广州市土地生态系统服务价值分析与评价
摘要
生态系统服务包括生态系统提供的人类生活必需的生态产品和保证人类生活质量的生态功能这两部分。而土地是各种陆地生态系统的载体,研究不同区域土地利用类型变化引起的生态系统服务功能的变化,可为决策者提供更有效的信息,对于促进区域生态环境保护和可持续发展有重要意义。
本文结合广州市1999～2008年的土地利用和经济发展的实际情况,对中国陆地生态系统服务价值各参数进行相应的调整,估算出广州市各用地类型的单位生态服务价值,作为广州市生态系统服务价值指数,从时间和空间上分别计算广州市土地利用变化所引起的生态系统服务价值的变化。通过相关性和敏感性分析,定量揭示了广州市生态系统服务价值与社会经济发展之间的关系。
本文的主要结论如下:
(1)从不同土地生态系统服务功能价值指数来看,湿地的生态服务功能最高,其次是农田生态系统,森林生态系统在水源涵养,气候调节方面具有较高的服务价值,但其总的生态服务价值却低于湿地和农田生态系统,居民点及工矿用地所产生的负生态效益为-1936Yuan/hm2。
(2)1999～2008年广州市生态服务价值与土地利用变化总特点为:土地利用结构变化导致了生态服务价值的持续下降。虽然近几年林地和湿地的面积有所增加,但它们增加的生态服务价值无法弥补耕地减少所带来的生态服务价值的损失,从而难以遏制整个系统生态服务价值下降的趋势。
(3)1999～2008年广州市生态系统服务价值的空间分布特点为:随着离中心城区距离的增加,土地生态服务价值呈增加趋势。从各类土地生态系统所占比重来看,海珠区和番禺市的湿地服务价值所占比重较大;从化市、增城市、花都市和白云区的森林生态服务价值比重较大;而各区域农田生态价值所占比重普遍不高。
(4)从生态系统服务价值与经济社会发展的相关关系看,1999～2008年广州市生态服务总价值与总人口、GDP、城市化水平呈现出极为显著的负相关关系,而土地生态服务价值又表现出对社会经济发展因素缺乏敏感性,说明社会经济发展的增长在短期内不会对生态资源造成较大影响,根据环境库兹涅茨曲线理论,随着经济发展到一定阶段,即GDP达到9100×108Yuan,年末常住人口数量达到1070.5万人时,广州市的土地生态服务价值开始出现转折点,生态服务价值开始提高,因此,我们必须把生态资源保护和生态环境建设作为一项长期的,系统的工程来看待。
基于以上研究,从各类土地提供的不同生态服务特点和区域实际,提出广州市生态服务价值可持续发展的土地利用结构调整基本方针和基本思想,以促进广州市土地利用系统维持可持续发展。
Ecosystem service includes the necessary eco-products and ecological functions ensuring the life quality. The land is the carrier of variety of terrestrial ecosystems,doing research on ecosystem service changed under land use changes can be provide more useful information and choose proper policy of land use for the sustainable development of economic for policy makers; For mankind to promote regional eco-environmental protection and sustainable development of economic society have an important meaning.
This paper based on the present changes of land use and the theoretical study of ecosystem services, linked to the actual situation of land use and economic develop during from 1999 to 2008 in Guangzhou, modified the parameter, and calculated the unit ecosystem service value of different types land as the index of ecosystem services value of Guangzhou. The functions of Guangzhou ecosystem under land use changes are evaluated spatially and temporally. We also analyzed by correlation and sensitivity to reveal the relationship between the changes of ecosystem services value and the social economic impact factors quantitatively. Basing the study, we advance the goal and measure of land use structure regulate for sustainable development of ecosystem.The main results are as follows:
(1) From the index of different kinds of land, wetland is the highest, the next is agro-ecosystem; forest-ecosystem has the highest service value on water conservation and climate condition, but its total service value is lower than the others; The negative service value of residential and industrial mines land is -1936Yuan/hm2.
(2) The total characteristics of land use system and its ecosystem service value are as follows: the changes in structure of land use lead the decline of ecosystem service value. Although the area of forest and wetland is increasing, it can not make up the decline of plantation, it also can not prevent the decline of total ecosystem service value consequently.
