资源生态安全,直接影响到区域的可持续发展。
因此,本文将山西省作为研究区域,依据生态安全评价一般性指标体系,参考有关研究成果,结合区域土地资源自身特性,尝试建立区域土地资源生态安全评价的方法及指标体系,并对土地资源生态安全状况进行时空序列动态分析,为土地资源生态安全评价研究提供研究思路和参考,为合理、高效配置土地资源和生态社会经济可持续发展提供决策支持,也为区域发展政策的制定提供参考。
主要研究内容和结论如下:
首先,深入分析了山西省土地资源特征,针对区域存在的主要生态安全问题,建立了区域土地资源生态安全评价指标体系。体系由土地自然、经济和社会三个子系统构成,再进一步分四个层次共24项具体指标构成,三个子系统包括土地自然子系统、土地经济子系统和土地社会子系统,四个层次包括目标层、系统层、状态层和变量层。
其次,选取2000年、2005年相关数据,运用土地资源生态安全评价模型,计算得出山西省2000年、2005年土地资源综合生态安全值,发现5年间山西省土地资源生态安全状况虽有改善,但仍处于预警状态(敏感状态),并对评价结果进行动态分析。
第三,运用土地资源生态安全评价模型,计算得出2005年山西省11个地市土地资源生态综合安全值。结果表明:2005年山西省的11个地市土地资源综合生态安全值中,太原、阳泉和吕梁土地资源生态安全综合值依次为0.5725、0.5819、0.5949,生态安全等级为Ⅱ级,中警状态;其余8个地市的生态安全综合值均处于0.6～0.7之间,生态安全等级为Ⅲ级,预警状态;各地市综合生态安全值由大到小依次为:晋中、运城、长治、朔州、晋城、临汾、大同、忻州、吕梁、阳泉、太原。
第四,根据各地市土地资源生态综合安全值,对山西省土地资源生态安全进行分区评价。
最后,紧扣综合分析结果,提出了以区域土地资源可持续利用为目标,促进生态安全的若干对策。针对整个评价结果,可以看出:山西省土地资源面临的不仅是生态安全问题,也是一个经济问题,更是与区域可持续发展紧密结合的社会问题。因此,以生态、经济、社会效益的协调发展为目标,紧扣评价结果,提出几点能够促进山西省土地资源可持续发展生态安全的建议,以期为决策者高效配置土地资源和生态社会经济可持续发展提供决策支持,也为区域发展政策的制定提供参考。
Ecological security evaluation is a hot issue of the current research, in that land ecological environment is an important component of eco-systems, and land resources is one of the important study of ecological security. At present, due to population growth, economic development and the increasing intensity of land use, which has led to destroy the ecological environment of land resources and seriously threat to regional ecological security of land resources, ecological security research on land resources is an imminent problem that affects the overall situation. However, the current land ecological security evaluation and its theory are still in its initial stage, in that the evaluation methods and index system and how to determine the standard value are still the difficult issues, land ecological security forecast and warning are still in exploration stages, which need to explore and practice in different regions.
Shanxi Province, a temperate continental climate, is located in the eastern margin of the Loess Plateau and a part of typical semi-arid areas interlocked agricultural and pastoral of fragile ecosystems in northern China. The economic and social problems, such as, low ratio of vegetation coverage, high rate of soil erosion, frequent droughts, fragile ecological environment, in addition of large index of population in land supporting, high intensity of mineral resources exploration, and heavy land pollution, inadequate investment on it, severely threat to regional ecological security of land resources, and directly affect the region's sustainable development.
Therefore, this paper takes Shanxi Province as study area, according to the general index system of ecological security evaluation, referring to the relevant research results, combining their own characteristics of regional land resources, and attempts to create methods and indices of regional ecological security evaluation, and dynamically analyze the ecological security situation of land resources in time and space series. Thus, it can provide a research idea and information for the ecological security evaluation of land resources, and support the decision of sustainable socio-economic development with a reasonable, efficient allocation of land ecological resources, as well as offer a reference for policy-making of regional development.
Main contents and conclusions are as following:
First, chapter 1 deeply analyzes the characteristics of land resources in Shanxi Province, establishes a index system of the ecological security evaluation of a regional sustainable use of land resources for the major issues in regional ecological security. The system is composed of three subsystems, natural, economic and social systems of the land, further divided into four levels of 24 specific targets, including the goal layer, the system layer, state and variables layer.
