土壤—小麦植株系统氮素运移及高效利用的生态基础
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摘要
长江中下游地区是典型的稻麦两熟轮作区,在小麦生产中,氮肥的大量施用及不合理的施氮方法不仅导致氮肥利用率降低,氮肥损失加剧,还造成了对环境的污染。实现氮肥高效利用对于持续提高小麦产量、效益和保护环境均具有重要意义,而深入研究氮素在土壤—小麦体系中的行为和去向,是提高氮肥利用效率,减少氮素损失的关键。因此,本文在大田环境和田间15N微区环境下,通过两年的施氮量、基追比试验和两年的施氮量和密度试验,系统地研究了氮肥及氮肥密度互作对土壤—小麦系统氮素平衡特征、氮肥的流向、植株氮素分配和转运、根系生长发育及产量、氮素利用效率的影响,主要研究结果如下：
1.明确了稻茬小麦土壤无机氮运移规律及氮素表观平衡特征。施用氮肥能显著提高0-60cm土层硝态氮含量和0-40cm土层铵态氮含量,拔节前无机氮含量随基肥用量的增加而显著增加,且施氮量越高,拔节前硝态氮淋洗越多；而拔节后无机氮含量则随追肥施用量的增加而显著增加。种植密度对土壤无机氮的影响较小,但相同施氮量下随种植密度的增加土壤无机氮含量呈现下降趋势。土壤氮素盈亏具有明显的阶段性,播种至拔节期是氮素出现盈余的主要时期。全生育期氮素盈余量随施氮量和基肥比例的增加而增加,随种植密度的增加先降后增。在一定施氮量的基础上,适当增加追肥比例和种植密度有利于减少氮素淋洗损失,维持土壤—小麦系统氮素平衡。
2.探明了土壤-小麦系统的氮肥流向和不同生育阶段氮肥平衡特征。随施氮量的增加,氮肥回收率和土壤残留率显著降低,而损失率增加；适当增加追肥比例提高了氮肥回收率和土壤残留率,降低氮肥损失率；相同施氮量下适当增加种植密度,提高了氮肥回收率,而降低了土壤残留率及损失率。平均各处理,追施氮的利用率和土壤残留率显著高于基施氮,损失率则相反。播种至拔节期是小麦基施氮吸收和损失的主要阶段,拔节至开花期是追施氮吸收和损失的主要阶段,且积累量和损失量均随各自施氮量的增加而增加,拔节前基施氮的大量损失是肥料氮损失的主要原因。基施氮和追施氮均下移至60-100cm土层,且随基(追)施量增加肥料氮残留量增加,但均主要残留在0-20cm土层。0-100cm肥料氮总残留量随施氮量、追肥比例的增加而增加,随种植密度的增加而降低；平均各处理,追施氮残留量显著高于基施氮。一定施氮量的基础上,适当增加追肥比例和种植密度有利于提高氮肥吸收,减少氮肥损失。
3明确了冬小麦植株氮转运及代谢特征。研究表明各处理不同来源氮素均以拔节至开花期为氮素积累速率高峰期。总氮在籽粒中的分配比例随施氮量和追肥比例的增加而降低,随种植密度的增加而增加,而不同来源氮素在不同器官中积累分配处理间表现不一致。植株花前肥料氮和土壤氮转运量随施氮量和种植密度的增加而增加,随追肥比例的增加先增后降。但氮素转运效率及其对籽粒氮素贡献率则随施氮量和追肥比例增加而下降,随种植密度增加而增加。各处理追施氮的转运效率高于基施氮,肥料氮的转运效率高于土壤氮,表明肥料氮特别是追施氮更易于向籽粒转运。植株花后氮素积累随施氮量和追肥比例的增加而增加,随种植密度的增加而下降,土壤氮是花后植株积累的主要来源。分析表明提高花后肥料氮积累量和土壤氮转运效率是进一步提高氮素利用的基础。
4.阐明了冬小麦根系生长特征及其与产量、氮素利用的关系。增加施氮量及追肥比例增加了0-20cm土层的根重比例,而降低了20cm土层以下的根重比例,而增加种植密度则呈相反趋势。总根长、根体积、根表面积均随施氮量的增加而增加,随追肥比例和种植密度的增加呈先增加后下降的趋势,但不同土层间表现趋势不一致。相关分析表明,增加根干重、总根长、根体积和根表面积均有利于提高产量和植株氮素积累。根系主要生长于0-20cm的上层土壤,其对植株氮素积累和产量的贡献率均最高。越冬期根系只扩增至0-20cm土层,因此前期根系生长不能吸收或截获更多土壤氮素,从而会导致拔节前较多的硝态氮素下移至根区以外及基施氮大量损失。在拔节至开花期,根系生长扩增迅速(峰值出现在开花期)特别根系主要集中在0-20cm的上层土壤,因此拔节期追施氮肥会迅速被植株吸收或被表层大量根系截获,因而追施氮比基施氮有较高的回收和残留,而损失较低。
综上所述,降低施氮量至225kghm-2、适当提高后期追肥比例至50%及适当提高种植密度至225×104hm-2,提高了小麦根系的生长发育,减少了土壤硝态氮的淋洗,提高了氮素的吸收利用及其向籽粒的分配、转运,降低了氮肥的损失,维持了土壤—小麦系统氮素平衡,进而有利于提高产量和氮素利用效率。
In Middle and Lower Yangtze River Basin in China, wheat and rice are intensively rotated. In wheat production, excessive nitrogen fertilizer together with inappropriate application methods led to low N use efficiency and high N losses through runoff, leaching, denitrification, and volatilization, resulting in a series of environment problems such as the water pollutions and greenhouse gas emissions. On the other hand, increased fertilizer input had increased production costs leading to lower net returns for farmers. Efficient N utilization should be realized in agriculture for environmental and economic reasons. For the efficient N utilization, it should be firstly clear on nitrogen dynamics and fates of fertilizer-N after application. So, field experiments and15N micro-plots experiments in four sequential growth seasons during2006-2010were conducted to study the effects of nitrogen applications and seeding rates on nitrogen balance in soil-wheat system, flow of fertilizer N, allocation and remobilization of nitrogen, root growth and development, grain yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency in winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.). Here are the main results:
1. This study made clear the regulation of soil inorganic nitrogen migration and apparent soil nitrogen budget. Nitrogen fertilizer application increased nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) in0-60cm soil layer and ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N)0-40cm soil layer; Soil inorganic nitrogen content increased with increasing of basal nitrogen rate before jointing and NO3--N would leach out60cm soil layer at jointing stage; soil inorganic nitrogen content increased with increasing of topdressing rate after jointing stage. At the same N level, seeding rate had little influence on soil inorganic nitrogen content, but soil inorganic nitrogen content decreased with increasing of seeding rate. Apparent nitrogen budget had evident stage, nitrogen surplus before jointing was the major nitrogen surplus. Through the whole growth stage, apparent nitrogen surplus amount increased with increasing of nitrogen rate and basal ratio, decreased first and then increased with increasing of seeding rate. At the same nitrogen rate, an appropriate topdressing rate and seeding rate decreased NO3--N leaching, maintained the balance in soil-wheat system.
2. Flow and balance of nitrogen(N) fertilizer during different growth stages were clarified. The ratio of recovery and soil residual decreased and loss increased significantly with nitrogen rate increasing; it had advantage to improve nitrogen fertilizer recovery and soil residual when topdressing ratio increasing appropriately. Under the same N level, nitrogen recovery increased, and soil residual and loss decreased with increasing of seeding rate appropriately. On average, the recovery and residual of topdressing nitrogen was higher significantly than basal nitrogen, but loss was opposite. The uptake and loss of basal nitrogen were the highest before jointing, and the uptake and loss of topdressing N were the highest in the duration from jointing to anthesis stage, and the stage uptake and loss amount increased with basal or topdressing rate. Loss of basal N before jointing was the major loss of fertilizer N. Both basal and topdressing N moved down to60-100cm soil layer, and the residual amount of basal or topdressing nitrogen increased with increasing of basal or topdressing rate, but mostly remained in the0-20cm soil layer. The residual amount of total fertilizer N in0-100cm soil layer increased with increasing nitrogen rate and topdressing ratio, decreased with increasing of seeding rate. On average, residual of topdressing N was higher than basal N significantly. At the same nitrogen rate, an appropriate topdressing rate and seeding rate improved nitrogen uptake, reduce nitrogen loss.
