不同栽培模式及氮肥用量对旱地及半旱地土壤氮素矿化及水分利用的研究
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摘要
氮素和水分是影响作物产量的两个关键因素。因此,有效地利用有限的水、氮素资源是农业可持续发展的保证。在我国北方一些水资源缺乏,又缺乏灌溉条件的地区,多实施了旱地栽培方式;而在一些灌溉条件的地区,多采用“大水大肥”的种植方式,种植强度相对较高,水、肥和热等矛盾突出,作物产量不稳。从资源利用和可持续发展考虑,采取有限灌溉(非充分灌溉)与旱地蓄水保墒栽培措施相结合的半旱地农业栽培模式是这一地区农业发展的方向。因此,旱地和半旱地农业在我国北方的农业生产中占有十分重要的地位。为此,本研究以陕西关中地区小麦-休闲及冬小麦—夏玉米轮作体系为研究对象,运用田间定位试验与实验室培等方法相结合,研究了不同栽培模式(覆草、垄沟、节水和常规)下施用氮肥对土壤氮素矿化特性,土壤贮水量和水分、氮肥利用效率以及硝态氮在土壤剖面累积等的影响,旨在为该地区冬小麦和夏玉米优质、高产、高效提供理论和实践。取得的主要结果有:
1.采用田间原位培养方法比较了旱地不同栽培模式及施用氮肥对土壤水分、温度及氮素矿化的影响。结果表明,与常规栽培模式相比,秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖均不同程度提高了土壤0～20cm土层水分含量;地膜覆盖明显地提高了0～20cm土层的土壤温度,而秸秆覆盖模式土壤温度一直处在较低水平。施用氮肥显著提高了土壤硝态氮的含量,也提高了从0～20cm土柱淋出的硝态氮数量。施用氮肥显著增加了培养期间土壤氮素矿化量,不同模式相比,覆草模式土壤氮素矿化量最低;覆膜增加了土壤温度,但与常规模式相比,土壤氮素矿化量并未增加。
2.对田间原位培养一个月和两个月的土壤进行室内矿化培养,研究了土壤氮素的矿化特性。结果表明,施用氮肥显著增加了培养期间土壤氮素的净矿化数量和矿化速率;随着培养时期的推移土壤氮素矿化量和矿化速率均呈现增加趋势。不同模式相比,不施氮处理和施氮处理土壤氮素的矿化量均为常规>覆草>覆膜;不同栽培模式对土壤呼吸作用的影响为覆草>常规>覆膜。与原位培养相比,室内培养法得到的不同处理土壤氮素矿化量明显增加,平均是田间原位培养的5.61～7.83倍。这与室内培养法为微生物的活动提供了适宜的水分和温度有关。
3.利用大田试验研究了关中地区有限灌溉与旱地蓄水保墒栽培相结合的不同栽培模式和施氮量对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系中硝态氮残留的影响。结果表明,施用氮肥显著提高了土壤剖面硝态氮的累积量,施用240 kgN/hm~2的作用尤为明显。施用240 kgN/hm~2硝态氮的残留量是施用120 kgN/hm~2硝态氮残留量的4倍。施用120 kg N/hm~2氮肥,累积的硝态氮在土壤剖面分布的变化较小;施用240 kg/hm~2氮肥,第七季作物收获后,除垄沟模式外,常规、节水、覆草模式在0-200cm的剖面上均出现了两个硝态氮的累积峰,大体位置在60cm和160cm,垄沟模式在60cm也有一个累积峰;第九季作物收获后,硝态氮的累积峰迁移到200cm或200cm以下。在干旱年份,垄沟、覆草和节水都可降低土层内硝态氮的残留量,降低幅度垄沟>覆草>节水。在多雨年份垄沟、覆草和节水可增加硝态氮的残留量,增加幅度垄沟>覆草>节水。
4.以在陕西关中地区进行的冬小麦-夏玉米轮作田间试验为研究对象,研究了不同栽培模式、施氮量对这一轮作体系中土壤贮水量、作物产量以及水分氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,不同种植年限土壤剖面贮水量与降雨量有密切关系。垄沟、覆草和常规等栽培模式虽然对0～2 m土壤剖面贮水量有不同影响,但差异均未达显著水平。施用氮肥显著增加了作物对土壤0～2 m土层,特别是1～2 m土层水分的消耗;施用氮量显著增加了夏玉米的产量和水分利用效率,但当施氮为240 kg/hm~2时作物产量和水分利用效率并未进一步提高。不同栽培模式相比,垄沟栽培模式下夏玉米的产量和水分利用效率最高,覆草栽培模式次之,常规和节水栽培模式最低。干旱年份(2006)夏玉米的水分利用率却高于丰水年(2007)。随着氮肥施用量的增加,氮肥利用率、氮肥农学效率和氮肥生理效率均呈降低趋势。不同模式相比,节水模式下小麦的氮肥利用率、氮肥农学效率以及氮肥生理效率相对较高。
Nitrogen and water are two key factors affecting crop yield. Therefore, Sustainable agriculture depends to great extent on the efficient use of the limited water and fertilizer resources. Dryland farming is adopted in the north China, where water resource is limited and irrigation is not available. In the north China where irrigation is available, over-application of water and fertilizers is very common. It induces a series of problems. Therefore, using the cultivation methods of semi-dryland farming, i.e., combination of supplemental irrigation method with water-saving methods on dryland farming, is an option for the sustainable utilization of limited water resource in the winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in the region. Dryland and semi-dryland farming has an important role in the agriculture in north China. Therefore, two field experiments conducted in Guanzhong region of Shaanxi Province were used to investigate the effects of different cultivation methods and nitrogen fertilizer rates on nitrogen mineralization and soil water storage and nitrate accumulation in the soil profile and water and nitrogen use efficiency of crop. The main results were:
1. A field in-situ incubations method was conducted to investigate the effect of different cultivation patterns and N rate on the soil moisture, temperature, and nitrogen mineralization. In comparison with the conventional cultivation pattern, the plastic mulching and straw mulching patterns significantly increased soil water content in depth of 0-20cm. The plastic mulching also significantly increased soil temperature in depth of 0-10 and 10-20cm; and straw mulching patterns decreased temperature during the incubation period. The application of nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased the content of nitrate in soil, and nitrate leaching from the 0-20cmsoil column in the field. The addition of nitrogen fertilizer also significantly increased the N mineralization of the soil. Straw mulching patterns decreased the N mineralization of the soil. Although the plastic mulching significantly increased soil temperature, it did not increase the soil N mineralization in comparison with the conventional cultivation pattern. Therefore, it is suggested to continue using the in-situ incubations method to study the N mineralization in the field.
2. The soil column in situ incubation experiment showed that N mineralization increased during the experiment, and applying nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased the amount and rate of nitrogen mineralization from soil. N mineralized from the soils under the different cultivation models followed the orders of conventional> straw mulching > plastic mulching, whether addition of nitrogen fertilizer or not. For the soil respiration, it followed the orders of straw mulching > conventional> plastic mulching. The N mineralized from soils with laboratory incubation method was about 4.61 to 6.83 times higher than the in-situ incubation method. This related to the favorable moisture and temperature for microbial activity under the laboratory incubation condition.
3. A field experiment was conducted in Guanzhong region of Shannxi Province to investigate the effects of different cultivation methods of water saving irrigation and water conservation and nitrogen rates on residual nitrate N in soil profile under winter-summer maize cropping rotation system. Applying nitrogen fertilizer, especially the application of 240 kgN/hm~2, increased the accumulation of nitrate in the soil profile. The nitrate in the soil profile of 240 kgN/hm~2 was about four times of that of 120 kgN/hm~2. The change of nitrate accumulation in the soil profile remained smaller in the 120 kg N/hm~2 nitrogen fertilizer treatment. When the addition of nitrogen fertilizer was increased to 240 kg/hm~2, there were two accumulation peaks (60cmand 160cm) of nitrate in 0-200cmafter the 7th crop harvesting under the conventional, water saving, straw mulching models. For the furrow model, the nitrate acumulative peak was observed at 60cmin soil profile. The accumulative nitrate was found moving to the 200cmand more deep layer. In dry years, furrow, straw mulching and water saving reduced the nitrate in the soil, and followed the order of furrow> straw mulching > water-saving. In wet years, furrow, straw mulching and water saving increased in nitrate residue, and the rate of increase followed the orders of furrow> straw mulching > water saving.