Secondly, chapter 2 selects the relevant data in 2000 and 2005 of Shanxi, and using ecological security evaluation model of land resources, respectively calculates comprehensive value of land ecological security in 2000 and 2005. And we found that in these five years, although ecological security situation of land resources improved in Shanxi Province, it has been and is still in the warning status (sensitive state). At last, it analyzed dynamic evaluation results.
The third chapter uses ecological security evaluation model of land resources to calculate comprehensive value of ecological security of land resources in 11 districts of Shanxi in 2005. The results showed that: among the comprehensive value of 11 cities in the ecological security of land resources, Taiyuan, Yangquan and Lvliang are followed by 0.5725, 0.5819, 0.5949, whose ecological safety levels for the II, the mediate warning state; The comprehensive value of remaining eight cities in the ecological security levels from 0.6 to 0.7, the ecological safety for the class III, early warning status. The comprehensive values follow in the order from the most to the least throughout the city ecological security is: Jinzhong, Yuncheng, ChangZhi, Shuozhou, Jincheng, Linfen, Datong, Xinzhou, Lvliang, Yangquan, and Taiyuan.
Fourthly, according to every city comprehensive value of ecological security of land resources, the thesis evaluates ecological security in districts of Shanxi.
Finally, closely integrated with analysis of the results, the chapter puts forward a number of measures to improve ecological security as the goal for a regional sustainable use of land resources. As a result of the entire evaluation, the land resources problem Shanxi Province facing is not only an ecological security issue, but also an economic issue, more a social problem closely related to regional sustainable development. Therefore, my paper comes up with several pieces of advice to promote the eco-security sustainable development of land resources in Shanxi Province, with the coordination development of the ecological, economic, social benefits, as the goal. As far as the results of evaluation results concerned, it supplies decision-makers with high efficient allocation of land resources not only for sustainable socio-economic and ecological development, also with reference for the regional development policy-making.
山西省属温带大陆性气候,地处黄土高原东缘,是我国北方半干旱农牧交错典型脆弱生态区的一部分。植被覆盖率低、水土流失率高、旱灾频繁、生态环境脆弱;加之土地人口承载指数大、矿产资源开发强度高、土地污染率高、土地污染治理投资不足等经济社会问题,严重威胁到区域土地资源生态安全,直接影响到区域的可持续发展。
因此,本文将山西省作为研究区域,依据生态安全评价一般性指标体系,参考有关研究成果,结合区域土地资源自身特性,尝试建立区域土地资源生态安全评价的方法及指标体系,并对土地资源生态安全状况进行时空序列动态分析,为土地资源生态安全评价研究提供研究思路和参考,为合理、高效配置土地资源和生态社会经济可持续发展提供决策支持,也为区域发展政策的制定提供参考。
主要研究内容和结论如下:
首先,深入分析了山西省土地资源特征,针对区域存在的主要生态安全问题,建立了区域土地资源生态安全评价指标体系。体系由土地自然、经济和社会三个子系统构成,再进一步分四个层次共24项具体指标构成,三个子系统包括土地自然子系统、土地经济子系统和土地社会子系统,四个层次包括目标层、系统层、状态层和变量层。
其次,选取2000年、2005年相关数据,运用土地资源生态安全评价模型,计算得出山西省2000年、2005年土地资源综合生态安全值,发现5年间山西省土地资源生态安全状况虽有改善,但仍处于预警状态(敏感状态),并对评价结果进行动态分析。
第三,运用土地资源生态安全评价模型,计算得出2005年山西省11个地市土地资源生态综合安全值。结果表明:2005年山西省的11个地市土地资源综合生态安全值中,太原、阳泉和吕梁土地资源生态安全综合值依次为0.5725、0.5819、0.5949,生态安全等级为Ⅱ级,中警状态;其余8个地市的生态安全综合值均处于0.6～0.7之间,生态安全等级为Ⅲ级,预警状态;各地市综合生态安全值由大到小依次为:晋中、运城、长治、朔州、晋城、临汾、大同、忻州、吕梁、阳泉、太原。
第四,根据各地市土地资源生态综合安全值,对山西省土地资源生态安全进行分区评价。
最后,紧扣综合分析结果,提出了以区域土地资源可持续利用为目标,促进生态安全的若干对策。针对整个评价结果,可以看出:山西省土地资源面临的不仅是生态安全问题,也是一个经济问题,更是与区域可持续发展紧密结合的社会问题。因此,以生态、经济、社会效益的协调发展为目标,紧扣评价结果,提出几点能够促进山西省土地资源可持续发展生态安全的建议,以期为决策者高效配置土地资源和生态社会经济可持续发展提供决策支持,也为区域发展政策的制定提供参考。
Ecological security evaluation is a hot issue of the current research, in that land ecological environment is an important component of eco-systems, and land resources is one of the important study of ecological security. At present, due to population growth, economic development and the increasing intensity of land use, which has led to destroy the ecological environment of land resources and seriously threat to regional ecological security of land resources, ecological security research on land resources is an imminent problem that affects the overall situation. However, the current land ecological security evaluation and its theory are still in its initial stage, in that the evaluation methods and index system and how to determine the standard value are still the difficult issues, land ecological security forecast and warning are still in exploration stages, which need to explore and practice in different regions.
