不同地下水埋深下土壤水肥利用效率试验与模拟评价
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摘要
目前农田灌溉中的水肥利用效率及化肥淋失污染是农业水土工程研究中的重要问题之一,本文以内蒙古河套灌区主要粮食作物为研究对象,在巴彦淖尔市临河曙光试验站地中渗透仪试验场进行了不同地下水埋深条件下河套灌区现有灌溉制度、施肥制度中水肥利用效率和作物生长性状影响的对比研究,运用SWAP模型对葵花田间水量平衡分量进行模拟,对不同地下水埋深条件下、不同时期灌水的有效性进行了评价,取得以下主要研究成果和结论:
(1)分析了不同地下水埋深下灌水对地下水的补给、利用量及作物生物性状(株高、叶面积指数)、产量的影响,得出在埋深为1.5-2.0m时植株株高、叶面积指数、产量等指标相对较高,随着埋深的增大,呈逐渐降低的趋势。使作物在不同阶段所受影响的程度有了直观的反应。
(2)不同地下水埋深下的土壤含水率随着灌水的变化而变化,且对表层土壤的影响较显著;整个生育期内,埋深为1.5、2.0m土壤含水率高于埋深为2.5、3.0m处,地下水埋深较小时有利于作物的生长,此时蒸渗仪测桶有一定的返盐、积盐作用,所以地下水埋深不能太高,适宜的地下水埋深应在2.0m左右。
(3)整个生育期内,对土壤中的硝态氮含量进行监测,得出施肥是硝态氮含量增加的主要原因;灌水对土壤中的硝态氮有淋洗作用;靠近地下水水位时硝态氮含量较低,且硝态氮含量主要分布在根系层,土壤在40-60cm处含量最高。
(4)利用2007年葵花实测数据对SWAP模型进行水分运移参数的率定,并用2008年的实测葵花含水率数据进行检验,结果表明模拟效果理想,模拟得出了不同埋深下土壤中的水分平衡关系,对灌水进行有效性评价,得出葵花地下水埋深为1.5m、2.0m时灌水效率较高,地下水埋深为2.5m、3.0m时较低。
At present, the utilization efficiency of water、fertilizer and chemical fertilizer pollution is one of the important problems in the agricultural water and soil engineering research. The major crops in Hetao Irrigation District were selected studying objective in this paper. The Influence of existing irrigation schedule and fertilizing scheme of main crops on utilization efficiency of soil water, fertilizer and crops growth characters under different water lever in the lysimeters located in Shuguang Irrigation Experiment Station of Bayannaor. Then, the SWAP model was applied for simulating water balance of sunflower to evaluate efficiency of irrigation water. At last, the main results and conclusions are following:
(1)Analyzing the different ground water burying depth to ground water supplies、the using、the crops biology natural character target (crop high、leaf area index) and the yield influence. the plant high、leaf targets、yield are relatively high in the burying depth of 1.5-2.0m,along with burying depth enlargement reduced gradually. Which have an direct-viewing response on the crops different period affects.
(2)The soil moisture content along with the change of the irrigation under different groundwater buried depth, And is remarkable to the surface layer soil's influence; In the entire period of duration, the moisture content of 1.5、2.0m burying depth are higher than the2.5、3.0m burying depth;The ground water burying depth is small when is advantageous in crops' growth, at the same time the steams infiltrates barrel return salty certainly, so the suitable ground water burying depth is about 2.0m.
(3)In the entire period of duration, Carries on the monitor to the soil nitric nitrogen content, we will obtain fertilizer is the primary cause the nitric nitrogen content increases; The ground water have the drip washing function to soil nitric nitrogen; When approaches the water level surface the nitric nitrogen content are few, and the nitric nitrogen content mainly distributes in the root system level, the content is highest in the soil burying depth 40-60cm.
