放牧对巢湖滩涂植物群落及土壤理化性质影响研究
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摘要
湿地与人类的生存和发展密切相关,它在为人类提供多种自然资源的同时,还具有这不可替代的环境功能和效益,在控制污染、调节气候、美化环境等方面发挥重要作用。因此,湿地被誉为“地球之肾”。此外,湖泊滩涂作为湿地的重要组成部分,是中国重要的可利用土地资源,滩涂研究对于湿地的开发利用以及自然生态环境的保护有十分重要的意义。
一直以来,我国提倡和鼓励利用滩涂围垦造田,以此扩大耕地面积。然而近年来,放牧活动逐渐在滩涂湿地兴盛起来,放牧动物的啃食和践踏对改变草地生态系统中植物群落的组成、结构和功能均发挥着重要的作用。不同的放牧强度对植被组成、物种多样性、生产力以及土壤理化性质等的影响不同,过度放牧会造成植物群落物种多样性减少以及植被生产力下降。
本研究针对滩涂植物群落、植物物种组成、土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性等进行研究,并在研究的基础上,提出了滩涂修复的措施。主要结果如下：
(1)巢湖滩涂的主要植物群落类型为狗牙根-陌上菅群落和荇菜群落。研究表明,放牧区的植物高度、盖度、频度、密度、物种多样性和生物量等均明显低于对照区；对实验区的植物进行营养元素氮、磷分析,对照区的植物体内总氮和总磷含量均高于放牧区的植物体内氮磷含量,放牧活动对植物体内营养元素氮磷的含量的影响明显。说明过度放牧食草性动物对滩涂植物存在很大的影响。
(2)对实验区的土壤理化性质进行分析,发现放牧区土壤的含水量、电导率、pH值、氮含量、磷含量、有机质含量等均低于对照区。其中,总氮、总磷、总有机质之间存在明显的正相关性。
(3)对土壤中脲酶、芳基硫酸酯酶、脱氢酶及酸性磷酸酶的活性的检测,发现不同种类的酶在放牧区和对照区的活性存在很大的差异。分析土壤的呼吸作用,结果表明,对照区的土壤呼吸作用强度显著高于放牧区。
(4)基于上述实验结果,放牧活动对实验区的植物群落和土壤性质产生了很大的破坏影响。为了更合理开发利用滩涂,在部分实验区进行了一系列的滩涂湿地修复试验,以便探索巢湖滩涂有效合理利用的模式和方法。结果表明,修复后的实验区,植物高度、盖度、生物量及多样性都有所增加；土壤氮、磷、有机质含量呈现季节性变化,但总体上呈现上升趋势；周围水体中氮磷有机质含量下降。说明修复后的实验区植物生长繁茂,能够拦截湖泊内的部分氮磷有机质,构成了拦截氮磷的“陷阱”。尽管修复试验的结果显示,修复区植被生长状况良好,巢湖湖区的水质也有所改善,但是修复工程仍然存在一些问题,需要进一步研究和探讨。
Wetland ecosystem is closely related to human survival and development. It plays a huge environmental regulation and ecological benefits, and also provides a variety of resources. Wetland ecosystems is irreplaceable. Wetland ecosystem is known as the kidney of the globe. As an important component of wetland, lake beach is an important available land resources. In china, lake beach is with the large area, distribution of relative concentration, good location conditions, great potential for comprehensive development. Research of wetlands are of great significance to development and utilization and environmental protection.
Beach with a variety of purposes, reclamation has been the main form of beach use. In China, promoting and encouraging people to use of beach reclamation, expanson of cultivated area, and then it can be used for planting.However, as the abuse of reclamation of people around, causes serious water pollution,and serious siltation.In recent years, grazing activities gradually flourished in coastal wetlands, and it had a great impact on the beach plant communities and soil properties.
Animals, either directly or indirectly on plants for food, thus the survival of plants (or the quality of life) produced a strong negative impact. Such as animal trampling can alter soil physical and chemical properties, the ultimate impact of plants on soil nutrient and water use efficiency, grazing animals can damage the photosynthetic organs of plants, long-term impacts on plant becomes low, the vegetation becomes sparse.
In this study, beach plant communities, plant species composition, soil properties, soil enzyme activity were studied, and based on the study, the measures for beach restoration were proposed.
The main results are as follows:
(1) The major component of plants of beach communities is Bermudagrass communitiy and community of Nymphoides peltatum. According to the survey, plant height, coverage, frequency, density, species diversity and biomass tendency of grazing areas were lower than in control areas obvious; Analysis on theplant nutrition elements of nitrogen, phosphorus of experimental areas, in the control area total plants nitrogen and phosphorus contents were higher than grazing zone, grazing activities on the plant nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus content of the body is evident. Description overgrazing herbivorous animals there is a big plant on the tidal influence. It shows that grazing activity has significant effect on the nitrogen and phosphorus content of plants. Over-grazing on the beach has great influence on plants.
(2) Analysis of the experimental zone of soil properties, found that soil water content conductivity, pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, organic matter content in grazing areas were lower than that in the control area. Among them, the nitrogen, phosphorus, organic matter were correlated.
(3) Detection of soil urease, arylsulfatase, dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase activity, found that grazing area and control area vary widely.Analysis of soil respiration, the results show that soil respiration is higher in the control area than in grazing area.
(4) Based on the above results, grazing activities had a great impact on the plant communities and soil properties. For more rational development and use of beaches, a series of tidal wetlands restoration were taken in some experimental areas.The results showed that in the repairedarea, plant height, coverage, biomass and diversity have increased; soil nitrogen, phosphorus, organic matter content showed seasonal changes, but in general the rise; the nitrogen,phosphorus and organic matter content decreased in around water.It shows in the experimental area plant grow well and it can block part of nitrogen and phosphorus in lake organic matter, constitute the interception of nitrogen and phosphorus "trap". But the restoration works still have some issues that require further study and discussion.
