施肥、覆膜和耕作方式对半干旱黄土高原地区作物产量和土壤质量的影响
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摘要
近几年,双垄沟全膜覆盖技术因其在半干旱区玉米种植中突出的增产效果,而被大面积推广。梯田因其本身对降雨显著的截留入渗作用而被选为双垄沟覆膜技术的主要推广对象。修筑梯田自然也就成了当前旱区农民一项非常重要的工作。双垄沟覆膜玉米的种植需要投入较大的资金和人力,并且加剧对土壤养分和土壤深层水分的消耗。所以为了探索新造梯田快速肥田的途径和解决双垄沟玉米投入多、深层耗水以及对土壤养分的过度消耗问题,我们进行以下两个实验。(1)2002年5月,一个坡耕田被改为梯田,然后休闲。2003年8月,四个施肥处理被确立:1)MNP:农家肥、氮肥和磷肥的配合施用;2)NP:只施用氮肥和磷肥;3)M:只施用农家肥;4)CK(对照):不施用任何肥料。作物按照豌豆-春小麦-马铃薯的轮作顺序进行种植。(2)实验时间从2006年4月到2007年9月共计2年,以双垄沟技术体系为依托共设有三个处理:1)CK:播种时覆膜,每年收获时用手把残留的塑料膜移走,也就是传统的双垄沟栽培技术;2)T1:播种前一个月覆膜,每年收获时用手把塑料膜移走;3)T2:播种时覆膜,第一年收后不揭膜,留着下一年继续使用(T2).种植作物为玉米。
在新造梯田整个实验期间,MNP播种前在0-100cm土层的平均含水量比NP高26.9mm,M比CK高12.8mm;有机肥的投入主要增加了土壤0-40cm土层的含水量。和对照相比,施肥加剧了作物对土壤100-200cm土层含水量的利用。MNP、M、CK和NP 5个非生长季降雨贮存量的总和分别为291.8mm、269.7mm、217.9mm和207.7mm。实验期间,MNP处理作物产量和水分利用效率显著高于其他处理,其豌豆和春小麦的最高产量可以达到当地成熟梯田产量的70%,而马铃薯的产量可以达到90%。新造梯田中,有机肥的施用迅速提高了土壤碳氮的含量,单独施用化肥或不施肥无助于土壤碳氮的提高。MNP处理优化了土壤C/N和C/P比(C/N增加,C/P下降),而NP处理使土壤的C/N比逐渐远离平衡点。MNP处理提高了土壤中速效养分的含量,从第三年开始其矿物氮和速效磷的含量显著高于其他处理。速效磷与矿物氮和N/P比(矿物氮/土壤全磷)在P＜0.0001水平上成显著正相关关系。而作物产量与土壤矿物氮成显著正相关关系。所以提高新造梯田土壤矿物氮的含量对新造梯田生产力的形成是个非常关键的因素。实验结果表明,只施用化肥短时间内作物产量还可以,但潜力有限,因而为了达到保水、肥田和持续高产的目的,应鼓励农民对新造梯田进行有机和无机肥的配合施用。
在双垄沟覆膜的试验中我们发现,和CK相比T1提高了2006年和2007年播种时土壤(0-60cm土层)含水量和地温(10cm);T2则提高了2007年播种时土壤含水量和地温。经过两个生长季后,和各处理和实验初始值相比,CK和T1显著增加了0-80cm土层的含水量,而T2显著增加了0-120cm土层的含水量;在140-200cm土层范围内,CK和T1的含水量显著的下降了,而T2的含水量没有显著变化。在非生长季(2006年9月末到2007年4月末)T2、T1和CK在0-200cm土层的降雨贮存量分别为59.7mm、34.0mm和18.2mm;T2在100-200cm土层的降雨贮存量比T1和CK分别高18.2mm和34.0mm。在2年的试验中,T2和CK的产量和水分利用效率没有显著差异。T2、T1和CK两年的产出投入比的平均值分别为:1.67:1、1.40:1和1.32:1。2007年9月份收获时土壤有机碳和全氮的含量和2006年3月份的初始值相比,T1和CK都下降了,但是T2有机碳和全氮的含量略有增加。2007年播种时,T2和T1速效磷含量显著高于CK,而收获时T2速效磷的含量显著高于T1和CK。2007年收获时所有处理速效磷、土壤微生物碳和微生物氮的含量和2006年种前相比都显著增加了,而轻组有机碳和矿物氮的含量显著降低了。2007年一年的数据显示,土壤微生物碳与轻组有机碳和矿物氮之间成显著负相关关系,而与速效磷成正相关关系。和T1和CK相比,T2栽培方式有利于保持土壤水分,减少投入,增加了土壤有机碳和全氮含量,并且显著提高了土壤速效磷的含量。因而和传统双垄沟覆膜栽培方式相比,双垄沟免耕覆膜栽培方式有更大的发展潜力。
总之,有机肥和无机肥的配合施用是新造梯田土壤肥力和生产力快速提升的有效的和最具潜力的途径;而双垄沟覆膜免耕技术可以较好的解决传统双垄沟覆膜技术投入多、深层耗水和土壤肥力降低的问题。
Recently,a method using double ridges and furrows mulched with plastic film for micro-catchment water harvesting has been rapidly developing for maize owing to its significant effect on increased yields in dry-land farming system.Terraces have a significant effect of rainwater harvesting and soil conservation,so more and more terraces were used in the cultivation of maize with this technique.Terracing of sloping fields has been widely adopted by farmers in semiarid areas.This technique needs significant inputs of money and labor every year,and result in decrease of soil fertility and soil dryness in the deep soil profile.In 2003,one experiment was established to explore the optimum method for improving crop yields and soil fertility in newly built terraces;in 2006,another experiment was established to minimize investment, improve economic benefits and overcome the problems of soil dryness in the deep soil profile and decrease of soil fertility.