浙江省畜禽养殖废弃物调查与生态管理研究
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摘要
随着生活水平的改善,居民对肉、蛋、奶的需求量不断增加,由此带动了浙江全省畜禽养殖业的发展。畜禽养殖废弃物产生量极大,并在一定程度上了影响周围的生态环境,因此对摸清浙江省畜禽养殖废弃物的产生量、处理方式、管理制度等有着很大的现实意义。
本文通过问卷调查和养殖场实地走访,摸清了浙江省农村畜禽养殖废弃物的处理现状、处理方式和循环利用方式,并进行了养殖户、农户的环保意识调查。问卷按不同市分类后,数据用Excel进行了统计分析。问卷调查和养殖场实地走访结果显示,浙江省畜禽处理方式区域差异大,总体处理水平低,养殖户的环保意识有待提高。参照各类畜禽粪便日排泄系数,依据浙江省2005-2008年统计年鉴的数据,估算2004-2007年全省及各地畜禽养殖粪便的年产生总量、负荷量、对周围环境污染的影响程度。畜禽粪便产生量估算结果显示:2004-2007年畜禽粪尿总量均超过3000万t。各畜禽中猪的粪便产生量最大,家禽其次。各地中嘉兴的畜禽粪便产生量历年最大。2004-2007年全省各市历年生猪、牛、羊牲畜农田负荷量平均值为13.9 t·hm-2·a-1,其中衢州市、嘉兴市、杭州市历年均超过全省平均值。
针对浙江省畜禽养殖的特点,提出建立养殖场废弃物排放的生态管理指标体系、完善畜禽养殖生态管理制度、建设生态环境保护示范点、提升畜禽养殖废弃物生态处置水平、强化畜禽养殖废弃物循环利用生态教育等五项生态化管理措施。
With the improvement of people’s living standards, the demands of meat, eggs and milk was increasing continuously which had taken the development of livestock and poultry industry in Zhejiang province. The waste from the livestock and poultry production was very great, which in some extent has affected the surrounding ecological environment. So it had great practical significance to estimate the amount of the waste, the treatment and management system.
Through questionnaire and field survey to livestock and poultry industries, these methods had tried to find out the status, treatment and recycle way to deal with the livestock and poultry waste in rural areas in Zhejiang Province, as well as the environment protection awareness of the farmers. According to different classification questionnaire, data was analyzed by Excel. The result demonstrated that regional difference was large and the community was short of environment awareness. Excreta parameters of poultry excrements were determined, based on figures of Zhejiang statistical yearbook from 2005 to 2008 years, and then the amount of poultry excrements, feces loading in farmland and alarming values for loading amount of animal feces were all estimated. The result demonstrated that the amount of livestock and poultry excrements were all above 30 million ton. The amount of pig excrements was largest, and was followed by poultry excrements. Jiaxing was on the top of the amount of livestock and poultry excrements. In these four years the average pollution loading of the province reached 13.9.4 t·hm-2·a-1, Quzhou, Jiaxing and Hangzhou exceed the average of the pollution loading every year.
In the future, the countermeasures to deal with pollution resulted from poultry excrements should include the following aspects: enact and practice index system of livestock farm, perfect eco-management of livestock and poultry breeding industry, construct exemplary base for ecological environment protection, improve level of cycle disposaling livestock and poultry breeding industry waste, strengthen education of waste cycle utilization.
本文通过问卷调查和养殖场实地走访,摸清了浙江省农村畜禽养殖废弃物的处理现状、处理方式和循环利用方式,并进行了养殖户、农户的环保意识调查。问卷按不同市分类后,数据用Excel进行了统计分析。问卷调查和养殖场实地走访结果显示,浙江省畜禽处理方式区域差异大,总体处理水平低,养殖户的环保意识有待提高。参照各类畜禽粪便日排泄系数,依据浙江省2005-2008年统计年鉴的数据,估算2004-2007年全省及各地畜禽养殖粪便的年产生总量、负荷量、对周围环境污染的影响程度。畜禽粪便产生量估算结果显示:2004-2007年畜禽粪尿总量均超过3000万t。各畜禽中猪的粪便产生量最大,家禽其次。各地中嘉兴的畜禽粪便产生量历年最大。2004-2007年全省各市历年生猪、牛、羊牲畜农田负荷量平均值为13.9 t·hm-2·a-1,其中衢州市、嘉兴市、杭州市历年均超过全省平均值。
针对浙江省畜禽养殖的特点,提出建立养殖场废弃物排放的生态管理指标体系、完善畜禽养殖生态管理制度、建设生态环境保护示范点、提升畜禽养殖废弃物生态处置水平、强化畜禽养殖废弃物循环利用生态教育等五项生态化管理措施。
With the improvement of people’s living standards, the demands of meat, eggs and milk was increasing continuously which had taken the development of livestock and poultry industry in Zhejiang province. The waste from the livestock and poultry production was very great, which in some extent has affected the surrounding ecological environment. So it had great practical significance to estimate the amount of the waste, the treatment and management system.
Through questionnaire and field survey to livestock and poultry industries, these methods had tried to find out the status, treatment and recycle way to deal with the livestock and poultry waste in rural areas in Zhejiang Province, as well as the environment protection awareness of the farmers. According to different classification questionnaire, data was analyzed by Excel. The result demonstrated that regional difference was large and the community was short of environment awareness. Excreta parameters of poultry excrements were determined, based on figures of Zhejiang statistical yearbook from 2005 to 2008 years, and then the amount of poultry excrements, feces loading in farmland and alarming values for loading amount of animal feces were all estimated. The result demonstrated that the amount of livestock and poultry excrements were all above 30 million ton. The amount of pig excrements was largest, and was followed by poultry excrements. Jiaxing was on the top of the amount of livestock and poultry excrements. In these four years the average pollution loading of the province reached 13.9.4 t·hm-2·a-1, Quzhou, Jiaxing and Hangzhou exceed the average of the pollution loading every year.
In the future, the countermeasures to deal with pollution resulted from poultry excrements should include the following aspects: enact and practice index system of livestock farm, perfect eco-management of livestock and poultry breeding industry, construct exemplary base for ecological environment protection, improve level of cycle disposaling livestock and poultry breeding industry waste, strengthen education of waste cycle utilization.
引文
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