3. This study made clear the characteristic of nitrogen transfer and nitrogen metabolism. The results showed that accumulation rate of nitrogen from different sources reached the highest from jointing to anthesis. Distribution proportion of total nitrogen in grain decreased with increasing of nitrogen rate and topdressing ratio, increased with increasing of seeding rate, but distribution of nitrogen from different sources in different organs showed inconsistent. Remobilization of fertilizer N and soil N increased with increasing of nitrogen rate and seeding rate, increased first and then decreased with increasing of topdressing ratio. Remobilization efficiency and its contribution to grain nitrogen decreased with nitrogen rate and topdressing increasing, increased with seeding rate increasing. Remobilization efficiency of topdressing N was higher than basal N, fertilizer N was higher than soil N in all treatments. Post-anthesis nitrogen accumulation increased with increasing of nitrogen rate and topdressing ratio, but decreased with increasing of seeding rate, soil N was the major nitrogen accumulation after anthesis. Analysis showed the further research was to improve fertilizer N accumulation after anthesis and transfer efficiency of soil N.
4. This study expounded the regulation of root growth and its relationship with yield and nitrogen utilization in winter wheat. Root weight ratio increased in0-20cm soil layer and decreased below20cm soil layer with nitrogen rate and topdressing ratio, but there was an opposite tendency with increasing of seeding rate. Total root length, root volume and root surface area increased with increasing of nitrogen rate, and an appropriate topdressing ratio and seeding rate, but the tendency was different at different soil layer. The correlation analysis showed that there were significant positive correlation between root weight, root total length, root volume, root surface area and grain yield, nitrogen accumulation amount. Root growth decreased with the soil depth from the highest values in0-20cm soil layer, root in0-20cm soil layer had the highest contribution to nitrogen accumulation amount and grain yield. Root only proliferated to20cm soil layer at overwintering stage, which resulted in nitrate nitrogen leaching out root zone and great loss of basal N because root could not uptake or capture more nitrogen at earlier growth stage. The roots grew and proliferated rapidly in the duration from jointing to anthesis stage (appeared peak value at anthesis a stage), especially in upper soil layer. As a result, topdressing N at jointing would be absorbed rapidly by plant or intercepted by the major root growth in upper soil layer. So, topdressing N had higher recovery and residual but lower loss than basal N.
In conclusion, it had advantage to improve root growth, reduce loss of NO3--N leaching, increase nitrogen uptake and allocation, remobilization to grain, decrease loss of fertilizer N, maintain nitrogen balance in soil-wheat system, and then enhance yield and, nitrogen utilization efficiency when nitrogen rate was reduced to225kg hm-2and topdressing ratio was increased to50%and seeding rate were increased to225×104hm-2appropriately.
1.明确了稻茬小麦土壤无机氮运移规律及氮素表观平衡特征。施用氮肥能显著提高0-60cm土层硝态氮含量和0-40cm土层铵态氮含量,拔节前无机氮含量随基肥用量的增加而显著增加,且施氮量越高,拔节前硝态氮淋洗越多；而拔节后无机氮含量则随追肥施用量的增加而显著增加。种植密度对土壤无机氮的影响较小,但相同施氮量下随种植密度的增加土壤无机氮含量呈现下降趋势。土壤氮素盈亏具有明显的阶段性,播种至拔节期是氮素出现盈余的主要时期。全生育期氮素盈余量随施氮量和基肥比例的增加而增加,随种植密度的增加先降后增。在一定施氮量的基础上,适当增加追肥比例和种植密度有利于减少氮素淋洗损失,维持土壤—小麦系统氮素平衡。