Shanxi Province, a temperate continental climate, is located in the eastern margin of the Loess Plateau and a part of typical semi-arid areas interlocked agricultural and pastoral of fragile ecosystems in northern China. The economic and social problems, such as, low ratio of vegetation coverage, high rate of soil erosion, frequent droughts, fragile ecological environment, in addition of large index of population in land supporting, high intensity of mineral resources exploration, and heavy land pollution, inadequate investment on it, severely threat to regional ecological security of land resources, and directly affect the region's sustainable development.
Therefore, this paper takes Shanxi Province as study area, according to the general index system of ecological security evaluation, referring to the relevant research results, combining their own characteristics of regional land resources, and attempts to create methods and indices of regional ecological security evaluation, and dynamically analyze the ecological security situation of land resources in time and space series. Thus, it can provide a research idea and information for the ecological security evaluation of land resources, and support the decision of sustainable socio-economic development with a reasonable, efficient allocation of land ecological resources, as well as offer a reference for policy-making of regional development.
Main contents and conclusions are as following:
First, chapter 1 deeply analyzes the characteristics of land resources in Shanxi Province, establishes a index system of the ecological security evaluation of a regional sustainable use of land resources for the major issues in regional ecological security. The system is composed of three subsystems, natural, economic and social systems of the land, further divided into four levels of 24 specific targets, including the goal layer, the system layer, state and variables layer.
Secondly, chapter 2 selects the relevant data in 2000 and 2005 of Shanxi, and using ecological security evaluation model of land resources, respectively calculates comprehensive value of land ecological security in 2000 and 2005. And we found that in these five years, although ecological security situation of land resources improved in Shanxi Province, it has been and is still in the warning status (sensitive state). At last, it analyzed dynamic evaluation results.
The third chapter uses ecological security evaluation model of land resources to calculate comprehensive value of ecological security of land resources in 11 districts of Shanxi in 2005. The results showed that: among the comprehensive value of 11 cities in the ecological security of land resources, Taiyuan, Yangquan and Lvliang are followed by 0.5725, 0.5819, 0.5949, whose ecological safety levels for the II, the mediate warning state; The comprehensive value of remaining eight cities in the ecological security levels from 0.6 to 0.7, the ecological safety for the class III, early warning status. The comprehensive values follow in the order from the most to the least throughout the city ecological security is: Jinzhong, Yuncheng, ChangZhi, Shuozhou, Jincheng, Linfen, Datong, Xinzhou, Lvliang, Yangquan, and Taiyuan.
Fourthly, according to every city comprehensive value of ecological security of land resources, the thesis evaluates ecological security in districts of Shanxi.
Finally, closely integrated with analysis of the results, the chapter puts forward a number of measures to improve ecological security as the goal for a regional sustainable use of land resources. As a result of the entire evaluation, the land resources problem Shanxi Province facing is not only an ecological security issue, but also an economic issue, more a social problem closely related to regional sustainable development. Therefore, my paper comes up with several pieces of advice to promote the eco-security sustainable development of land resources in Shanxi Province, with the coordination development of the ecological, economic, social benefits, as the goal. As far as the results of evaluation results concerned, it supplies decision-makers with high efficient allocation of land resources not only for sustainable socio-economic and ecological development, also with reference for the regional development policy-making.
引文
[1]李志刚,刘晓春.中国的生态安全问题.生态经济[J],2002,8:10-13.
