保护性耕作对旱区小麦—菘蓝轮作土壤生态及作物生理特性的影响
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摘要
降水稀少是黄土高原西部半干旱农区农业发展的主要限制因素之一,传统农业的精耕细作使干旱雨养农业区土壤质量下降,水土流失严重,贮水能力差,土地生产力水平低下。国内外研究表明,免耕、覆盖和留茬等保护性耕作措施具有增加土壤蓄水保墒能力、培肥地力、减少水土流失、增加土壤入渗、提高水资源的利用率和提高产量的多重效果。2007-2008年,在国家科技支撑计划项目(2006BAD15B06)资助下,在黄土高原半干旱区甘肃定西市安定区李家堡镇设计田间试验,设计传统耕作(T)、免耕(NT)和免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)3种不同耕作措施和小麦-菘蓝双序列轮作,研究保护性耕作对轮作后茬土壤物理质量、土壤生物质量、作物生理生化特性、光合特性和产量的影响,探讨保护性耕作小麦-菘蓝轮作模式高效利用水分的增产机理和适宜耕作方式。研究得出如下结论:
1.保护性耕作可以降低麦药轮作土壤容重和提高总孔隙度,显著提高饱和导水率。在T、NT和NTS不同耕作与W→I和I→W不同轮作序列处理中,后茬菘蓝地和小麦地0-30cm深度土壤容重均为NTSNT>T。饱和导水率表现为NTS>NT>T,不同耕作处理间差异显著。比较而言,保护性耕作I→W轮作改善土壤质量效果较好。
2.免耕覆盖措施能在低温季节明显提高土壤温度,高温季节有效降低土壤温度,有助于作物出苗和根系生长。气温冷凉的播种期和出苗期,菘蓝和小麦不同深度土壤温度表现为NTS>NT>T,小麦地播种期0-15cm土壤平均温度NTS较T提高2.33℃,出苗期NTS较T提高3.00℃;菘蓝播种期NTS处理0-15cm土壤平均地温NTS较T提高2℃。进入7月高温季节,0-15cm小麦地平均温度NTS较T降低2.71℃;菘蓝NTS较T降低1.96℃。小麦地免耕覆盖调节土壤温度效果较好。
3.在不同轮作模式下免耕覆盖措施均能显著提高耕作层土壤含水量。在小麦和菘蓝生育期,两种轮作后茬0-30cm、30-200cm和0-200cm土壤平均含水量均为NTS>T>NT,小麦生育期W→I轮作NTS土壤0-30cm平均含水量较NT和T分别提高6.67%和6.64%;I→W轮作0-30cm土壤平均含水量NTS较NT和T分别提高5.81%和3.36%。菘蓝生育期,W→I轮作0-30cm土壤平均含水量NTS较NT和T分别提高3.87%和3.16%;I→W轮作0-30cm土壤平均含水量NTS较NT和T分别提高5.46和4.79%。小麦生育期,保护性耕作I→W轮作耕作层土壤含水量较高。菘蓝生育期,保护性耕作W→I轮作耕作层土壤含水量较高。
4.保护性耕作可以有效提高土壤酶活性和土壤微生物数量。菘蓝地和小麦地不同深度土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性均表现为NTS>NT>T,0-30cm土壤水解酶和氧化还原酶活性均值也为NTS>NT>T,以NTS处理效果最为显著。保护性耕作I→W轮作提高土壤水解酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性较好。从T、NT到NTS,两种轮作土壤各层微生物数量总体呈逐渐升高的变化趋势,0-30cm土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量和微生物总数均值均为NTS>NT>T。各耕作处理小麦地土壤细菌数量较菘蓝地减少了10倍左右,微生物总数也减少了10倍左右。保护性耕作W→I轮作有利于土壤微生物的增殖。
5.保护性耕作有利于叶绿素合成,延缓Chla降解,免耕覆盖能显著提高作物相关保护酶活性和脯氨酸含量,降低MDA伤害和细胞膜透性,保护细胞结构完整,有利于作物生长发育。菘蓝和小麦叶片Chla、Chlb和Chl(a+b)年均值均为NTS>NT>T。菘蓝叶片MDA均值T>NT>NTS,CAT活性NTS较NT和T分别提高122.24%和85.01%,CAT对菘蓝减轻活性氧伤害起了重要作用。小麦叶片MDA含量均值T>NT>NTS,SOD活性均值NTS>T>NT,CAT活性NTS>T>NT,CAT活性NTS较NT和T分别提高91.45%和103.58%,CAT和SOD协同对小麦起了重要生理保护作用。菘蓝叶片平均脯氨酸含量NTS>NT>T,平均细胞膜透性T>NT>NTS。小麦平均脯氨酸含量NT>NTS>T,平均细胞膜透性T>NT>NTS,说明保护性耕作减轻了作物细胞膜损坏,有利于细胞结构完整和正常生理功能发挥。
6.保护性耕作可以提高作物Pn和叶片水平水分利用效率。不同耕作处理菘蓝和小麦净光合速率日变化均呈双峰光合午休变化趋势,光合午休为气孔限制所致,Pn日均值和年均值均为NTS>NT>T,WUEl年均值为NTS>NT>T。
7.保护性耕作可以显著提高了作物产量和产量水平水分利用效率。菘蓝干根产量、干叶产量和WUEy以及小麦产量和WUEy均表现NTS>NT>T。菘蓝NTS干根产量较T提高20.34%,WUEy较T提高20.31%;NTS干叶产量较T提高11.26%,WUEy较T提高11.23%。小麦NTS产量较T提高44.20%,WUEy较T提高40.39%。
Less rainfall is the important limiting factor of agriculture development in semi-arid regions on the Western Loess Plateau. Traditional agriculture measure led to declined soil quality, serious soil erosion, low field capacity and productivity in the region. Many studies showed that conservation tillage ,such as no-tillage, stubble cover, and stubble standing could increase soil water holding capacity, fertility and infiltration, water use efficiency and productivity, it