基于稳定氢氧同位素技术的植被—土壤系统水分运动机制研究
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摘要
水资源短缺已成为制约干旱和半干旱地区经济和社会发展的瓶颈问题,同时也是限制干旱和半干旱生态系统中森林植被分布和生物多样性的关键因子。北京山区不仅是北京市区的重要生态屏障,也是整个华北平原生态屏障的重要环节,该区不仅易干旱,而且也处于严重缺水的状态。因此,为了揭示本区域森林植被如何在有限的水资源分布和水分输入的情况下正常的生长发育并发展成为不同的森林生态系统,需要对森林植被在不同季节利用水分的方式和来源进行探索和检验,最终得出森林植被-土壤系统水分运动机制。本研究选取侧柏(Platycladus orientalis(Linn.) Franco)、刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia Linn.)、栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis Blume)和油松(Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.)四种北京山区的典型森林生态系统,构建植被-土壤系统水分运动机制。对水文、土壤、植被和地形等因子进行野外调查与观测,将基于不同时空尺度采集的降水水样、土壤水样和植被样进行稳定同位素分析,研究不同时间尺度降水氢氧稳定同位素的变化特征,通过对降雨影响下土壤水和植物水同位素特征的分析,分析土壤水和植物水的动态变化和水分运动机制,进而基于直观法和多元混合模型方法,对森林生态系统用水来源进行定量评估,提出森林生态系统的水分利用模式。主要研究结果如下：(1)研究区的大气降水线方程为δ2H=6.42δ180-5.91(R2=0.90,n=52),斜率和截距均小于全球大气降水线,研究区氘盈余d变化表现为冬半年较高,夏半年较低；大气降水δ’8O和温度、降水量均呈一定的负相关关系,且具有一定的季节变化特征,降雨过程中的δ2H和δ18O会随着降雨量的累加而不断贫乏；降雨δ’8O与树干流δ’8O、穿透雨δ’8O的关系为当降雨量12.4mm时,Δ>0,当降雨量小于9.0mm,Δ<0,叶面积指数与各典型森林生态系统的林内穿透雨δ18O呈微弱的正相关关系；(2)不同立地条件下的森林生态系统的土壤含水率差异明显,栓皮栎和油松的土壤含水率整体均远大于侧柏和刺槐；旱季大雨对除土壤表层以外的其他各层的土壤水势影响有限；典型森林生态系统不同层次土壤水分特征曲线具有明显差异；(3)土壤水样品的δ18O和δ2H的变化具有一定的规律性,其平均值整体随土壤深度的增加而减小,深层土壤在长时间尺度上保持相对稳定,而上层土壤则受环境因子影响较大。地下水的δ18O和δ2H随时间变化很小,受环境因子的影响很小,可以说是常年保持稳定；(4)植物水样品的则因植物不同而有所差异,侧柏、栓皮栎和林下灌木的δ18O和δ2H的平均值分别为-6.95‰、-6.54‰、-6.69和-67.99‰、-67.91‰、66.07‰,整体较为接近,而刺槐和油松的δ180和δ2H的平均值分别为-4.97‰、-4.92‰和-71.25‰、-73.16‰,其整体较为接近,但较之侧柏、栓皮栎和林下灌木则整体偏小,各植物种的δ18O和δ2H的变异系数则分别较为相似：(5)不同森林生态系统在旱季土壤剖而δ2H受降水影响明显,在雨季则相对稳定：在北京山区前期降水必须达到一定的闽值才能被植被所大量利用,降水低于4.6mm,对植被的补给作用有限,而大于12.1mm,则可以对土壤和植被进行充分补给；(6)侧柏根系约50%分布在0-20cm处,刺槐0-50cm分布的根系约占所有根系的70%,栓皮栎<2mm的根系主要分布在0-60cm,油松的整体根系生物量较少；不同森林生态系统土壤水分情况受不同植被根系分布特征影响；(7)不同森林生态系统的水分利用模式具有明显的季节差异,其在旱季受前期降水影响较大,而在雨季受其影响则相对较小；(8)侧柏对各层土壤水分的利用受前期降水量、叶面积指数、土壤含水率、根系生物量等因素的影响。
Water resources shortage has become a key issue that constrains the development in economics and society in arid and semi-arid areas and an important factor that limits the forestdistribution and biodiversity in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Beijing mountainous area is drought-prone and water-short, which are also the key ecological shelter for Beijing and an important part for the whole North China Plain. To reveal the way forests survive and thrive in Beijing mountainous area, the water use patterns in different seasons need to be investgated to enhance understanding of how seasons change has altered plant moisture use dynamics. In this study, P.orientalis, R.pseudoacacia, Q.variabilis and P.tabulaeformis were selected to build the plant-soil water movement system. By field investigation, different samples based on different temporal and spatial scales were collected for isotopic analysis. By measuring isotopic compositions of different samples, plant-soil water movement was analyzed, and based on direct inference method and multi-source mass balance method; plant water use patterns were established. The major results were as follows:(1) the LMWL was δ2H=6.42δ18O-5.91(R2=0.90, n=52), with smaller slope and intercept. The d-excess went higher in winter and became lower in summer.δ18O in rainfalls had negative relationship with temperature and precipitation and showed seasonal patterns. Values of δ2H and δ18O were decreasing as the rainfall continued. When the precipitation was12.4mm and9.0mm, the△were above and below0, respectively. In each forest ecosystem, LAI all had positive relationships with the δ18O in the throughfall;(2) soil water content (SWC) varied under different site conditions, SWC of Q.variabilis and P.tabulaeformis were generally higher than that of P.orientalis and R.pseudoacacia. In dry season, heavy rain had little impact on the deeper soil water potential but the surface soil. And the soil moisture characteristic curves of different soil depths in different forest ecosystems varied significantly;(3) the average values of δ18O and δ2H in soil water samples increased as soil depths grew and the upper soil layer could be easily affected by environmental factors. Average values of δ18O and δ2H in groundwater remained constantly;(4) different plants had distinct isotopic signatures. The average values of δ18O and δ2H in P.orienlalis, Q.variahilis and understory shrubs were-6.95‰,-6.54‰,-6.69and-67.99‰,-67.91‰,66.07‰, respectively, while in R.pseudoacucia and P.tabulaeformis were-4.97‰,-4.92‰and-71.25‰,-73.16‰, respectively. And the coefficients of variation in δ18O and δ2H of different plants were similar to each other;(5) δ2H in the soil profile was affected sigfinicantly by the rainfall in dry season, but was less affected in