(3)The spatial characteristics of land ecosystem service value are with the increasing of distance from central country, the service value also increasing. From the proportion of different ecosystem services, Haizhu region and Panyu region have high ratio on wetland; the district of Conghua, Huadu, Zengcheng and Baiyun have high ratio on forest. The ratio on plantation is lower in every region commonly.
(4) From the relationship between ecosystem service value and the social economic development, the changes of ecosystem services value in Guangzhou province had an obvious negative correlation but lack sensitivity with the total population amount, GDP and the urbanization level, which meant that socio-economic development had weak influence on the environment in short time. According to the theory of environmental Kuznets curve, we conclude that with the economic society developed to a stage when GDP reached 910000 million and the total population reached 10705 thousand. The ecosystem service value have been located in a turning point, the value of ecosystem service have increasing. Therefore, we must put the work of ecological resource protection and ecological surroundings instruction as a long and systemic project.
Basing these studies, from the characters of different land ecological services and actual situation in Guangzhou, the policy and thought for sustainable development of region ecosystem service value about land use structure are advanced.
本文结合广州市1999～2008年的土地利用和经济发展的实际情况,对中国陆地生态系统服务价值各参数进行相应的调整,估算出广州市各用地类型的单位生态服务价值,作为广州市生态系统服务价值指数,从时间和空间上分别计算广州市土地利用变化所引起的生态系统服务价值的变化。通过相关性和敏感性分析,定量揭示了广州市生态系统服务价值与社会经济发展之间的关系。
本文的主要结论如下:
(1)从不同土地生态系统服务功能价值指数来看,湿地的生态服务功能最高,其次是农田生态系统,森林生态系统在水源涵养,气候调节方面具有较高的服务价值,但其总的生态服务价值却低于湿地和农田生态系统,居民点及工矿用地所产生的负生态效益为-1936Yuan/hm2。
(2)1999～2008年广州市生态服务价值与土地利用变化总特点为:土地利用结构变化导致了生态服务价值的持续下降。虽然近几年林地和湿地的面积有所增加,但它们增加的生态服务价值无法弥补耕地减少所带来的生态服务价值的损失,从而难以遏制整个系统生态服务价值下降的趋势。
(3)1999～2008年广州市生态系统服务价值的空间分布特点为:随着离中心城区距离的增加,土地生态服务价值呈增加趋势。从各类土地生态系统所占比重来看,海珠区和番禺市的湿地服务价值所占比重较大;从化市、增城市、花都市和白云区的森林生态服务价值比重较大;而各区域农田生态价值所占比重普遍不高。
(4)从生态系统服务价值与经济社会发展的相关关系看,1999～2008年广州市生态服务总价值与总人口、GDP、城市化水平呈现出极为显著的负相关关系,而土地生态服务价值又表现出对社会经济发展因素缺乏敏感性,说明社会经济发展的增长在短期内不会对生态资源造成较大影响,根据环境库兹涅茨曲线理论,随着经济发展到一定阶段,即GDP达到9100×108Yuan,年末常住人口数量达到1070.5万人时,广州市的土地生态服务价值开始出现转折点,生态服务价值开始提高,因此,我们必须把生态资源保护和生态环境建设作为一项长期的,系统的工程来看待。
基于以上研究,从各类土地提供的不同生态服务特点和区域实际,提出广州市生态服务价值可持续发展的土地利用结构调整基本方针和基本思想,以促进广州市土地利用系统维持可持续发展。
Ecosystem service includes the necessary eco-products and ecological functions ensuring the life quality. The land is the carrier of variety of terrestrial ecosystems,doing research on ecosystem service changed under land use changes can be provide more useful information and choose proper policy of land use for the sustainable development of economic for policy makers; For mankind to promote regional eco-environmental protection and sustainable development of economic society have an important meaning.
This paper based on the present changes of land use and the theoretical study of ecosystem services, linked to the actual situation of land use and economic develop during from 1999 to 2008 in Guangzhou, modified the parameter, and calculated the unit ecosystem service value of different types land as the index of ecosystem services value of Guangzhou. The functions of Guangzhou ecosystem under land use changes are evaluated spatially and temporally. We also analyzed by correlation and sensitivity to reveal the relationship between the changes of ecosystem services value and the social economic impact factors quantitatively. Basing the study, we advance the goal and measure of land use structure regulate for sustainable development of ecosystem.The main results are as follows:
(1) From the index of different kinds of land, wetland is the highest, the next is agro-ecosystem; forest-ecosystem has the highest service value on water conservation and climate condition, but its total service value is lower than the others; The negative service value of residential and industrial mines land is -1936Yuan/hm2.
