干旱区绿洲农田土壤重金属污染生态补偿机制研究
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摘要
农田土壤重金属污染的严重性和危害性已引起了世界范围的广泛关注。农田土壤重金属污染治理过程中,农户是农田土壤污染问题的主要受害者也是农田土壤污染治理的执行者和参与主体,只有制定合理的以农户为本的农田土壤污染生态补偿机制(包括补偿主体、补偿标准、补偿期限、补偿方式和补偿客体等),并以此合理保障农户的基本生产生活权益、发挥农户的主动性和积极性,才能全面、有效的保障和推动我国农田土壤污染防治工作的顺利实施。
     本文系统分析了我国农田土壤重金属污染防治的法律法规和条例,调查了干旱区绿洲土壤重金属污染现状、时空分布、成因及政策管理体制,结合干旱区城郊农业人口生态补偿意愿调查,土壤重金属污染健康风险评价和公众参与污染治理途径问卷调查分析,构建具有典型区域特征的土壤重金属污染生态补偿机制,以期为我国土壤重金属污染生态补偿政策的健全完善及土壤重金属污染治理法律法规的全面出台提供科学依据。研究得出以下主要结论:
     (1)干旱区绿洲土壤重金属污染主要集中在城郊蔬菜地及农田中,Zn、 Ni、Pb和Cd在研究区域土壤中均有不同程度的积累,其中白银市郊农田土壤中Cd积累量最大,金昌市郊农田土壤中Ni、Pb的积累量相对较高。这一区域目前涉及农田土壤污染治理与实施的部门庞杂,即生态补偿主体责权不明晰,造成土壤污染治理权限不清,执行不力等问题,严重制约了土壤污染生态补偿工作的开展,影响了当地群众治理污染的积极性。土壤污染治理及生态补偿工作需要建立一个政策法规齐备完整的机制体系,来保障农田土壤污染治理及其配套的补偿工作的顺利开展。
     (2)干旱区绿洲农田土壤重金属污染生态补偿标准测算研究显示,重金属污染区农户对污染土壤治理和生态补偿政策等农业信息的获取渠道存在“信息不对称”的现象,缺乏对土壤污染造成危害的严重性的认识即农户的“知情权受损”。环境价值评估法(CVM)用于测算干旱区绿洲农田土壤重金属污染的生态补偿标准较为客观、合理,这一区域农户的年平均受偿意愿(MWPA)在(746.45-862.73)元/hm2之间,影响该数额的主要因素为农户家庭人口和户均耕地面积以及农户受教育程度。研究还表明,当地农户的受偿意愿金额仅考虑了从事农业劳动的成本和农业种植产生的经济效益,而并没有考虑土壤污染造成的生态损失补偿和食用人群健康损失的补偿,农户受偿意愿远低于这一区域的生态价值,但这一结果普遍被当地农户接受,能够充分调动土壤重金属污染区域农户共同参与污染治理工作的积极性。
     (3)生态补偿需要根据由于土壤重金属污染而造成农户不同程度的利益受损等级来实施,才能充分、合理地保障农户的利益,既做到重点突出又节约有限的补偿资金。研究根据当地食用人群蔬菜摄入量和区域人口基本特征等暴露参数的确定,通过健康风险评价来划分生态补偿期限,对当地农户实施不同等级的生态补偿标准,建议参照以下标准执行。
     (一)、农田土壤重金属污染健康风险值小于1时,农田作物种植及收获不受限制,可以不进行特殊的土壤污染治理,不存在生态补偿问题。(二)、健康风险值介于1-7之间时,对食用人群的健康产生慢性风险,可以合理利用不同作物对不同重金属元素的富集特性实施农作物轮作制,进行1-2年的农田土壤重金属污染生态补偿。(三)、健康风险值介于8-10之间时,重金属污染可对食用人群的健康产生中度风险,这一区域需改种非食用的花卉或林木,根据其可获收益的时间,实施3-5年的土壤重金属污染生态补偿。(四)、健康风险值大于10时,重金属污染将直接危害到食用人群的身心健康,必须运用客土法对农田重金属污染土壤进行修复,需要对农户进行5-8年的农田土壤重金属污染生态补偿。(五)、健康风险值大于30时,该污染区域内不再适宜人群居住,政府需对当地居民进行生态移民,其补偿标准应相应地执行国家生态移民搬迁政策的有关规定。
     (4)公众参与是治理干旱区绿洲农田土壤污染工作的重要途径,更是生态补偿政策的主要实施方式。调查结果显示,74.3%的农户认为十分必要治理农田土壤重金属污染问题,53.2%的农户认为治理农田土壤污染是政府的责任,说明农户普遍认为土壤污染治理及其相关补偿是政府领导下的公众行为。干旱区绿洲农户参与农田土壤污染治理的支付意愿在82.2-71.4元(年/户)的区间范围内,这一区域农户的农田土壤污染治理支付意愿明显高于国内其它农业区农户环境污染治理的支付意愿,说明有较高的主动性和参与意愿。建议采取以下措施以保障公众参与农田土壤重金属污染生态补偿的方式和途径,一是公开农田土壤重金属污染信息,建立污染受害申诉、救济机制;二是加强农户在污染治理全过程的参与,保障其知情权、参与权和沟通渠道的畅通性,三是加强土壤污染防治措施的宣传教育和技术推广;四是充分利用农户土壤污染治理支付意愿,拓宽生态补偿资料来源,多方保障农田土壤污染修复资金。
Heavy metal contamination in farmland has been paid great attention all over the world, which could accumulate in soil and crops and threat human health. The farmer is the victim of soil pollution; they are also the executor and the participator during the reparation of contaminated soil. Rational ecological compensation mechanism could protect the benefit of the farmers and promote the enthusiasm of the farmer to participate the project of contaminated soil remediation.