(1) August 2003 onwards:1) MNP,or sheep manure plus nitrogen and phosphorus,2) NP,or nitrogen and phosphorus but no manure,3) M,or manure alone,that is neither nitrogen nor phosphorus,and 4) CK,or control(check),that is neither fertilizers nor manure.The rotation of field pea(Pisum sativum L.),spring wheat(Triticum aestivum L.),and potato(Solanum tuberosum L.) was applied in newly built terraces.(2) In March 2003,three treatments were established under double ridges and furrows mulched with plastic film:1) plastic-film mulching at maize sowing with conventional tillage,and the film was removed at harvest(CK);2) mulching applied 30 d before sowing with conventional tillage,and the film was removed at harvest(T1);and 3) mulching at sowing with no tillage,and the film left on the field after harvest in the first season and used for mulching in the second season(T2).
MNP improved soil water conversation,with the average soil water content in 0-100 cm soil depth over the 6 years increased 26.9mm before sowing date,compared to NP,the value between M and CK was 12.8 mm;Manure treatments(MNP and M) were propitious to increase the soil water content in the 0-40 cm soil layer.Compared to CK,fertilization decreased the soil water content in the 100-200 cm soil layer throughout the duration of the experiment.Total rainfall storage in soil throughout the duration of the growing season for NP,CK,M and MNP were 207.7,217.9,269.7 and 291.8 mm in the 0-200 cm soil layer,respectively.Yields and water use efficiency (WUE) were the highest in MNP,and yields in MNP—as much as 70%of the corresponding yields in established terraces in the region in the case of field pea and spring wheat and 90%in the case of potato.Soil organic carbon(SOC) and soil total nitrogen(TN) built up faster in MNP and M than in CK or NP in the short term.C/N and C/P in MNP have been optimized,but the C/N in NP gradually left equilibrium point.From the third year,mineral nitrogen(MN) and available phosphorus(AP) were significantly higher in MNP than in other treatments.A significantly positive correlation was found between AP and MN(R=0.869;P＜0.0001) and N/P(MN/TP) (R=0.860,P＜0.0001).A significantly positive correlation was found between MN and crop yields.So MN was very important for improving crop yields in newly built terraces.The results suggest farmers should be encouraged to apply manure and chemical fertilizers to achieve higher yields,conserve moisture,and accelerate the build-up of fertility in newly built terraces on the Loess Plateau of China.