(2) The total characteristics of land use system and its ecosystem service value are as follows: the changes in structure of land use lead the decline of ecosystem service value. Although the area of forest and wetland is increasing, it can not make up the decline of plantation, it also can not prevent the decline of total ecosystem service value consequently.
(3)The spatial characteristics of land ecosystem service value are with the increasing of distance from central country, the service value also increasing. From the proportion of different ecosystem services, Haizhu region and Panyu region have high ratio on wetland; the district of Conghua, Huadu, Zengcheng and Baiyun have high ratio on forest. The ratio on plantation is lower in every region commonly.
(4) From the relationship between ecosystem service value and the social economic development, the changes of ecosystem services value in Guangzhou province had an obvious negative correlation but lack sensitivity with the total population amount, GDP and the urbanization level, which meant that socio-economic development had weak influence on the environment in short time. According to the theory of environmental Kuznets curve, we conclude that with the economic society developed to a stage when GDP reached 910000 million and the total population reached 10705 thousand. The ecosystem service value have been located in a turning point, the value of ecosystem service have increasing. Therefore, we must put the work of ecological resource protection and ecological surroundings instruction as a long and systemic project.
Basing these studies, from the characters of different land ecological services and actual situation in Guangzhou, the policy and thought for sustainable development of region ecosystem service value about land use structure are advanced.
引文
[1]赵军,杨凯.生态系统服务价值评估研究进展[J].生态学报,2007,1(27):346～356.
[2]李文华.生态系统服务功能价值评估的理论、方法与应用[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社, 2008
[3] Study of Critical Environmental Problems. Man’s Impact on the Global Environment[R]. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1970.
[4] Holdren J P., Ehrlich P R. Human population and the global environment [J]. American Scientist, 1974.62:282～292.
[5] Ehrlich P R, Mooney H A. Extinction, substitution and ecosystem services [J]. Bioscience, 1983.33(4):248～252.
[6] Westman W E. How much are nature’s services worth[J]. Science, 1977, 197: 960.
[7] Ehrlich P R, Ehrlich A H. Extinction: the Causes and Consequences of the Disappearance of Species [M]. New York: Random House, 1981.
[8] Sehulze E, D and Mooney, H. Biodiversity and ecosystem function [M]. Springer-Varian, Berlin, 1993.
[9] Tilman D. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Daily GC. Nature services; societal dependence and natural ecosystems [M]. Island Press, Washington, DC, 1997:91～93.
[10] Daily G.Nature’s Service:Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems [M]. Washington DC:Island Press,1997.
[11] Costanza R,d’Arge R,Groot RS,et al.The Value of the World’s ecosystem Services and Natural Capital[J].Nature,1997,386:253～260
[12] Kreuter U.P., Harris H.G., Matlock M.D.et al. Change in ecosystem service values in the San Antonio area, Texas [J].Ecological Economics, 2001, 39(3):333～346.
[13] Sutton P., Costanza R.Global estimates of market and non-market values derived from nighttime satellite imagery, land cover, and ecosystem service valuation [J]. Ecological Economics, 2002, 41(3): 509～527.
[14] Tobias D, Mendelsohn R. Valuing ecotourism in a tropical rainforest reserve [J]. Ambio,1991,20:91～93.
[15] Andrew, Farber S, Accounting for the value of ecosystem services [J]. Eeol-Eeon, 2000, 41:421～429.
[16] Boumans, R., et al., Modeling the dynamics of the integrated earth system and the value of global ecosystem services using the GUMBO model [J]. Ecological Economics,2002. 41(3):529～560.
[17] Matero, J. and O. Saastamoinen, In search of marginal environmental valuations: ecosystem services in Finnish forest accounting [J]. Ecological Economics, 2007. 61(1):101～114.
[18] Barbier EB, Burgess JC, Markandya A. The economies of tropical deforestation [J]. Ambio, l99l, 20(2):55～58.
[19] Sala OE, Paruelo JM. Ecosystem services in grass lands in Daily GC Nature’s Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems [J]. Washington DC: Island Press, 1997:237～254.