(4)Using the sunflower actual moisture content data of 2007 to the SWAP model carries on the moisture content migration parameter to rating and determining, and carries on the caliberation with 2008 measured data, the simulation effect are very ideal. Which obtatin the soil water balance relations under the different burying depth, and carries on the valid appraisal to irrigation,The higher irrigation efficience are 1.5m and 2.0m buryed depth, the lower are 2.5m and 3.0m buryed depth.
(1)分析了不同地下水埋深下灌水对地下水的补给、利用量及作物生物性状(株高、叶面积指数)、产量的影响,得出在埋深为1.5-2.0m时植株株高、叶面积指数、产量等指标相对较高,随着埋深的增大,呈逐渐降低的趋势。使作物在不同阶段所受影响的程度有了直观的反应。
(2)不同地下水埋深下的土壤含水率随着灌水的变化而变化,且对表层土壤的影响较显著;整个生育期内,埋深为1.5、2.0m土壤含水率高于埋深为2.5、3.0m处,地下水埋深较小时有利于作物的生长,此时蒸渗仪测桶有一定的返盐、积盐作用,所以地下水埋深不能太高,适宜的地下水埋深应在2.0m左右。
(3)整个生育期内,对土壤中的硝态氮含量进行监测,得出施肥是硝态氮含量增加的主要原因;灌水对土壤中的硝态氮有淋洗作用;靠近地下水水位时硝态氮含量较低,且硝态氮含量主要分布在根系层,土壤在40-60cm处含量最高。
(4)利用2007年葵花实测数据对SWAP模型进行水分运移参数的率定,并用2008年的实测葵花含水率数据进行检验,结果表明模拟效果理想,模拟得出了不同埋深下土壤中的水分平衡关系,对灌水进行有效性评价,得出葵花地下水埋深为1.5m、2.0m时灌水效率较高,地下水埋深为2.5m、3.0m时较低。
At present, the utilization efficiency of water、fertilizer and chemical fertilizer pollution is one of the important problems in the agricultural water and soil engineering research. The major crops in Hetao Irrigation District were selected studying objective in this paper. The Influence of existing irrigation schedule and fertilizing scheme of main crops on utilization efficiency of soil water, fertilizer and crops growth characters under different water lever in the lysimeters located in Shuguang Irrigation Experiment Station of Bayannaor. Then, the SWAP model was applied for simulating water balance of sunflower to evaluate efficiency of irrigation water. At last, the main results and conclusions are following:
(1)Analyzing the different ground water burying depth to ground water supplies、the using、the crops biology natural character target (crop high、leaf area index) and the yield influence. the plant high、leaf targets、yield are relatively high in the burying depth of 1.5-2.0m,along with burying depth enlargement reduced gradually. Which have an direct-viewing response on the crops different period affects.
(2)The soil moisture content along with the change of the irrigation under different groundwater buried depth, And is remarkable to the surface layer soil's influence; In the entire period of duration, the moisture content of 1.5、2.0m burying depth are higher than the2.5、3.0m burying depth;The ground water burying depth is small when is advantageous in crops' growth, at the same time the steams infiltrates barrel return salty certainly, so the suitable ground water burying depth is about 2.0m.
(3)In the entire period of duration, Carries on the monitor to the soil nitric nitrogen content, we will obtain fertilizer is the primary cause the nitric nitrogen content increases; The ground water have the drip washing function to soil nitric nitrogen; When approaches the water level surface the nitric nitrogen content are few, and the nitric nitrogen content mainly distributes in the root system level, the content is highest in the soil burying depth 40-60cm.
(4)Using the sunflower actual moisture content data of 2007 to the SWAP model carries on the moisture content migration parameter to rating and determining, and carries on the caliberation with 2008 measured data, the simulation effect are very ideal. Which obtatin the soil water balance relations under the different burying depth, and carries on the valid appraisal to irrigation,The higher irrigation efficience are 1.5m and 2.0m buryed depth, the lower are 2.5m and 3.0m buryed depth.
引文
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23齐学斌,亢连强,李平等.不同潜水埋深污水灌溉硝态氮运移试验研究[J].中国农学通报,2007,23(10):188-196.