2.探明了土壤-小麦系统的氮肥流向和不同生育阶段氮肥平衡特征。随施氮量的增加,氮肥回收率和土壤残留率显著降低,而损失率增加；适当增加追肥比例提高了氮肥回收率和土壤残留率,降低氮肥损失率；相同施氮量下适当增加种植密度,提高了氮肥回收率,而降低了土壤残留率及损失率。平均各处理,追施氮的利用率和土壤残留率显著高于基施氮,损失率则相反。播种至拔节期是小麦基施氮吸收和损失的主要阶段,拔节至开花期是追施氮吸收和损失的主要阶段,且积累量和损失量均随各自施氮量的增加而增加,拔节前基施氮的大量损失是肥料氮损失的主要原因。基施氮和追施氮均下移至60-100cm土层,且随基(追)施量增加肥料氮残留量增加,但均主要残留在0-20cm土层。0-100cm肥料氮总残留量随施氮量、追肥比例的增加而增加,随种植密度的增加而降低；平均各处理,追施氮残留量显著高于基施氮。一定施氮量的基础上,适当增加追肥比例和种植密度有利于提高氮肥吸收,减少氮肥损失。
3明确了冬小麦植株氮转运及代谢特征。研究表明各处理不同来源氮素均以拔节至开花期为氮素积累速率高峰期。总氮在籽粒中的分配比例随施氮量和追肥比例的增加而降低,随种植密度的增加而增加,而不同来源氮素在不同器官中积累分配处理间表现不一致。植株花前肥料氮和土壤氮转运量随施氮量和种植密度的增加而增加,随追肥比例的增加先增后降。但氮素转运效率及其对籽粒氮素贡献率则随施氮量和追肥比例增加而下降,随种植密度增加而增加。各处理追施氮的转运效率高于基施氮,肥料氮的转运效率高于土壤氮,表明肥料氮特别是追施氮更易于向籽粒转运。植株花后氮素积累随施氮量和追肥比例的增加而增加,随种植密度的增加而下降,土壤氮是花后植株积累的主要来源。分析表明提高花后肥料氮积累量和土壤氮转运效率是进一步提高氮素利用的基础。
4.阐明了冬小麦根系生长特征及其与产量、氮素利用的关系。增加施氮量及追肥比例增加了0-20cm土层的根重比例,而降低了20cm土层以下的根重比例,而增加种植密度则呈相反趋势。总根长、根体积、根表面积均随施氮量的增加而增加,随追肥比例和种植密度的增加呈先增加后下降的趋势,但不同土层间表现趋势不一致。相关分析表明,增加根干重、总根长、根体积和根表面积均有利于提高产量和植株氮素积累。根系主要生长于0-20cm的上层土壤,其对植株氮素积累和产量的贡献率均最高。越冬期根系只扩增至0-20cm土层,因此前期根系生长不能吸收或截获更多土壤氮素,从而会导致拔节前较多的硝态氮素下移至根区以外及基施氮大量损失。在拔节至开花期,根系生长扩增迅速(峰值出现在开花期)特别根系主要集中在0-20cm的上层土壤,因此拔节期追施氮肥会迅速被植株吸收或被表层大量根系截获,因而追施氮比基施氮有较高的回收和残留,而损失较低。
综上所述,降低施氮量至225kghm-2、适当提高后期追肥比例至50%及适当提高种植密度至225×104hm-2,提高了小麦根系的生长发育,减少了土壤硝态氮的淋洗,提高了氮素的吸收利用及其向籽粒的分配、转运,降低了氮肥的损失,维持了土壤—小麦系统氮素平衡,进而有利于提高产量和氮素利用效率。
In Middle and Lower Yangtze River Basin in China, wheat and rice are intensively rotated. In wheat production, excessive nitrogen fertilizer together with inappropriate application methods led to low N use efficiency and high N losses through runoff, leaching, denitrification, and volatilization, resulting in a series of environment problems such as the water pollutions and greenhouse gas emissions. On the other hand, increased fertilizer input had increased production costs leading to lower net returns for farmers. Efficient N utilization should be realized in agriculture for environmental and economic reasons. For the efficient N utilization, it should be firstly clear on nitrogen dynamics and fates of fertilizer-N after application. So, field experiments and15N micro-plots experiments in four sequential growth seasons during2006-2010were conducted to study the effects of nitrogen applications and seeding rates on nitrogen balance in soil-wheat system, flow of fertilizer N, allocation and remobilization of nitrogen, root growth and development, grain yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency in winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.). Here are the main results:
1. This study made clear the regulation of soil inorganic nitrogen migration and apparent soil nitrogen budget. Nitrogen fertilizer application increased nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) in0-60cm soil layer and ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N)0-40cm soil layer; Soil inorganic nitrogen content increased with increasing of basal nitrogen rate before jointing and NO3--N would leach out60cm soil layer at jointing stage; soil inorganic nitrogen content increased with increasing of topdressing rate after jointing stage. At the same N level, seeding rate had little influence on soil inorganic nitrogen content, but soil inorganic nitrogen content decreased with increasing of seeding rate. Apparent nitrogen budget had evident stage, nitrogen surplus before jointing was the major nitrogen surplus. Through the whole growth stage, apparent nitrogen surplus amount increased with increasing of nitrogen rate and basal ratio, decreased first and then increased with increasing of seeding rate. At the same nitrogen rate, an appropriate topdressing rate and seeding rate decreased NO3--N leaching, maintained the balance in soil-wheat system.