[20] Konarska, K.M., P.C. Sutton and M. Castellon, Evaluating scale dependence of ecosystem service valuation: a comparison of NOAA-AVHRR and Landsat TM datasets[J]. Ecological Economics, 2002. 41(3):491～507.
[21]欧阳志云,王如松.生态系统服务功能、生态价值与可持续发展[J].世界科技研究与发展,2000,22(5):45～50.
[22]谢高地,鲁春霞,冷允法,等.青藏高原生态资产的价值评估[J].自然资源学报, 2003,18(02):189～196.
[23]杨志新,郑大玮,文化.北京郊区农田生态系统服务功能价值的评估研究[J].自然资源学报,2005,20(4):564～571.
[24]谢高地,张钇锂,鲁春霞,等.中国自然草地生态系统服务价值[J].自然资源学报.2001,16(1):47～53.
[25]赵同谦,欧阳志云,贾良清,等.中国草地生态系统服务功能间接价值评价[J].生态学报.2004,24(6):1101～1110.
[26]靳芳,鲁绍伟,余新晓,等.中国森林生态系统服务功能及其价值评价[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(8):1531～1536.
[27]庄大昌,杨青生.广州市城市湿地生态系统服务功能价值评估[J].热带地理, 2009(05):407～411.
[28]宗跃光,陈红春,郭瑞华,等.地域生态系统服务功能的价值结构分析——以宁夏灵武市为例[J].地理研究.2000,2(19):148～154
[29]夏丽华,宋梦.经济发达地区城市生态服务功能的研究[J].广州大学学报(自然科学版),2002,1(3):71～74
[30]肖玉,谢高地,安凯,莽措湖流域生态系统服务功能经济价值变化研究[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(5):676～680.
[31]王宗明,张树清,张柏.土地利用变化对三江平原生态系统服务价值的影响[J].中国环境科学,2004,24(l):125～128.
[32]王新华,张志强.黑河流域土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响[J].生态环境,2004,13(4):608～611.
[33]陈强,陈正江,张兴国,等.基于RS/GIS的艾比湖沿岸绿洲生态系统服务功能价值及其演变[J].水土保持通报,2005,25(2):79～82.
[34]沈叶琴,李凤全,叶玮,等.土地利用变化对浙江生态系统服务价值的影响[J].资源开发与市场,2005,21(5):412～415.
[35]蔡银莺,李晓云,张安录.农地城市流转对区域生态系统服务价值的影响——以大连市为例[J].农业现代化研究,2005,26(3):186～189.
[36]蔡邦成,陆根法,宋莉娟,等.土地利用变化对昆山生态系统服务价值的影响[J].生态学报,2006,26(9):3005～3010.
[37]薛达元,包浩生,李文华.长白山自然保护区森林生态系统间接经济价值评估[J].中国环境科学,1999,19(3):247～252.
[38]高云峰,姜文涛.北京市山区森林资源价值评价[J].中国农村经济,2005,(7):19～29.
[39]张志强,徐中民,程国栋,等.黑河流域张掖地区生态系统服务恢复的条件价值评估[J].生态学报,2002,22(6):885～893.
[40]王璐,杨洁,胡月明,等.广州市土地利用生态服务价值测算研究[J].水土保持通报,2009,4(29):229～234.
[41]徐中民,张志强,龙爱华,等.额济纳旗生态系统服务恢复价值评估方法的比较与应用[J].生态学报,2003,23(9):1841～1850.
[42]段瑞娟,北京土地利用系统的生态服务价值变化研究[D]. 2006,中国农业大学.
[43]胡聃,张艳萍,等.北京城市生态系统总体资产动态及其与城市发展关系[J].生态学报,2006,26(7):2207～2218.
[44]周飞,陈士银,钟来元,等.区域土地利用与生态系统服务价值变化研究[J].农业系统科学与综合研究, 2007,23(04):394～398.
[45]陈新,陈秋林,区域土地利用与生态系统服务价值变化研究——以湖南省道县为例[J].资源环境与工程, 2009,23(03):339～343.
[46]莫宏伟,李朝奎,林剑,等.湘潭市土地生态价值及生态风险动态研究[J].湖南农业科学, 2009(06):82～84.
