上海崇明地区“林—草—禽”林牧复合生态系统研究
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摘要
“十五”期间,上海崇明地区营造了大量的生态景观林,为改善岛内生态环境发挥了重要作用。为了使生态林在发挥生态效益的同时获取一定的经济收益,崇明地区开展了以林下养殖家禽为代表的林下经济的探索。本研究探析了林-草-禽复合生态系统中家禽对树木、草本植物以及土壤理化性质的影响,以期为林下经济的健康发展提供理论和技术支撑。
得到以下主要结论:
1.在柳树人工林中,随着林分郁闭度的增大,林下草本植物种类数呈先增加后减少的趋势;林下草本植物的平均盖度(y1)、平均密度(y2)与林分郁闭度(x)呈极显著的负相关:y1=-0.7277x+0.9129,y2=-36.603x+44.65。
2.养殖一年后各试验处理区内的草本植物种类数差异未达到显著水平(p<0.05);各处理区内的多样性指数均有所下降,下降幅度与密度成正比。
3.各试验处理区(广玉兰、柳树)平均树高和平均胸径差异均不显著(p<0.05)。
4.林下养殖家禽(鸡、鹅)对土壤理化性质的各个指标均呈现不同的变化特点。其中,土壤容重除对照外,均有小幅增大;养鸡处理内有机质含量增加幅度为0.8%-17.78%,养鹅处理内有机质含量增幅为1.69%-13.13%。
“林-草-禽”林牧复合生态系统可以将生态效益和经济效益较好地结合在一起,是一种适应崇明地区的具有可持续发展特征的林下经济发展模式。
During the 10th Five Year project, lots of landscape ecological forest was planted in Chongming Island, Shanghai, and the local environment was improved greatly. In order to attain economic benefits besides the ecological benefits, the underforest economy was explored in Chongming Island. Raising poultry under forest was a common mode of the underforest economy. With the aim of analyzing the principle of mutual relationship among the main factors in the“poultry-woods”silvopastoral system, methods such as field observation and experimental design were used to study the multi-ecosystem. In the paper, the effect of raising poultry under forest on the woodland environment was analyzed; all these were expected to provide theory support for the effective development of raising poultry under forest.
The main results were shown as follows:
1.In the Salix babylonica plantation, with the increase of the canopy density, the species numbers of understory herbaceous plants increased at first and decreased subsequently; Significant negative correlations were observed between the mean coverage (y1), mean density (y2) of herbaceous plant and the canopy density(x): y1=-0.7277x+0.9129,y2=-36.603x+44.65.
2. The effect of underforest raising poultry on the species of herbaceous plants in the woodland was not significant (p<0.05).The diversity index of the herbaceous plants community declined.
3. Significant difference were not found between the different treatments, after one year of underforest raising poultry (p<0.05).
4. The effect of underforest raising poultry on the physicochemical property of the soil was complicated. Soil bulk density, soil porosity, organic matter, soil moisture content, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium had different characteristics. In which, the value of soil bulk density in all but the control treatment became big, but these changes did not reach the significant level. The range ability of the soil organic matter in the chicken and goose plot was 0.8%-17.78%, 1.69%-13.13%, respectively.
It is concluded that the multi agro-forest system feeding poultry in woodland can get both ecological and economic benefits, and shall be a sustainable underforest economy mode in the Chongming region.
得到以下主要结论:
1.在柳树人工林中,随着林分郁闭度的增大,林下草本植物种类数呈先增加后减少的趋势;林下草本植物的平均盖度(y1)、平均密度(y2)与林分郁闭度(x)呈极显著的负相关:y1=-0.7277x+0.9129,y2=-36.603x+44.65。
2.养殖一年后各试验处理区内的草本植物种类数差异未达到显著水平(p<0.05);各处理区内的多样性指数均有所下降,下降幅度与密度成正比。
3.各试验处理区(广玉兰、柳树)平均树高和平均胸径差异均不显著(p<0.05)。
4.林下养殖家禽(鸡、鹅)对土壤理化性质的各个指标均呈现不同的变化特点。其中,土壤容重除对照外,均有小幅增大;养鸡处理内有机质含量增加幅度为0.8%-17.78%,养鹅处理内有机质含量增幅为1.69%-13.13%。
“林-草-禽”林牧复合生态系统可以将生态效益和经济效益较好地结合在一起,是一种适应崇明地区的具有可持续发展特征的林下经济发展模式。
During the 10th Five Year project, lots of landscape ecological forest was planted in Chongming Island, Shanghai, and the local environment was improved greatly. In order to attain economic benefits besides the ecological benefits, the underforest economy was explored in Chongming Island. Raising poultry under forest was a common mode of the underforest economy. With the aim of analyzing the principle of mutual relationship among the main factors in the“poultry-woods”silvopastoral system, methods such as field observation and experimental design were used to study the multi-ecosystem. In the paper, the effect of raising poultry under forest on the woodland environment was analyzed; all these were expected to provide theory support for the effective development of raising poultry under forest.
The main results were shown as follows:
1.In the Salix babylonica plantation, with the increase of the canopy density, the species numbers of understory herbaceous plants increased at first and decreased subsequently; Significant negative correlations were observed between the mean coverage (y1), mean density (y2) of herbaceous plant and the canopy density(x): y1=-0.7277x+0.9129,y2=-36.603x+44.65.
2. The effect of underforest raising poultry on the species of herbaceous plants in the woodland was not significant (p<0.05).The diversity index of the herbaceous plants community declined.
3. Significant difference were not found between the different treatments, after one year of underforest raising poultry (p<0.05).
4. The effect of underforest raising poultry on the physicochemical property of the soil was complicated. Soil bulk density, soil porosity, organic matter, soil moisture content, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium had different characteristics. In which, the value of soil bulk density in all but the control treatment became big, but these changes did not reach the significant level. The range ability of the soil organic matter in the chicken and goose plot was 0.8%-17.78%, 1.69%-13.13%, respectively.
It is concluded that the multi agro-forest system feeding poultry in woodland can get both ecological and economic benefits, and shall be a sustainable underforest economy mode in the Chongming region.
引文
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[9] Cole D. N.. Experimental trampling of vegetation I. relationship between trampling intensity and vegetation response[J].Appl.Ecol.,1995a,32:203- 214.
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[11] Fiala A.C.S.,Gannan S. L.,Gray A. N..Comparison of five canopy cover estimation techniques in the Western Oregon Cascades [J].Forest Ecology and Management,2006,232:188-197.
[12] Francis G.S., Tealey F.J., White K.M.. Soil degradation under cropping and its influence on wheat yield on a weekly structured New Zealand silt loam Austral[J].Soil Res.,2001,39(2):291-305.
[13] Fujisaka S.,Wollenberg E..From forest to agroforest and logger to agroforestry: A case study. Agroforestry Systems[C].1991,14:113-129.
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[15] Hiernaux P.,Bielders C.L.,Valentin C.,et al.Fernnndez Rivera S. Effects of livestock grazing on physical and chemical properties of sandy soils in Sahelian rangelands[J].Arid.Environ.,1999,41(3):231-245.
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