The T1 in both years and T2 in the second year(2007) improved soil water content(in the 0-60 cm layer) and temperature(10 cm) at sowing compared with CK. After the two seasons,the soil water content was significantly higher in the 0-80 cm soil layer in CK and T1,and in the 0-120 cm soil layer in T2;however,it decreased significantly in 140-200 cm soil layer in CK and T1,compared to their initial values at sowing in April 2006,and there was no significant change in T2.The rainfall storage in the 0-200 cm soil layer during the non-growing season(late September 2006 to late April 2007) was 18.2 mm in CK,34.0 mm in T1,and 59.7 mm in T2,and the rainfall storage in 100-200 cm soil layer was 16.5 and 18.6 mm higher in T2 than in CK and T1,respectively.In 2006,there were no significant differences in yield and water use efficiency(WUE) in all treatments.In 2007,the yield in T1 was significantly higher than in T2,but yields in T2 and CK were not significantly different,and there was no significant difference in WUE among treatments.The ratio of output to input was 1.32:1 for CK,1.40:1 for T1,and 1.67:1 for T2 averaged across the two seasons.SOC and TN(0-20 cm) decreased in CK and T1,but slightly increased in T2 at harvesting in September 2007 from the initial value of sowing in April 2006。AP was significantly higher in T2 and T1 than in CK at sowing in April 2007,while AP was significantly higher in T2 than in T1and CK at harvesting in September 2007.AP,soil micro-biomass carbon(MBC) and nitrogen(MBN) were significantly increased,but MN and light fraction of organic carbon(LFOC) significantly decreased in all treatments at harvesting in September 2007 from the initial value of sowing in March 2006.Significant negative correlation is found between MBC and LFOC,and MBC and MN,but positive correlation is found between MBC and AP.Therefore,adoption of double ridge-furrows of mulching with plastic films coupled with no tillage was a more sustainable model for increasing water storage,producing greater economic benefit,maintaining balance of SOC and TN balance,and improving AP for maize production in semiarid area.
In conclusion,MNP is the optimum treatment for conserving soil water, enhancing crop yields and WUE of newly built terraces;T2 was a more sustainable model for increasing water storage,producing greater economic benefit,maintaining balance of SOC and TN balance,and improving AP for maize production in the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China.
在新造梯田整个实验期间,MNP播种前在0-100cm土层的平均含水量比NP高26.9mm,M比CK高12.8mm;有机肥的投入主要增加了土壤0-40cm土层的含水量。和对照相比,施肥加剧了作物对土壤100-200cm土层含水量的利用。MNP、M、CK和NP 5个非生长季降雨贮存量的总和分别为291.8mm、269.7mm、217.9mm和207.7mm。实验期间,MNP处理作物产量和水分利用效率显著高于其他处理,其豌豆和春小麦的最高产量可以达到当地成熟梯田产量的70%,而马铃薯的产量可以达到90%。新造梯田中,有机肥的施用迅速提高了土壤碳氮的含量,单独施用化肥或不施肥无助于土壤碳氮的提高。MNP处理优化了土壤C/N和C/P比(C/N增加,C/P下降),而NP处理使土壤的C/N比逐渐远离平衡点。MNP处理提高了土壤中速效养分的含量,从第三年开始其矿物氮和速效磷的含量显著高于其他处理。速效磷与矿物氮和N/P比(矿物氮/土壤全磷)在P＜0.0001水平上成显著正相关关系。而作物产量与土壤矿物氮成显著正相关关系。所以提高新造梯田土壤矿物氮的含量对新造梯田生产力的形成是个非常关键的因素。实验结果表明,只施用化肥短时间内作物产量还可以,但潜力有限,因而为了达到保水、肥田和持续高产的目的,应鼓励农民对新造梯田进行有机和无机肥的配合施用。