[2]尹晓波,我国可持续发展生态安全面临的挑战及对策[J],计划与市场探索,2003,(2):24-26.
[3]陈星,周成虎.生态安全国内外研究综述地理科学进展[J],2005,24(6):8-20.
[4]刘勇,刘兆友,徐萍.区域土地资源生态安全评价～以浙江嘉兴市为例[J].资源科学,2004,26(3):69-75.
[5]倪绍祥,谭少华.江苏省耕地安全探讨[J].自然资源学报,2002,17(3):307-312.
[6]夏秀红,尹怀宁.山西省生态环境建设对策研究[J].太原师范学院学报,2007,6(2):119-122.
[7]张维邦.山西经济可持续发展的思考[J].山西经济,2001(7):26-30.
[8]肖笃宁,陈文波,郭福良.论生态安全的基本概念和研究内容[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(3):354-358.
[9]杨家栋,秦兴方,单宜虎.农村城镇化与生态安全[M].北京,社会科学文献出版社,2005.
[10]郭中伟.建设国家生态安全预警系统与维护体系～～面对严重的生态危机的对策[J].科技导报,2001,(1):54-56.
[11]张虹波,刘黎明,张军生,朱占强.黄土丘陵区土地资源生态安全及其动态评价[J].资源科学,2007,29(4):193-200.
[12]曲格平.关注生态安全之一:生态问题已经成为国家生态安全的热门话题[J].环境保护,2002,(5):3-5.
[13]崔胜辉,洪华生等.生态安全研究进展[J].生态学报,2005,25(4):861-868.
[14]周国富.生态安全与生态安全研究[J].贵州师范大学(自然科学版),2003,21(3):105-108.
[15]李玉平,蔡运龙.河北省土地生态安全评价[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),43(6):784-789.
[16]王万茂,高波,夏太寿.土地生态经济学[M].北京,科学技术出版社,1992.
[17]梁留科,张运生,方明.我国土地生态安全理论研究初探.云南农业大学学报[J].2005,20(6):829-834.
[18]曹新向,郭志永,雏海潮.区域土地资源持续利用的生态安全研究[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(2):192-195.
[19]汤洁,朱云峰,李昭阳等.东北农牧交错带土地生态环境安全指标体系的建立与综合评价～～以镇赉县为例[J].干旱区资源与环境,2006,20(1):119-124.
[20]刘胜华,我国土地生态安全问题及其立法国土资源科技管理[J],2004,21(2):53-56.
[21]曲福田,赵海霞,朱德明.江苏省土地生态安全问题及对策研究[J].环境保护,2005,2:57-59.
[22]高桂芹,韩美.区域土地资源生态安全评价～～以山东省枣庄市中区为例[J].水土保持研究,2005,12(5):271-273.
[23]任志远,张艳芳.土地利用变化与生态安全评价[M].北京:科学出版社,2003.
[24]FAO FESLM:An International Framework for Evaluating Sustainable Land Management-Worlds oil Reosurces Report,FAO,Rome,Iatly,1993.
[25]Formar,R.T.T.Some general Principles of landscape ecology.Landscape Ecology,1995,10(3):133-142.
[26]陈百明.区域土地可持续利用指标体系框架的构建与评价[J].地理科学进展,2002,21(3):204-215.
[27]蔡运龙,李军.土地利用可持续性的度量:一种显示过程的综合方法[J].地理学报,2003,58(2):305-313.
[28]傅伯杰,陈利顶.黄土丘陵区小流域土地利用变化对生态环境的影响[J].地理学报,1999,54(3):326-335.
[29]傅伯杰,陈利顶,马诚.土地可持续利用评价的指标体系与方法[J].自然资源学报,1997,12(2):112-118.
[30]傅伯杰.黄土区农业景观空间格局分析[J].生态学报,1995,15(2):113-120.
[31]张建新,刑旭东,刘小娥.湖南土地资源可持续利用的生态安全评价[J].湖南地质,2002,21(2):119-121.
[32]李茜,任志远.区域土地生态环境安全评价[J].干旱区资源与环境,2007,21(5):75-79.
[33]王根绪,程国栋,钱鞠.生态安全评价研究中的若干问题[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(9):1551-1556.
[34]张虹波,刘黎明.土地资源生态安全研究进展与展望[J].地理科学进展,2006,25(5):77-85.
[35]左伟,周慧珍,王桥.区域生态安全评价指标体系选取的概念框架研究[J].土壤,2003,(1):2-7.