一直以来,我国提倡和鼓励利用滩涂围垦造田,以此扩大耕地面积。然而近年来,放牧活动逐渐在滩涂湿地兴盛起来,放牧动物的啃食和践踏对改变草地生态系统中植物群落的组成、结构和功能均发挥着重要的作用。不同的放牧强度对植被组成、物种多样性、生产力以及土壤理化性质等的影响不同,过度放牧会造成植物群落物种多样性减少以及植被生产力下降。
本研究针对滩涂植物群落、植物物种组成、土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性等进行研究,并在研究的基础上,提出了滩涂修复的措施。主要结果如下：
(1)巢湖滩涂的主要植物群落类型为狗牙根-陌上菅群落和荇菜群落。研究表明,放牧区的植物高度、盖度、频度、密度、物种多样性和生物量等均明显低于对照区；对实验区的植物进行营养元素氮、磷分析,对照区的植物体内总氮和总磷含量均高于放牧区的植物体内氮磷含量,放牧活动对植物体内营养元素氮磷的含量的影响明显。说明过度放牧食草性动物对滩涂植物存在很大的影响。
(2)对实验区的土壤理化性质进行分析,发现放牧区土壤的含水量、电导率、pH值、氮含量、磷含量、有机质含量等均低于对照区。其中,总氮、总磷、总有机质之间存在明显的正相关性。
(3)对土壤中脲酶、芳基硫酸酯酶、脱氢酶及酸性磷酸酶的活性的检测,发现不同种类的酶在放牧区和对照区的活性存在很大的差异。分析土壤的呼吸作用,结果表明,对照区的土壤呼吸作用强度显著高于放牧区。
(4)基于上述实验结果,放牧活动对实验区的植物群落和土壤性质产生了很大的破坏影响。为了更合理开发利用滩涂,在部分实验区进行了一系列的滩涂湿地修复试验,以便探索巢湖滩涂有效合理利用的模式和方法。结果表明,修复后的实验区,植物高度、盖度、生物量及多样性都有所增加；土壤氮、磷、有机质含量呈现季节性变化,但总体上呈现上升趋势；周围水体中氮磷有机质含量下降。说明修复后的实验区植物生长繁茂,能够拦截湖泊内的部分氮磷有机质,构成了拦截氮磷的“陷阱”。尽管修复试验的结果显示,修复区植被生长状况良好,巢湖湖区的水质也有所改善,但是修复工程仍然存在一些问题,需要进一步研究和探讨。
Wetland ecosystem is closely related to human survival and development. It plays a huge environmental regulation and ecological benefits, and also provides a variety of resources. Wetland ecosystems is irreplaceable. Wetland ecosystem is known as the kidney of the globe. As an important component of wetland, lake beach is an important available land resources. In china, lake beach is with the large area, distribution of relative concentration, good location conditions, great potential for comprehensive development. Research of wetlands are of great significance to development and utilization and environmental protection.
Beach with a variety of purposes, reclamation has been the main form of beach use. In China, promoting and encouraging people to use of beach reclamation, expanson of cultivated area, and then it can be used for planting.However, as the abuse of reclamation of people around, causes serious water pollution,and serious siltation.In recent years, grazing activities gradually flourished in coastal wetlands, and it had a great impact on the beach plant communities and soil properties.
Animals, either directly or indirectly on plants for food, thus the survival of plants (or the quality of life) produced a strong negative impact. Such as animal trampling can alter soil physical and chemical properties, the ultimate impact of plants on soil nutrient and water use efficiency, grazing animals can damage the photosynthetic organs of plants, long-term impacts on plant becomes low, the vegetation becomes sparse.
In this study, beach plant communities, plant species composition, soil properties, soil enzyme activity were studied, and based on the study, the measures for beach restoration were proposed.
The main results are as follows:
(1) The major component of plants of beach communities is Bermudagrass communitiy and community of Nymphoides peltatum. According to the survey, plant height, coverage, frequency, density, species diversity and biomass tendency of grazing areas were lower than in control areas obvious; Analysis on theplant nutrition elements of nitrogen, phosphorus of experimental areas, in the control area total plants nitrogen and phosphorus contents were higher than grazing zone, grazing activities on the plant nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus content of the body is evident. Description overgrazing herbivorous animals there is a big plant on the tidal influence. It shows that grazing activity has significant effect on the nitrogen and phosphorus content of plants. Over-grazing on the beach has great influence on plants.
(2) Analysis of the experimental zone of soil properties, found that soil water content conductivity, pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, organic matter content in grazing areas were lower than that in the control area. Among them, the nitrogen, phosphorus, organic matter were correlated.
(3) Detection of soil urease, arylsulfatase, dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase activity, found that grazing area and control area vary widely.Analysis of soil respiration, the results show that soil respiration is higher in the control area than in grazing area.
(4) Based on the above results, grazing activities had a great impact on the plant communities and soil properties. For more rational development and use of beaches, a series of tidal wetlands restoration were taken in some experimental areas.The results showed that in the repairedarea, plant height, coverage, biomass and diversity have increased; soil nitrogen, phosphorus, organic matter content showed seasonal changes, but in general the rise; the nitrogen,phosphorus and organic matter content decreased in around water.It shows in the experimental area plant grow well and it can block part of nitrogen and phosphorus in lake organic matter, constitute the interception of nitrogen and phosphorus "trap". But the restoration works still have some issues that require further study and discussion.
引文
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