could also reduce soil erosion.This study was finacially supported by 2006BAD15B06 project, and carried out from 2007 to 2008 year in Semi-arid Loess Plateau of Gansu Dingxi. Three treatments, traditional tillage (T), no-tillage (NT) and no-tillage with straw mulch (NTS) were involved in W→I and I→W rotations experiment. Effects of conservation tillage on soil physical and biological characteristics, crop physiological and biochemical characteristics, photosynthetic characteristics and yield were studied to explore the mechanism of increasing water use efficiency and improving production under appropriated conservation tillage. Main results showed that:
1.Conservation tillage could decrease soil bulk density, increase soil porosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity. In W→I and I→W rotations under T, NT and NTS different tillage methods,soil bulk density showed NTSNT>T too. Soil saturated hydraulic conductivity were NTS>NT>T in two rotation, and showed significant difference between treatments. In comparison, conservation tillage improved soil quality better in I→W rotation.
2.NTS could improve soil temperature in cool season, and decrease soil temperature in hot season, this could help crops emergence and roots growth. At sowing and seedling stage of wheat and Isatis, soil temperature in different depths showed NTS> NT>T. Soil average temperature of NTS was increased by 2.33℃than that of T at 0-15cm layer in wheat sowing. At wheat seedling stage, soil average temperature of NTS was increased by 3.00℃than T. At Isatis sowing, soil average temperature of NTS was increase by 2℃than T in 0-15cm depth. In hot season,wheat field average temperature was reduced by 2.71℃than T in 0-15cm soil depth,and that of Isatis of NTS was reduced by 1.96℃than T. Wheat field was better at soil temperature adjusting than Isatis field under different tillage methods.
3. NTS could increase soil water content of plough layer significantly in W→I and I→W rotations. During wheat and Isatis growing period, average soil moisture of two rotations in 0-30cm,30-200cm and 0-200cm all indicated NTS>T>NT. In 0-30cm depth,during wheat growing period,soil average water moisture of NTS was increased by 6.67% and 6.64% than NT and T respectively in W→I rotation,and In I→W rotation,soil average water content of NTS was increased by 5.81% and 3.36% than NT and T. In growth period of Isatis, Isatis average soil water content of NTS was increased by 3.87% and 3.16% than NT and T in W→I rotation,and In I→W rotation, wheat field average water content of NTS was increased by 5.46% and 4.79% than NT and T. Comparing two rotations, soil water content in W→I was higher during Isatis growing period, but that of I→W was higher during wheat growing period.