[36]邹亚荣,张曾祥,赵晓丽,王百川,姚嘉.近十年来山西省土地利用变化分析[J].国土与自然资源研究,2002,3:25-26.
[37]崔振洋,李晓亮.基于RS与GIS的山西省土地利用动态变化分析[J].农业资源与环境科学,2006,22(6):418-420.
[38]马义娟,苏志珠.晋西北地区土地退化特征及危害研究[J].水土保持通报,1998,18(4):7-11.
[39]马义娟,苏志珠.山西省土地荒漠化现状及发展趋势研究[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(6):81-84.
[40]白日军.山西省土地荒漠化现状及防治措施[J].内蒙古林业调查设计,2003,26(4):24-25.
[41]李双全.山西省土地荒漠化的现状及防治措施[J].山西农业科学,2007,35(11):5-7.
[42]芦彩梅,郝永红,王丽平.山西省生态环境质量动态评价研究[J].中国水土保持,2004,1:16-26.
[43]王言荣,邢芳芳,刘杰.山西省县域生态环境脆弱度评价[J].水土保持研究,2005,12(2):144-146.
[44]左伟,王桥,王文杰.区域生态安全评价与标准研究[J].地理学与国土研究,2002,18(1):67-71.
[45]中国编辑出版社第二编辑室.环境质量与国家污染物排放国家标准汇编[Z].(第二版).北京,中国标准出版社,1998,80-155.
[46]吴钦孝,杨文治主编.黄土高原植被建设与持续发展[M].北京,科学出版社,1998.67-80.
[47]马力平.统计数据标准化——无量纲化方法[J].北京统计,2000,(3):34-35.
[48]徐建华.现代地理学中的数学方法[M].北京,高等教育出版社,2002,225-250.
[49]吴国庆.区域农业可持续发展的生态安全及其评价研究[J].自然资源学报,2001,16(3):227-233.
[50]王良健,陈浮,包浩生.区域土地资源可持续管理评估研究——以广西梧州市为例[J].自然资源学报,1999,14(3):201-205.
[51]王清.山东省生态安全评价研究[D].山东.山东大学,2005.
[2]尹晓波,我国可持续发展生态安全面临的挑战及对策[J],计划与市场探索,2003,(2):24-26.
[3]陈星,周成虎.生态安全国内外研究综述地理科学进展[J],2005,24(6):8-20.
[4]刘勇,刘兆友,徐萍.区域土地资源生态安全评价～以浙江嘉兴市为例[J].资源科学,2004,26(3):69-75.
[5]倪绍祥,谭少华.江苏省耕地安全探讨[J].自然资源学报,2002,17(3):307-312.
[6]夏秀红,尹怀宁.山西省生态环境建设对策研究[J].太原师范学院学报,2007,6(2):119-122.
[7]张维邦.山西经济可持续发展的思考[J].山西经济,2001(7):26-30.
[8]肖笃宁,陈文波,郭福良.论生态安全的基本概念和研究内容[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(3):354-358.
[9]杨家栋,秦兴方,单宜虎.农村城镇化与生态安全[M].北京,社会科学文献出版社,2005.
[10]郭中伟.建设国家生态安全预警系统与维护体系～～面对严重的生态危机的对策[J].科技导报,2001,(1):54-56.
[11]张虹波,刘黎明,张军生,朱占强.黄土丘陵区土地资源生态安全及其动态评价[J].资源科学,2007,29(4):193-200.
[12]曲格平.关注生态安全之一:生态问题已经成为国家生态安全的热门话题[J].环境保护,2002,(5):3-5.
[13]崔胜辉,洪华生等.生态安全研究进展[J].生态学报,2005,25(4):861-868.
[14]周国富.生态安全与生态安全研究[J].贵州师范大学(自然科学版),2003,21(3):105-108.
[15]李玉平,蔡运龙.河北省土地生态安全评价[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),43(6):784-789.
[16]王万茂,高波,夏太寿.土地生态经济学[M].北京,科学技术出版社,1992.
[17]梁留科,张运生,方明.我国土地生态安全理论研究初探.云南农业大学学报[J].2005,20(6):829-834.
[18]曹新向,郭志永,雏海潮.区域土地资源持续利用的生态安全研究[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(2):192-195.