在双垄沟覆膜的试验中我们发现,和CK相比T1提高了2006年和2007年播种时土壤(0-60cm土层)含水量和地温(10cm);T2则提高了2007年播种时土壤含水量和地温。经过两个生长季后,和各处理和实验初始值相比,CK和T1显著增加了0-80cm土层的含水量,而T2显著增加了0-120cm土层的含水量;在140-200cm土层范围内,CK和T1的含水量显著的下降了,而T2的含水量没有显著变化。在非生长季(2006年9月末到2007年4月末)T2、T1和CK在0-200cm土层的降雨贮存量分别为59.7mm、34.0mm和18.2mm;T2在100-200cm土层的降雨贮存量比T1和CK分别高18.2mm和34.0mm。在2年的试验中,T2和CK的产量和水分利用效率没有显著差异。T2、T1和CK两年的产出投入比的平均值分别为:1.67:1、1.40:1和1.32:1。2007年9月份收获时土壤有机碳和全氮的含量和2006年3月份的初始值相比,T1和CK都下降了,但是T2有机碳和全氮的含量略有增加。2007年播种时,T2和T1速效磷含量显著高于CK,而收获时T2速效磷的含量显著高于T1和CK。2007年收获时所有处理速效磷、土壤微生物碳和微生物氮的含量和2006年种前相比都显著增加了,而轻组有机碳和矿物氮的含量显著降低了。2007年一年的数据显示,土壤微生物碳与轻组有机碳和矿物氮之间成显著负相关关系,而与速效磷成正相关关系。和T1和CK相比,T2栽培方式有利于保持土壤水分,减少投入,增加了土壤有机碳和全氮含量,并且显著提高了土壤速效磷的含量。因而和传统双垄沟覆膜栽培方式相比,双垄沟免耕覆膜栽培方式有更大的发展潜力。
总之,有机肥和无机肥的配合施用是新造梯田土壤肥力和生产力快速提升的有效的和最具潜力的途径;而双垄沟覆膜免耕技术可以较好的解决传统双垄沟覆膜技术投入多、深层耗水和土壤肥力降低的问题。
Recently,a method using double ridges and furrows mulched with plastic film for micro-catchment water harvesting has been rapidly developing for maize owing to its significant effect on increased yields in dry-land farming system.Terraces have a significant effect of rainwater harvesting and soil conservation,so more and more terraces were used in the cultivation of maize with this technique.Terracing of sloping fields has been widely adopted by farmers in semiarid areas.This technique needs significant inputs of money and labor every year,and result in decrease of soil fertility and soil dryness in the deep soil profile.In 2003,one experiment was established to explore the optimum method for improving crop yields and soil fertility in newly built terraces;in 2006,another experiment was established to minimize investment, improve economic benefits and overcome the problems of soil dryness in the deep soil profile and decrease of soil fertility.(1) August 2003 onwards:1) MNP,or sheep manure plus nitrogen and phosphorus,2) NP,or nitrogen and phosphorus but no manure,3) M,or manure alone,that is neither nitrogen nor phosphorus,and 4) CK,or control(check),that is neither fertilizers nor manure.The rotation of field pea(Pisum sativum L.),spring wheat(Triticum aestivum L.),and potato(Solanum tuberosum L.) was applied in newly built terraces.(2) In March 2003,three treatments were established under double ridges and furrows mulched with plastic film:1) plastic-film mulching at maize sowing with conventional tillage,and the film was removed at harvest(CK);2) mulching applied 30 d before sowing with conventional tillage,and the film was removed at harvest(T1);and 3) mulching at sowing with no tillage,and the film left on the field after harvest in the first season and used for mulching in the second season(T2).