[47]李文楷,李天宏,钱征寒,深圳市土地利用变化对生态服务功能的影响[J].自然资源学报, 2008. 23(3):440～446.
[48]叶延琼,章家恩,广州市土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响研究[J].生态科学, 2008,27(02):119～123.
[50]屈少科,河南省土地生态系统服务价值研究[D].2008,河南大学.
[51]刘伟,西安市LUCC预测和优化配置研究及其生态服务价值损失[D].2006,西安建筑科技大学.
[52]岳书平,东北样带土地利用变化对生态服务价值的影响[J].地理学报,2007. 62(8):879～886.
[53]樊风雷,珠江三角洲核心区域土地利用时空变化遥感监测及其生态环境效应研究[D].2007,中国科学院研究生院(广州地球化学研究所)
[54]张耿杰,平朔矿区生态服务功能价值评估研究[D]. 2009,中国地质大学(北京)
[55]王建强,半干旱地区县域土地利用生态系统服务功能价值估算[D].2009,内蒙古师范大学.
[56]万利,城乡交错带土地利用变化的生态环境影响研究[D].2009,中国农业科学院.
[57]秦泗刚,城市边缘区土地利用变化及其生态环境效应[D].2005,西北大学.
[58]广州市统计局,广州市统计年鉴[M].中国统计出版社,2009.
[59]广州市城市绿地系统规划办公室,广州市城市绿地系统规划[R].2001,27,2.
[60]中国科学院建设部山城镇与区域环境研究中心,广州市生态区划政策指导——番禺片区生态廊道控制性规划[R],2004,5～8,29～32.
[61]肖寒.区域生态系统服务功能形成机制与评价方法研究[D].2001,北京:中国科学院生态环境研究中心.
[62]郭庆荣,钟继洪,谭军,高淑涛.南亚热带丘陵赤红壤水分问题探讨[J].农业现代化研究,2004,25(4):302～320.
[63]全斌,陈健飞,郭成达.福建赤红壤、红壤旱地土壤水库容状况及水分问题研究[J].土壤通报,2002,33(2):96～99.
[64]康文星,郭清和,何介南,等.广州城市森林涵养水源、固土保肥的功能及价值分析[J].林业科学, 2008(01):19～25.
[65]孙新章,周海林,谢高地.中国农田生态系统的服务功能及其经济价值[J].中国人口.资源与环境.2007,17(4):55～60
[66]谢高地,肖玉,甄霖等.我国粮食生产的生态服务价值研究[J].中国生态农业学报.2005,13(3):10～13.
[67]郭清和.广州市城市森林服务功能及价值研究[D].2005,湖南省长沙市中南林学院生命科学与技术学院
[68]马新辉,孙根年,任志远.西安市植被净化大气物质量的测定及其价值评价[J].干旱区资源与环境,2002,16(4):83～86.
[69]张秀梅、李景平.城市污染环境中适生树种滞尘能力研究[J],环境科学动态,2001,(2):27～30.
[70]中华人民共和国林业部.全国湿地资源调查与监测技术规程.林护自字[1997]101号[Z].北京, 1997.
[71]广东省林业调查规划院.广州市湿地资源调查报告[R].广州, 2006.
[72]沈满洪.论环境经济手段[J].经济研究,1997(10):102～107.
[73] Daily G C, et al. Ecosystem service: Benefits supplied to human societies by natural ecosystems[R].1999.
[74]王金南.环境经济学:理论.方法.政策[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1994.
[75]任志远,张艳芳等.土地利用变化与生态安全评价[M].北京:科学出版社,2003.
[76] Ledoux L,Turner, R K.Valuing ocean and coastal resources: A review of practical examples and issues for further action[J].Ocean & Coastal Management,2002,45:583～616.
[77]李春生,王翊,庄大昌等.经济发达城市经济增长与环境污染关系分析[J].系统工程,2006(24):63～66.
[78]高鸿业.西方经济学微观部分(第四版)[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社, 2007.
[2]李文华.生态系统服务功能价值评估的理论、方法与应用[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社, 2008
[3] Study of Critical Environmental Problems. Man’s Impact on the Global Environment[R]. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1970.
[4] Holdren J P., Ehrlich P R. Human population and the global environment [J]. American Scientist, 1974.62:282～292.