wet season. The anticipant precipitation should reach a threshold before it could be utilized by plants, which was at least4.6mm. When it was12.1mm, it could fully recharge the soil water and the plants;(6) approximately50%of the root of P.orientalis distributed in0-20cm,70%of the root of R.pseudoacacia distributed in0-50cm, root of<2mm of Q.variahilis mainly distributed in0-60cm and root biomass of P.tabulaeformis was generally smallest;(7) water use patterns of different forest ecosystems had significant seasonal variations, which was was more affected by the rainfall in dry season, but was less affected in wet season; and soil moisture contents of different forest ecosystems were affected by different root distribution patterns;(8) the water use of different soil depths was affected by pre-precipitation, LAI, soil water content and root biomass.
Water resources shortage has become a key issue that constrains the development in economics and society in arid and semi-arid areas and an important factor that limits the forestdistribution and biodiversity in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Beijing mountainous area is drought-prone and water-short, which are also the key ecological shelter for Beijing and an important part for the whole North China Plain. To reveal the way forests survive and thrive in Beijing mountainous area, the water use patterns in different seasons need to be investgated to enhance understanding of how seasons change has altered plant moisture use dynamics. In this study, P.orientalis, R.pseudoacacia, Q.variabilis and P.tabulaeformis were selected to build the plant-soil water movement system. By field investigation, different samples based on different temporal and spatial scales were collected for isotopic analysis. By measuring isotopic compositions of different samples, plant-soil water movement was analyzed, and based on direct inference method and multi-source mass balance method; plant water use patterns were established. The major results were as follows:(1) the LMWL was δ2H=6.42δ18O-5.91(R2=0.90, n=52), with smaller slope and intercept. The d-excess went higher in winter and became lower in summer.δ18O in rainfalls had negative relationship with temperature and precipitation and showed seasonal patterns. Values of δ2H and δ18O were decreasing as the rainfall continued. When the precipitation was12.4mm and9.0mm, the△were above and below0, respectively. In each forest ecosystem, LAI all had positive relationships with the δ18O in the throughfall;(2) soil water content (SWC) varied under different site conditions, SWC of Q.variabilis and P.tabulaeformis were generally higher than that of P.orientalis and R.pseudoacacia. In dry season, heavy rain had little impact on the deeper soil water potential but the surface soil. And the soil moisture characteristic curves of different soil depths in different forest ecosystems varied significantly;(3) the average values of δ18O and δ2H in soil water samples increased as soil depths grew and the upper soil layer could be easily affected by environmental factors. Average values of δ18O and δ2H in groundwater remained constantly;(4) different plants had distinct isotopic signatures. The average values of δ18O and δ2H in P.orienlalis, Q.variahilis and understory shrubs were-6.95‰,-6.54‰,-6.69and-67.99‰,-67.91‰,66.07‰, respectively, while in R.pseudoacucia and P.tabulaeformis were-4.97‰,-4.92‰and-71.25‰,-73.16‰, respectively. And the coefficients of variation in δ18O and δ2H of different plants were similar to each other;(5) δ2H in the soil profile was affected sigfinicantly by the rainfall in dry season, but was less affected in wet season. The anticipant precipitation should reach a threshold before it could be utilized by plants, which was at least4.6mm. When it was12.1mm, it could fully recharge the soil water and the plants;(6) approximately50%of the root of P.orientalis distributed in0-20cm,70%of the root of R.pseudoacacia distributed in0-50cm, root of<2mm of Q.variahilis mainly distributed in0-60cm and root biomass of P.tabulaeformis was generally smallest;(7) water use patterns of different forest ecosystems had significant seasonal variations, which was was more affected by the rainfall in dry season, but was less affected in wet season; and soil moisture contents of different forest ecosystems were affected by different root distribution patterns;(8) the water use of different soil depths was affected by pre-precipitation, LAI, soil water content and root biomass.
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