[19]汤洁,朱云峰,李昭阳等.东北农牧交错带土地生态环境安全指标体系的建立与综合评价～～以镇赉县为例[J].干旱区资源与环境,2006,20(1):119-124.
[20]刘胜华,我国土地生态安全问题及其立法国土资源科技管理[J],2004,21(2):53-56.
[21]曲福田,赵海霞,朱德明.江苏省土地生态安全问题及对策研究[J].环境保护,2005,2:57-59.
[22]高桂芹,韩美.区域土地资源生态安全评价～～以山东省枣庄市中区为例[J].水土保持研究,2005,12(5):271-273.
[23]任志远,张艳芳.土地利用变化与生态安全评价[M].北京:科学出版社,2003.
[24]FAO FESLM:An International Framework for Evaluating Sustainable Land Management-Worlds oil Reosurces Report,FAO,Rome,Iatly,1993.
[25]Formar,R.T.T.Some general Principles of landscape ecology.Landscape Ecology,1995,10(3):133-142.
[26]陈百明.区域土地可持续利用指标体系框架的构建与评价[J].地理科学进展,2002,21(3):204-215.
[27]蔡运龙,李军.土地利用可持续性的度量:一种显示过程的综合方法[J].地理学报,2003,58(2):305-313.
[28]傅伯杰,陈利顶.黄土丘陵区小流域土地利用变化对生态环境的影响[J].地理学报,1999,54(3):326-335.
[29]傅伯杰,陈利顶,马诚.土地可持续利用评价的指标体系与方法[J].自然资源学报,1997,12(2):112-118.
[30]傅伯杰.黄土区农业景观空间格局分析[J].生态学报,1995,15(2):113-120.
[31]张建新,刑旭东,刘小娥.湖南土地资源可持续利用的生态安全评价[J].湖南地质,2002,21(2):119-121.
[32]李茜,任志远.区域土地生态环境安全评价[J].干旱区资源与环境,2007,21(5):75-79.
[33]王根绪,程国栋,钱鞠.生态安全评价研究中的若干问题[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(9):1551-1556.
[34]张虹波,刘黎明.土地资源生态安全研究进展与展望[J].地理科学进展,2006,25(5):77-85.
[35]左伟,周慧珍,王桥.区域生态安全评价指标体系选取的概念框架研究[J].土壤,2003,(1):2-7.
[36]邹亚荣,张曾祥,赵晓丽,王百川,姚嘉.近十年来山西省土地利用变化分析[J].国土与自然资源研究,2002,3:25-26.
[37]崔振洋,李晓亮.基于RS与GIS的山西省土地利用动态变化分析[J].农业资源与环境科学,2006,22(6):418-420.
[38]马义娟,苏志珠.晋西北地区土地退化特征及危害研究[J].水土保持通报,1998,18(4):7-11.
[39]马义娟,苏志珠.山西省土地荒漠化现状及发展趋势研究[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(6):81-84.
[40]白日军.山西省土地荒漠化现状及防治措施[J].内蒙古林业调查设计,2003,26(4):24-25.
[41]李双全.山西省土地荒漠化的现状及防治措施[J].山西农业科学,2007,35(11):5-7.
[42]芦彩梅,郝永红,王丽平.山西省生态环境质量动态评价研究[J].中国水土保持,2004,1:16-26.
[43]王言荣,邢芳芳,刘杰.山西省县域生态环境脆弱度评价[J].水土保持研究,2005,12(2):144-146.
[44]左伟,王桥,王文杰.区域生态安全评价与标准研究[J].地理学与国土研究,2002,18(1):67-71.
[45]中国编辑出版社第二编辑室.环境质量与国家污染物排放国家标准汇编[Z].(第二版).北京,中国标准出版社,1998,80-155.
[46]吴钦孝,杨文治主编.黄土高原植被建设与持续发展[M].北京,科学出版社,1998.67-80.
[47]马力平.统计数据标准化——无量纲化方法[J].北京统计,2000,(3):34-35.
[48]徐建华.现代地理学中的数学方法[M].北京,高等教育出版社,2002,225-250.
[49]吴国庆.区域农业可持续发展的生态安全及其评价研究[J].自然资源学报,2001,16(3):227-233.
[50]王良健,陈浮,包浩生.区域土地资源可持续管理评估研究——以广西梧州市为例[J].自然资源学报,1999,14(3):201-205.
[51]王清.山东省生态安全评价研究[D].山东.山东大学,2005.