4. A field experiment was conducted in Guanzhong region of Shannxi Province to investigate the effects of different cultivation methods on soil water storage, crop yields, efficiency of water and nitrogen. The water storage in soil profile was closely related to the duration of crop cultivation and rainfall during crop growth. Although the furrow, straw mulching and conventional cultivation had some effects on water storage in the 0-2 meters of soil profiles, but the differences were not significant. Applying nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased in the water consumption by crops in 0-2 meters of soil profile, especially in 1-2 m. Nitrogen application significantly increased the grain yield and water use efficiency of maize. However, when the addition of nitrogen fertilizer was increased to 240 kgN/hm~2, crop yields and water use efficiency was not improved. For the different cultivation model, the furrow cultivation model had the highest maize yield and water use efficiency, followed by straw mulching; the conventional mode and the water-saving were lowest. Water use efficiency of maize in dry year (2006) was higher than that in the wet year (2007). With the increase of nitrogen fertilizer, recovery of nitrogen fertilizer, and agronomical efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer and physiological efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer were decreased. Water-saving cultivation method had higher than other cultivations on the effects of recovery of nitrogen fertilizer, and agronomical efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer and physiological efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer.
1.采用田间原位培养方法比较了旱地不同栽培模式及施用氮肥对土壤水分、温度及氮素矿化的影响。结果表明,与常规栽培模式相比,秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖均不同程度提高了土壤0～20cm土层水分含量;地膜覆盖明显地提高了0～20cm土层的土壤温度,而秸秆覆盖模式土壤温度一直处在较低水平。施用氮肥显著提高了土壤硝态氮的含量,也提高了从0～20cm土柱淋出的硝态氮数量。施用氮肥显著增加了培养期间土壤氮素矿化量,不同模式相比,覆草模式土壤氮素矿化量最低;覆膜增加了土壤温度,但与常规模式相比,土壤氮素矿化量并未增加。
2.对田间原位培养一个月和两个月的土壤进行室内矿化培养,研究了土壤氮素的矿化特性。结果表明,施用氮肥显著增加了培养期间土壤氮素的净矿化数量和矿化速率;随着培养时期的推移土壤氮素矿化量和矿化速率均呈现增加趋势。不同模式相比,不施氮处理和施氮处理土壤氮素的矿化量均为常规>覆草>覆膜;不同栽培模式对土壤呼吸作用的影响为覆草>常规>覆膜。与原位培养相比,室内培养法得到的不同处理土壤氮素矿化量明显增加,平均是田间原位培养的5.61～7.83倍。这与室内培养法为微生物的活动提供了适宜的水分和温度有关。
3.利用大田试验研究了关中地区有限灌溉与旱地蓄水保墒栽培相结合的不同栽培模式和施氮量对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系中硝态氮残留的影响。结果表明,施用氮肥显著提高了土壤剖面硝态氮的累积量,施用240 kgN/hm~2的作用尤为明显。施用240 kgN/hm~2硝态氮的残留量是施用120 kgN/hm~2硝态氮残留量的4倍。施用120 kg N/hm~2氮肥,累积的硝态氮在土壤剖面分布的变化较小;施用240 kg/hm~2氮肥,第七季作物收获后,除垄沟模式外,常规、节水、覆草模式在0-200cm的剖面上均出现了两个硝态氮的累积峰,大体位置在60cm和160cm,垄沟模式在60cm也有一个累积峰;第九季作物收获后,硝态氮的累积峰迁移到200cm或200cm以下。在干旱年份,垄沟、覆草和节水都可降低土层内硝态氮的残留量,降低幅度垄沟>覆草>节水。在多雨年份垄沟、覆草和节水可增加硝态氮的残留量,增加幅度垄沟>覆草>节水。
4.以在陕西关中地区进行的冬小麦-夏玉米轮作田间试验为研究对象,研究了不同栽培模式、施氮量对这一轮作体系中土壤贮水量、作物产量以及水分氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,不同种植年限土壤剖面贮水量与降雨量有密切关系。垄沟、覆草和常规等栽培模式虽然对0～2 m土壤剖面贮水量有不同影响,但差异均未达显著水平。施用氮肥显著增加了作物对土壤0～2 m土层,特别是1～2 m土层水分的消耗;施用氮量显著增加了夏玉米的产量和水分利用效率,但当施氮为240 kg/hm~2时作物产量和水分利用效率并未进一步提高。不同栽培模式相比,垄沟栽培模式下夏玉米的产量和水分利用效率最高,覆草栽培模式次之,常规和节水栽培模式最低。干旱年份(2006)夏玉米的水分利用率却高于丰水年(2007)。随着氮肥施用量的增加,氮肥利用率、氮肥农学效率和氮肥生理效率均呈降低趋势。不同模式相比,节水模式下小麦的氮肥利用率、氮肥农学效率以及氮肥生理效率相对较高。
Nitrogen and water are two key factors affecting crop yield. Therefore, Sustainable agriculture depends to great extent on the efficient use of the limited water and fertilizer resources. Dryland farming is adopted in the north China, where water resource is limited and irrigation is not available. In the north China where irrigation is available, over-application of water and fertilizers is very common. It induces a series of problems. Therefore, using the cultivation methods of semi-dryland farming, i.e., combination of supplemental irrigation method with water-saving methods on dryland farming, is an option for the sustainable utilization of limited water resource in the winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in the region. Dryland and semi-dryland farming has an important role in the agriculture in north China. Therefore, two field experiments conducted in Guanzhong region of Shaanxi Province were used to investigate the effects of different cultivation methods and nitrogen fertilizer rates on nitrogen mineralization and soil water storage and nitrate accumulation in the soil profile and water and nitrogen use efficiency of crop. The main results were:
1. A field in-situ incubations method was conducted to investigate the effect of different cultivation patterns and N rate on the soil moisture, temperature, and nitrogen mineralization. In comparison with the conventional cultivation pattern, the plastic mulching and straw mulching patterns significantly increased soil water content in depth of 0-20cm. The plastic mulching also significantly increased soil temperature in depth of 0-10 and 10-20cm; and straw mulching patterns decreased temperature during the incubation period. The application of nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased the content of nitrate in soil, and nitrate leaching from the 0-20cmsoil column in the field. The addition of nitrogen fertilizer also significantly increased the N mineralization of the soil. Straw mulching patterns decreased the N mineralization of the soil. Although the plastic mulching significantly increased soil temperature, it did not increase the soil N mineralization in comparison with the conventional cultivation pattern. Therefore, it is suggested to continue using the in-situ incubations method to study the N mineralization in the field.
2. The soil column in situ incubation experiment showed that N mineralization increased during the experiment, and applying nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased the amount and rate of nitrogen mineralization from soil. N mineralized from the soils under the different cultivation models followed the orders of conventional> straw mulching > plastic mulching, whether addition of nitrogen fertilizer or not. For the soil respiration, it followed the orders of straw mulching > conventional> plastic mulching. The N mineralized from soils with laboratory incubation method was about 4.61 to 6.83 times higher than the in-situ incubation method. This related to the favorable moisture and temperature for microbial activity under the laboratory incubation condition.
3. A field experiment was conducted in Guanzhong region of Shannxi Province to investigate the effects of different cultivation methods of water saving irrigation and water conservation and nitrogen rates on residual nitrate N in soil profile under winter-summer maize cropping rotation system. Applying nitrogen fertilizer, especially the application of 240 kgN/hm~2, increased the accumulation of nitrate in the soil profile. The nitrate in the soil profile of 240 kgN/hm~2 was about four times of that of 120 kgN/hm~2. The change of nitrate accumulation in the soil profile remained smaller in the 120 kg N/hm~2 nitrogen fertilizer treatment. When the addition of nitrogen fertilizer was increased to 240 kg/hm~2, there were two accumulation peaks (60cmand 160cm) of nitrate in 0-200cmafter the 7th crop harvesting under the conventional, water saving, straw mulching models. For the furrow model, the nitrate acumulative peak was observed at 60cmin soil profile. The accumulative nitrate was found moving to the 200cmand more deep layer. In dry years, furrow, straw mulching and water saving reduced the nitrate in the soil, and followed the order of furrow> straw mulching > water-saving. In wet years, furrow, straw mulching and water saving increased in nitrate residue, and the rate of increase followed the orders of furrow> straw mulching > water saving.
4. A field experiment was conducted in Guanzhong region of Shannxi Province to investigate the effects of different cultivation methods on soil water storage, crop yields, efficiency of water and nitrogen. The water storage in soil profile was closely related to the duration of crop cultivation and rainfall during crop growth. Although the furrow, straw mulching and conventional cultivation had some effects on water storage in the 0-2 meters of soil profiles, but the differences were not significant. Applying nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased in the water consumption by crops in 0-2 meters of soil profile, especially in 1-2 m. Nitrogen application significantly increased the grain yield and water use efficiency of maize. However, when the addition of nitrogen fertilizer was increased to 240 kgN/hm~2, crop yields and water use efficiency was not improved. For the different cultivation model, the furrow cultivation model had the highest maize yield and water use efficiency, followed by straw mulching; the conventional mode and the water-saving were lowest. Water use efficiency of maize in dry year (2006) was higher than that in the wet year (2007). With the increase of nitrogen fertilizer, recovery of nitrogen fertilizer, and agronomical efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer and physiological efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer were decreased. Water-saving cultivation method had higher than other cultivations on the effects of recovery of nitrogen fertilizer, and agronomical efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer and physiological efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer.
引文
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