24亢连强,齐学斌,马耀光等。地下水埋深对再生水灌溉的夏玉米生长影响[J].灌溉排水.2005(5)43-46.
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2郭占荣,刘花台,西北内陆盆地天然植被的地下水生态埋深[J],干旱区资源与环境,2005,19(3):157-161.
3赵正宜,王东阁.地下水埋深与水稻产量[J].灌溉排水,1986,5(4):38-41.
4孙国义,杨中泽,申金道等.淮北地区小麦耐渍防旱的适宜地下水位[J].灌排息,1991,(2):57-61.
5刘昌明.自然地理界面过程与水文界面分析.见:自然地理综合研究-黄秉维学术思想探讨.中国科学院地理研究所编.北京:气象出版社.1993,19-28.
6 Namken W S,Wiegand C L and Brown R G.Water use by cotton from low and moderately saline static water tables[J]. Agronomy Journal.1969,61(2):305-310.
7 Doorrnbos J and Pruitt W O. Guidelines for predicting crop water requirements[J], FAO irrigation and drainage paper No. 24.Rome,Italy,1977.
8 Benz L C, Doering EJ and Reichman GA, Alfalfa yields and evapotranspiration response to static water tables and irrigation[J], Transactions of the ASAE, 1985,28(4):1178-1185.
9 Kruse EG, Champion D F ,Vueval D L,Yoder R E and Young D. Crop water use form shallow, saline water tables[J],Transactions of the ASAE,1993,36(3):697-707.
10王元华.小麦适宜地下水位试验[J].土壤学报,1994,31(4):439-446.
11张蔚榛,张瑜芳.有关农田排水标准研究的几个问题[J].灌溉排水,1994,13(1):1-6.
12沈荣开.对内蒙古河套引黄灌区续建配套节水改造规划中几个问题的认识[J],中国农村水利水电,2000(4):3-4.
13杨建锋,万书勤.地下水对作物生长影响研究[J].节水灌溉,2002(2):36-38.
14王永林.冬小麦适宜地下水位及控制指标[J].中国农村水利水电,1995 (6):11-13.
15巴比江,郑大玮,卡热玛·哈木提等.地下水埋深对春玉米田土壤水分及产量的影响[J].水上保持学报,2004,18(3):57-60.
16李志军,张富仓,康绍忠等.不同潜水埋深条件下的农田土壤水分动态试验研究[J].水利与建筑工程学报,2005,3(4):21-23.
17王晓红,侯浩波.浅地下水对作物生长规律的影响研究[J],灌溉排水学报,2006,25(3),13-17.
18郭枫,郭相平等.地下水埋深对作物的影响研究现状[J].中国农村水利水电,2008,(1):63-66.
19查贵锋.再生水灌溉条件下水氮利用效率与氮素迁移转化规律的研究[D],中国农业大学硕士学位论文,2003.
20武晓峰,谢森传.冬小麦田间根层氮素迁移转化规律研究[J].灌溉排水,1996,15(4):10-15.
21黄冠华,杨建国,黄权中污水灌溉对草坪土壤与植株氮含量影响的试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2002.18(3):22-25.
22冯兆忠,王效科,冯宗炜.河套灌区秋浇对不同类型农田土壤氮素淋失的影响[J].生态学报,2003,23(10):2027-2032.
23齐学斌,亢连强,李平等.不同潜水埋深污水灌溉硝态氮运移试验研究[J].中国农学通报,2007,23(10):188-196.
24亢连强,齐学斌,马耀光等。地下水埋深对再生水灌溉的夏玉米生长影响[J].灌溉排水.2005(5)43-46.
25李平.不同潜水埋深污水灌溉氮素运移试验研究[D].中国农业科学研究院硕士学位论文,2007.
26 Cacazza L , Pissa P R. Effect of watertable depth and waterlogging on crop yield[J].Agricultural Water Management ,1988 ,14 4 :29-34.
27 Carbon F, Girard G, Ledoux E. Modeling of nitrogen cycle in farm land areas[J] .Fertilizer Research, 1991, 27: 161-169.
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