[5] Ehrlich P R, Mooney H A. Extinction, substitution and ecosystem services [J]. Bioscience, 1983.33(4):248～252.
[6] Westman W E. How much are nature’s services worth[J]. Science, 1977, 197: 960.
[7] Ehrlich P R, Ehrlich A H. Extinction: the Causes and Consequences of the Disappearance of Species [M]. New York: Random House, 1981.
[8] Sehulze E, D and Mooney, H. Biodiversity and ecosystem function [M]. Springer-Varian, Berlin, 1993.
[9] Tilman D. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Daily GC. Nature services; societal dependence and natural ecosystems [M]. Island Press, Washington, DC, 1997:91～93.
[10] Daily G.Nature’s Service:Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems [M]. Washington DC:Island Press,1997.
[11] Costanza R,d’Arge R,Groot RS,et al.The Value of the World’s ecosystem Services and Natural Capital[J].Nature,1997,386:253～260
[12] Kreuter U.P., Harris H.G., Matlock M.D.et al. Change in ecosystem service values in the San Antonio area, Texas [J].Ecological Economics, 2001, 39(3):333～346.
[13] Sutton P., Costanza R.Global estimates of market and non-market values derived from nighttime satellite imagery, land cover, and ecosystem service valuation [J]. Ecological Economics, 2002, 41(3): 509～527.
[14] Tobias D, Mendelsohn R. Valuing ecotourism in a tropical rainforest reserve [J]. Ambio,1991,20:91～93.
[15] Andrew, Farber S, Accounting for the value of ecosystem services [J]. Eeol-Eeon, 2000, 41:421～429.
[16] Boumans, R., et al., Modeling the dynamics of the integrated earth system and the value of global ecosystem services using the GUMBO model [J]. Ecological Economics,2002. 41(3):529～560.
[17] Matero, J. and O. Saastamoinen, In search of marginal environmental valuations: ecosystem services in Finnish forest accounting [J]. Ecological Economics, 2007. 61(1):101～114.
[18] Barbier EB, Burgess JC, Markandya A. The economies of tropical deforestation [J]. Ambio, l99l, 20(2):55～58.
[19] Sala OE, Paruelo JM. Ecosystem services in grass lands in Daily GC Nature’s Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems [J]. Washington DC: Island Press, 1997:237～254.
[20] Konarska, K.M., P.C. Sutton and M. Castellon, Evaluating scale dependence of ecosystem service valuation: a comparison of NOAA-AVHRR and Landsat TM datasets[J]. Ecological Economics, 2002. 41(3):491～507.
[21]欧阳志云,王如松.生态系统服务功能、生态价值与可持续发展[J].世界科技研究与发展,2000,22(5):45～50.
[22]谢高地,鲁春霞,冷允法,等.青藏高原生态资产的价值评估[J].自然资源学报, 2003,18(02):189～196.
[23]杨志新,郑大玮,文化.北京郊区农田生态系统服务功能价值的评估研究[J].自然资源学报,2005,20(4):564～571.
[24]谢高地,张钇锂,鲁春霞,等.中国自然草地生态系统服务价值[J].自然资源学报.2001,16(1):47～53.
[25]赵同谦,欧阳志云,贾良清,等.中国草地生态系统服务功能间接价值评价[J].生态学报.2004,24(6):1101～1110.
[26]靳芳,鲁绍伟,余新晓,等.中国森林生态系统服务功能及其价值评价[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(8):1531～1536.
[27]庄大昌,杨青生.广州市城市湿地生态系统服务功能价值评估[J].热带地理, 2009(05):407～411.
[28]宗跃光,陈红春,郭瑞华,等.地域生态系统服务功能的价值结构分析——以宁夏灵武市为例[J].地理研究.2000,2(19):148～154
[29]夏丽华,宋梦.经济发达地区城市生态服务功能的研究[J].广州大学学报(自然科学版),2002,1(3):71～74
[30]肖玉,谢高地,安凯,莽措湖流域生态系统服务功能经济价值变化研究[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(5):676～680.
[31]王宗明,张树清,张柏.土地利用变化对三江平原生态系统服务价值的影响[J].中国环境科学,2004,24(l):125～128.
[32]王新华,张志强.黑河流域土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响[J].生态环境,2004,13(4):608～611.