MNP improved soil water conversation,with the average soil water content in 0-100 cm soil depth over the 6 years increased 26.9mm before sowing date,compared to NP,the value between M and CK was 12.8 mm;Manure treatments(MNP and M) were propitious to increase the soil water content in the 0-40 cm soil layer.Compared to CK,fertilization decreased the soil water content in the 100-200 cm soil layer throughout the duration of the experiment.Total rainfall storage in soil throughout the duration of the growing season for NP,CK,M and MNP were 207.7,217.9,269.7 and 291.8 mm in the 0-200 cm soil layer,respectively.Yields and water use efficiency (WUE) were the highest in MNP,and yields in MNP—as much as 70%of the corresponding yields in established terraces in the region in the case of field pea and spring wheat and 90%in the case of potato.Soil organic carbon(SOC) and soil total nitrogen(TN) built up faster in MNP and M than in CK or NP in the short term.C/N and C/P in MNP have been optimized,but the C/N in NP gradually left equilibrium point.From the third year,mineral nitrogen(MN) and available phosphorus(AP) were significantly higher in MNP than in other treatments.A significantly positive correlation was found between AP and MN(R=0.869;P＜0.0001) and N/P(MN/TP) (R=0.860,P＜0.0001).A significantly positive correlation was found between MN and crop yields.So MN was very important for improving crop yields in newly built terraces.The results suggest farmers should be encouraged to apply manure and chemical fertilizers to achieve higher yields,conserve moisture,and accelerate the build-up of fertility in newly built terraces on the Loess Plateau of China.
The T1 in both years and T2 in the second year(2007) improved soil water content(in the 0-60 cm layer) and temperature(10 cm) at sowing compared with CK. After the two seasons,the soil water content was significantly higher in the 0-80 cm soil layer in CK and T1,and in the 0-120 cm soil layer in T2;however,it decreased significantly in 140-200 cm soil layer in CK and T1,compared to their initial values at sowing in April 2006,and there was no significant change in T2.The rainfall storage in the 0-200 cm soil layer during the non-growing season(late September 2006 to late April 2007) was 18.2 mm in CK,34.0 mm in T1,and 59.7 mm in T2,and the rainfall storage in 100-200 cm soil layer was 16.5 and 18.6 mm higher in T2 than in CK and T1,respectively.In 2006,there were no significant differences in yield and water use efficiency(WUE) in all treatments.In 2007,the yield in T1 was significantly higher than in T2,but yields in T2 and CK were not significantly different,and there was no significant difference in WUE among treatments.The ratio of output to input was 1.32:1 for CK,1.40:1 for T1,and 1.67:1 for T2 averaged across the two seasons.SOC and TN(0-20 cm) decreased in CK and T1,but slightly increased in T2 at harvesting in September 2007 from the initial value of sowing in April 2006。AP was significantly higher in T2 and T1 than in CK at sowing in April 2007,while AP was significantly higher in T2 than in T1and CK at harvesting in September 2007.AP,soil micro-biomass carbon(MBC) and nitrogen(MBN) were significantly increased,but MN and light fraction of organic carbon(LFOC) significantly decreased in all treatments at harvesting in September 2007 from the initial value of sowing in March 2006.Significant negative correlation is found between MBC and LFOC,and MBC and MN,but positive correlation is found between MBC and AP.Therefore,adoption of double ridge-furrows of mulching with plastic films coupled with no tillage was a more sustainable model for increasing water storage,producing greater economic benefit,maintaining balance of SOC and TN balance,and improving AP for maize production in semiarid area.
In conclusion,MNP is the optimum treatment for conserving soil water, enhancing crop yields and WUE of newly built terraces;T2 was a more sustainable model for increasing water storage,producing greater economic benefit,maintaining balance of SOC and TN balance,and improving AP for maize production in the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China.
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