4. Conservation tillage could significant improve soil enzyme activities and soil microorganisms quantity in W→I rotation. In Isatis field and wheat field, soil urease, alkaline phosphatase and invertase hydrolase activitise showed NTS>NT>T in same soil depth. In 0-30cm soil depth, all soil average hydrolase and oxidoreductase activities were NTS>NT>T, NTS had the significant effect to increase enzyme activities. Compared with W→I, I→W increased soil hydrolase and oxidoreductase activities better. From T, NT to NTS, quantity of soil microorganisms were increased gradually in W→I and I→W rotations at different layer. All soil bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and total microbes were NTS> NT> T in 0-30cm depth. The number of soil bacteria in wheat field was reduced about 10 times than that of Isatis field in same layer under different tillages, and the total number of microorganisms decreased by 10 times too. W→I rotation was conducive to microbial proliferation under T, NT and NTS different tillage methods.
5. Conservation tillage could help Chla and Chlb to synthesis and delay leaves’Chla degradation. NTS increased crops protective enzymes activities and proline content significantly, and induced MDA content and cell membrane permeability,so that protected cell membrane and were conducive to crop growth and development.Isatis and wheat leaves’annual average content of Chla, Chlb and Chl (a+b) all showed NTS>NT>T. Isatis leaves’averge MDA content was T>NT>NTS,averge CAT activity was NTS>T>NT, CAT activity under NTS was increased by 122.24% and 85.01% than NT and T.This showed that Conservation tillage played an important role in reducing reactive oxygen damage by increasing CAT activity on Isatis. Wheat average SOD activity ws NTS>T>NT, average CAT activity was NTS>T>NT.Wheat average CAT activity of wheat leaves under NTS was increased by 91.45% and 103.58% than under NT and T.Averge MDA content was T>NT>NTS. It also showed that CAT and SOD played positive roles to protect crops cells physiological function.Under different tillages,Isatis average proline content showed NTS>NT>T,and average cell membrane permeability showed T>NT>NTS.Wheat leaves average proline content showed NT>NTS>T,and average cell membrane permeability showed T>NT>NTS. It indicated conservation tillages reduced crops cells membrane damage, and it was beneficial to cell structural integrity and physiological function.
6. consevation tillage could improve crop Pn and WUEl. Wheat and Isatis diurnal change of Pn were midday depression and bimodal trend under different tillage,and midday depression of photosynthesis were caused by stomatal limitation.The daily and annual means of Pn were NTS>NT>T, and average annual WUEl were NTS>NT>T on two crops. 7. Conservation tillage helped crops to increase yield and water use efficiency. Isatis’s dry roots yield, dry leaves yield and WUEy were NTS>NT>T. Compared with T,dry roots yield under NTS was increased by 20.34%,WUEy under NTS was 20.31% higher than T; Isatis dry leaves yield under NTS was improved by 11.26% than T, WUEy was 11.23% higher than T. Wheat production and WUEy showed NTS> NT> T too.wheat production under NTS was improved by 44.20% than T, and wheat WUEy under NTS was increased by 40.39% than that of T.
1.保护性耕作可以降低麦药轮作土壤容重和提高总孔隙度,显著提高饱和导水率。在T、NT和NTS不同耕作与W→I和I→W不同轮作序列处理中,后茬菘蓝地和小麦地0-30cm深度土壤容重均为NTS
2.免耕覆盖措施能在低温季节明显提高土壤温度,高温季节有效降低土壤温度,有助于作物出苗和根系生长。气温冷凉的播种期和出苗期,菘蓝和小麦不同深度土壤温度表现为NTS>NT>T,小麦地播种期0-15cm土壤平均温度NTS较T提高2.33℃,出苗期NTS较T提高3.00℃;菘蓝播种期NTS处理0-15cm土壤平均地温NTS较T提高2℃。进入7月高温季节,0-15cm小麦地平均温度NTS较T降低2.71℃;菘蓝NTS较T降低1.96℃。小麦地免耕覆盖调节土壤温度效果较好。