2. Flow and balance of nitrogen(N) fertilizer during different growth stages were clarified. The ratio of recovery and soil residual decreased and loss increased significantly with nitrogen rate increasing; it had advantage to improve nitrogen fertilizer recovery and soil residual when topdressing ratio increasing appropriately. Under the same N level, nitrogen recovery increased, and soil residual and loss decreased with increasing of seeding rate appropriately. On average, the recovery and residual of topdressing nitrogen was higher significantly than basal nitrogen, but loss was opposite. The uptake and loss of basal nitrogen were the highest before jointing, and the uptake and loss of topdressing N were the highest in the duration from jointing to anthesis stage, and the stage uptake and loss amount increased with basal or topdressing rate. Loss of basal N before jointing was the major loss of fertilizer N. Both basal and topdressing N moved down to60-100cm soil layer, and the residual amount of basal or topdressing nitrogen increased with increasing of basal or topdressing rate, but mostly remained in the0-20cm soil layer. The residual amount of total fertilizer N in0-100cm soil layer increased with increasing nitrogen rate and topdressing ratio, decreased with increasing of seeding rate. On average, residual of topdressing N was higher than basal N significantly. At the same nitrogen rate, an appropriate topdressing rate and seeding rate improved nitrogen uptake, reduce nitrogen loss.
3. This study made clear the characteristic of nitrogen transfer and nitrogen metabolism. The results showed that accumulation rate of nitrogen from different sources reached the highest from jointing to anthesis. Distribution proportion of total nitrogen in grain decreased with increasing of nitrogen rate and topdressing ratio, increased with increasing of seeding rate, but distribution of nitrogen from different sources in different organs showed inconsistent. Remobilization of fertilizer N and soil N increased with increasing of nitrogen rate and seeding rate, increased first and then decreased with increasing of topdressing ratio. Remobilization efficiency and its contribution to grain nitrogen decreased with nitrogen rate and topdressing increasing, increased with seeding rate increasing. Remobilization efficiency of topdressing N was higher than basal N, fertilizer N was higher than soil N in all treatments. Post-anthesis nitrogen accumulation increased with increasing of nitrogen rate and topdressing ratio, but decreased with increasing of seeding rate, soil N was the major nitrogen accumulation after anthesis. Analysis showed the further research was to improve fertilizer N accumulation after anthesis and transfer efficiency of soil N.
4. This study expounded the regulation of root growth and its relationship with yield and nitrogen utilization in winter wheat. Root weight ratio increased in0-20cm soil layer and decreased below20cm soil layer with nitrogen rate and topdressing ratio, but there was an opposite tendency with increasing of seeding rate. Total root length, root volume and root surface area increased with increasing of nitrogen rate, and an appropriate topdressing ratio and seeding rate, but the tendency was different at different soil layer. The correlation analysis showed that there were significant positive correlation between root weight, root total length, root volume, root surface area and grain yield, nitrogen accumulation amount. Root growth decreased with the soil depth from the highest values in0-20cm soil layer, root in0-20cm soil layer had the highest contribution to nitrogen accumulation amount and grain yield. Root only proliferated to20cm soil layer at overwintering stage, which resulted in nitrate nitrogen leaching out root zone and great loss of basal N because root could not uptake or capture more nitrogen at earlier growth stage. The roots grew and proliferated rapidly in the duration from jointing to anthesis stage (appeared peak value at anthesis a stage), especially in upper soil layer. As a result, topdressing N at jointing would be absorbed rapidly by plant or intercepted by the major root growth in upper soil layer. So, topdressing N had higher recovery and residual but lower loss than basal N.
In conclusion, it had advantage to improve root growth, reduce loss of NO3--N leaching, increase nitrogen uptake and allocation, remobilization to grain, decrease loss of fertilizer N, maintain nitrogen balance in soil-wheat system, and then enhance yield and, nitrogen utilization efficiency when nitrogen rate was reduced to225kg hm-2and topdressing ratio was increased to50%and seeding rate were increased to225×104hm-2appropriately.
引文
1. 林葆,林继雄,李家康.长期施肥的作物产量和土壤肥力的变化[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1994,1：6-18.
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