     Ecological compensation mechanism about pollution soil is a main part of environment pollution controlling policy. The paper analyzed the law and the regulation of soil pollution managements about farmland, investigated the spatial distribution of heavy metals in arid oasis farmland, and shared the experiments about how to manage the pollution farmland in developed countries. On the basis of these studies and integrate the WTA questionnaire investigate、the healthy risk assessment of heavy metal pollution and the investigation of farmer participate way to protect the soil, the paper structured a ecological compensation mechanism in order to provide the scientific basis to formulate the regulation and law about the soil pollution management. The mains results about the study were as follows:
     (1) Heavy metals such as Zn、Ni、Pb and Cd contamination was mainly accumulated in suburb vegetable lands in arid oasis areas. Cd has the most accumulation in Baiyin suburb, Ni and Pb occupy the dominate elements in soil contamination in Jinchang suburb. There are lots of implement departments to charge the repairing of soil pollution and the responsibility of each department is not clearly, which restrict to carry out the recovering work and degraded the activity of farmers to participate the work about recovering the contamination soil. The decision makers and the executor of the study areas believed that they has no laws to follow is the main problem during the management of the soil pollution, the second problem is the lack of specific fund to repair the contaminated soil.
     (2) The contingent valuation method (CVM) is used to analyze the farmers' willingness to accept (WTA) the compensation for recovering the heavy metal contaminated soil in arid oasis areas, using Baiyin and Jinchang suburb farmland as a case study. Based on the result of statistical analysis of382questionnaires, it was showed that91.79%farmers in this area have recognized the impact of soil contamination.41.62%respondents were against to abandon the contaminated cropland because of less life safeguard, so reasonable compensation standard in ecological restoration project is an important issue. Econometrics model Analysis indicated the farmers'willingness to accept (WTA) are between746.45-862.73Yuan (RMB)/hm2. The acute WTA data has a positive relationship with the family population, education and the areas of the cropland. The farmers'gender, age and their income have little affection on WTA. The results showed that the farmers'WTA were based on the income of crops planting which was840Yuan (RMB)/hm2pre year in this areas.
     (3) Ecological compensation needs to depends on the degree of the farmer's loss caused by the contamination soil. By this way the farmer's benefit can be protected. Through divided the grade of ecological compensation centigrade, the ecological compensation fund can be used for the most needed people and can save the limited funds. Healthy risk assessment is a scientific and useful method to divide the degree of heavy metal contamination in arid oasis farmland, which based on the investigation about the amount of intake vegetables and the basic information about the regional people.
     The degree deviation of heavy metal contamination in arid oasis farmland based on healthy risk assessment can be followed by this standard:a. When the health risk index of the people intake vegetables under different levels of contamination soil (R) was below1, the vegetables for eaten by people will not effect by the contamination soil, the farmland need no ecological compensation. b. When R is between1to7, the people who take the vegetables will expose to chronic diseases, the ecological compensation should be continued carried out for one to two years depend on the different calculation with different plants. c. When R is between7to10, heavy metal contamination will produce middle risk on people' health, the ecological compensation should be carried out for three to five years. d. When R is higher than10, heavy metal contamination will produce high risk on people'health, the ecological compensation should be carried out for five to eight years. e. When R is higher than30, the areas is not suitable for people to live, the government should immigrate the farmer to safety place.
     (4) Public participation is an important way for recovering the contamination farmland in arid oasis, it is also a main method to carry out the ecological compensation project. The results show that74.3%farmer believed that the contamination soil should be recovered immediately,53.2%farmer thought the responsibility of recovering work is on the government, it indicate that the soil contamination recovering work is a public action guided by the government. There are no technical means has been introduced to the farmers on how to protect and avoided the contamination of soil. The willingness to pay (WTP) for recovering the contamination soil is between82.2-71.4yuan (a/f), the index of WTP is far more higher than it in other farmland areas, it is showed that the farmer in arid oasis areas has higher activity to participate the recovering work on contamination soil. We suggested taking following measures to support local people to participate the ecological compensation project:a. Public ate the information about the heavy metal contamination soil; b. Ensure the farmer'right to know, the right to participate and to participate the recovering work all of the process; c. Strengthen the technical means introducing; d. Utilize the farmers willingness to pay for remediate the contamination soil in order to widen the resource of ecological compensation fund.
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