3.在不同轮作模式下免耕覆盖措施均能显著提高耕作层土壤含水量。在小麦和菘蓝生育期,两种轮作后茬0-30cm、30-200cm和0-200cm土壤平均含水量均为NTS>T>NT,小麦生育期W→I轮作NTS土壤0-30cm平均含水量较NT和T分别提高6.67%和6.64%;I→W轮作0-30cm土壤平均含水量NTS较NT和T分别提高5.81%和3.36%。菘蓝生育期,W→I轮作0-30cm土壤平均含水量NTS较NT和T分别提高3.87%和3.16%;I→W轮作0-30cm土壤平均含水量NTS较NT和T分别提高5.46和4.79%。小麦生育期,保护性耕作I→W轮作耕作层土壤含水量较高。菘蓝生育期,保护性耕作W→I轮作耕作层土壤含水量较高。
4.保护性耕作可以有效提高土壤酶活性和土壤微生物数量。菘蓝地和小麦地不同深度土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性均表现为NTS>NT>T,0-30cm土壤水解酶和氧化还原酶活性均值也为NTS>NT>T,以NTS处理效果最为显著。保护性耕作I→W轮作提高土壤水解酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性较好。从T、NT到NTS,两种轮作土壤各层微生物数量总体呈逐渐升高的变化趋势,0-30cm土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量和微生物总数均值均为NTS>NT>T。各耕作处理小麦地土壤细菌数量较菘蓝地减少了10倍左右,微生物总数也减少了10倍左右。保护性耕作W→I轮作有利于土壤微生物的增殖。
5.保护性耕作有利于叶绿素合成,延缓Chla降解,免耕覆盖能显著提高作物相关保护酶活性和脯氨酸含量,降低MDA伤害和细胞膜透性,保护细胞结构完整,有利于作物生长发育。菘蓝和小麦叶片Chla、Chlb和Chl(a+b)年均值均为NTS>NT>T。菘蓝叶片MDA均值T>NT>NTS,CAT活性NTS较NT和T分别提高122.24%和85.01%,CAT对菘蓝减轻活性氧伤害起了重要作用。小麦叶片MDA含量均值T>NT>NTS,SOD活性均值NTS>T>NT,CAT活性NTS>T>NT,CAT活性NTS较NT和T分别提高91.45%和103.58%,CAT和SOD协同对小麦起了重要生理保护作用。菘蓝叶片平均脯氨酸含量NTS>NT>T,平均细胞膜透性T>NT>NTS。小麦平均脯氨酸含量NT>NTS>T,平均细胞膜透性T>NT>NTS,说明保护性耕作减轻了作物细胞膜损坏,有利于细胞结构完整和正常生理功能发挥。
6.保护性耕作可以提高作物Pn和叶片水平水分利用效率。不同耕作处理菘蓝和小麦净光合速率日变化均呈双峰光合午休变化趋势,光合午休为气孔限制所致,Pn日均值和年均值均为NTS>NT>T,WUEl年均值为NTS>NT>T。
7.保护性耕作可以显著提高了作物产量和产量水平水分利用效率。菘蓝干根产量、干叶产量和WUEy以及小麦产量和WUEy均表现NTS>NT>T。菘蓝NTS干根产量较T提高20.34%,WUEy较T提高20.31%;NTS干叶产量较T提高11.26%,WUEy较T提高11.23%。小麦NTS产量较T提高44.20%,WUEy较T提高40.39%。
Less rainfall is the important limiting factor of agriculture development in semi-arid regions on the Western Loess Plateau. Traditional agriculture measure led to declined soil quality, serious soil erosion, low field capacity and productivity in the region. Many studies showed that conservation tillage ,such as no-tillage, stubble cover, and stubble standing could increase soil water holding capacity, fertility and infiltration, water use efficiency and productivity, it could also reduce soil erosion.This study was finacially supported by 2006BAD15B06 project, and carried out from 2007 to 2008 year in Semi-arid Loess Plateau of Gansu Dingxi. Three treatments, traditional tillage (T), no-tillage (NT) and no-tillage with straw mulch (NTS) were involved in W→I and I→W rotations experiment. Effects of conservation tillage on soil physical and biological characteristics, crop physiological and biochemical characteristics, photosynthetic characteristics and yield were studied to explore the mechanism of increasing water use efficiency and improving production under appropriated conservation tillage. Main results showed that:
1.Conservation tillage could decrease soil bulk density, increase soil porosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity. In W→I and I→W rotations under T, NT and NTS different tillage methods,soil bulk density showed NTS
2.NTS could improve soil temperature in cool season, and decrease soil temperature in hot season, this could help crops emergence and roots growth. At sowing and seedling stage of wheat and Isatis, soil temperature in different depths showed NTS> NT>T. Soil average temperature of NTS was increased by 2.33℃than that of T at 0-15cm layer in wheat sowing. At wheat seedling stage, soil average temperature of NTS was increased by 3.00℃than T. At Isatis sowing, soil average temperature of NTS was increase by 2℃than T in 0-15cm depth. In hot season,wheat field average temperature was reduced by 2.71℃than T in 0-15cm soil depth,and that of Isatis of NTS was reduced by 1.96℃than T. Wheat field was better at soil temperature adjusting than Isatis field under different tillage methods.
3. NTS could increase soil water content of plough layer significantly in W→I and I→W rotations. During wheat and Isatis growing period, average soil moisture of two rotations in 0-30cm,30-200cm and 0-200cm all indicated NTS>T>NT. In 0-30cm depth,during wheat growing period,soil average water moisture of NTS was increased by 6.67% and 6.64% than NT and T respectively in W→I rotation,and In I→W rotation,soil average water content of NTS was increased by 5.81% and 3.36% than NT and T. In growth period of Isatis, Isatis average soil water content of NTS was increased by 3.87% and 3.16% than NT and T in W→I rotation,and In I→W rotation, wheat field average water content of NTS was increased by 5.46% and 4.79% than NT and T. Comparing two rotations, soil water content in W→I was higher during Isatis growing period, but that of I→W was higher during wheat growing period.
4. Conservation tillage could significant improve soil enzyme activities and soil microorganisms quantity in W→I rotation. In Isatis field and wheat field, soil urease, alkaline phosphatase and invertase hydrolase activitise showed NTS>NT>T in same soil depth. In 0-30cm soil depth, all soil average hydrolase and oxidoreductase activities were NTS>NT>T, NTS had the significant effect to increase enzyme activities. Compared with W→I, I→W increased soil hydrolase and oxidoreductase activities better. From T, NT to NTS, quantity of soil microorganisms were increased gradually in W→I and I→W rotations at different layer. All soil bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and total microbes were NTS> NT> T in 0-30cm depth. The number of soil bacteria in wheat field was reduced about 10 times than that of Isatis field in same layer under different tillages, and the total number of microorganisms decreased by 10 times too. W→I rotation was conducive to microbial proliferation under T, NT and NTS different tillage methods.
5. Conservation tillage could help Chla and Chlb to synthesis and delay leaves’Chla degradation. NTS increased crops protective enzymes activities and proline content significantly, and induced MDA content and cell membrane permeability,so that protected cell membrane and were conducive to crop growth and development.Isatis and wheat leaves’annual average content of Chla, Chlb and Chl (a+b) all showed NTS>NT>T. Isatis leaves’averge MDA content was T>NT>NTS,averge CAT activity was NTS>T>NT, CAT activity under NTS was increased by 122.24% and 85.01% than NT and T.This showed that Conservation tillage played an important role in reducing reactive oxygen damage by increasing CAT activity on Isatis. Wheat average SOD activity ws NTS>T>NT, average CAT activity was NTS>T>NT.Wheat average CAT activity of wheat leaves under NTS was increased by 91.45% and 103.58% than under NT and T.Averge MDA content was T>NT>NTS. It also showed that CAT and SOD played positive roles to protect crops cells physiological function.Under different tillages,Isatis average proline content showed NTS>NT>T,and average cell membrane permeability showed T>NT>NTS.Wheat leaves average proline content showed NT>NTS>T,and average cell membrane permeability showed T>NT>NTS. It indicated conservation tillages reduced crops cells membrane damage, and it was beneficial to cell structural integrity and physiological function.
6. consevation tillage could improve crop Pn and WUEl. Wheat and Isatis diurnal change of Pn were midday depression and bimodal trend under different tillage,and midday depression of photosynthesis were caused by stomatal limitation.The daily and annual means of Pn were NTS>NT>T, and average annual WUEl were NTS>NT>T on two crops. 7. Conservation tillage helped crops to increase yield and water use efficiency. Isatis’s dry roots yield, dry leaves yield and WUEy were NTS>NT>T. Compared with T,dry roots yield under NTS was increased by 20.34%,WUEy under NTS was 20.31% higher than T; Isatis dry leaves yield under NTS was improved by 11.26% than T, WUEy was 11.23% higher than T. Wheat production and WUEy showed NTS> NT> T too.wheat production under NTS was improved by 44.20% than T, and wheat WUEy under NTS was increased by 40.39% than that of T.
引文
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