[33]陈强,陈正江,张兴国,等.基于RS/GIS的艾比湖沿岸绿洲生态系统服务功能价值及其演变[J].水土保持通报,2005,25(2):79～82.
[34]沈叶琴,李凤全,叶玮,等.土地利用变化对浙江生态系统服务价值的影响[J].资源开发与市场,2005,21(5):412～415.
[35]蔡银莺,李晓云,张安录.农地城市流转对区域生态系统服务价值的影响——以大连市为例[J].农业现代化研究,2005,26(3):186～189.
[36]蔡邦成,陆根法,宋莉娟,等.土地利用变化对昆山生态系统服务价值的影响[J].生态学报,2006,26(9):3005～3010.
[37]薛达元,包浩生,李文华.长白山自然保护区森林生态系统间接经济价值评估[J].中国环境科学,1999,19(3):247～252.
[38]高云峰,姜文涛.北京市山区森林资源价值评价[J].中国农村经济,2005,(7):19～29.
[39]张志强,徐中民,程国栋,等.黑河流域张掖地区生态系统服务恢复的条件价值评估[J].生态学报,2002,22(6):885～893.
[40]王璐,杨洁,胡月明,等.广州市土地利用生态服务价值测算研究[J].水土保持通报,2009,4(29):229～234.
[41]徐中民,张志强,龙爱华,等.额济纳旗生态系统服务恢复价值评估方法的比较与应用[J].生态学报,2003,23(9):1841～1850.
[42]段瑞娟,北京土地利用系统的生态服务价值变化研究[D]. 2006,中国农业大学.
[43]胡聃,张艳萍,等.北京城市生态系统总体资产动态及其与城市发展关系[J].生态学报,2006,26(7):2207～2218.
[44]周飞,陈士银,钟来元,等.区域土地利用与生态系统服务价值变化研究[J].农业系统科学与综合研究, 2007,23(04):394～398.
[45]陈新,陈秋林,区域土地利用与生态系统服务价值变化研究——以湖南省道县为例[J].资源环境与工程, 2009,23(03):339～343.
[46]莫宏伟,李朝奎,林剑,等.湘潭市土地生态价值及生态风险动态研究[J].湖南农业科学, 2009(06):82～84.
[47]李文楷,李天宏,钱征寒,深圳市土地利用变化对生态服务功能的影响[J].自然资源学报, 2008. 23(3):440～446.
[48]叶延琼,章家恩,广州市土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响研究[J].生态科学, 2008,27(02):119～123.
[50]屈少科,河南省土地生态系统服务价值研究[D].2008,河南大学.
[51]刘伟,西安市LUCC预测和优化配置研究及其生态服务价值损失[D].2006,西安建筑科技大学.
[52]岳书平,东北样带土地利用变化对生态服务价值的影响[J].地理学报,2007. 62(8):879～886.
[53]樊风雷,珠江三角洲核心区域土地利用时空变化遥感监测及其生态环境效应研究[D].2007,中国科学院研究生院(广州地球化学研究所)
[54]张耿杰,平朔矿区生态服务功能价值评估研究[D]. 2009,中国地质大学(北京)
[55]王建强,半干旱地区县域土地利用生态系统服务功能价值估算[D].2009,内蒙古师范大学.
[56]万利,城乡交错带土地利用变化的生态环境影响研究[D].2009,中国农业科学院.
[57]秦泗刚,城市边缘区土地利用变化及其生态环境效应[D].2005,西北大学.
[58]广州市统计局,广州市统计年鉴[M].中国统计出版社,2009.
[59]广州市城市绿地系统规划办公室,广州市城市绿地系统规划[R].2001,27,2.
[60]中国科学院建设部山城镇与区域环境研究中心,广州市生态区划政策指导——番禺片区生态廊道控制性规划[R],2004,5～8,29～32.
[61]肖寒.区域生态系统服务功能形成机制与评价方法研究[D].2001,北京:中国科学院生态环境研究中心.
[62]郭庆荣,钟继洪,谭军,高淑涛.南亚热带丘陵赤红壤水分问题探讨[J].农业现代化研究,2004,25(4):302～320.
[63]全斌,陈健飞,郭成达.福建赤红壤、红壤旱地土壤水库容状况及水分问题研究[J].土壤通报,2002,33(2):96～99.
[64]康文星,郭清和,何介南,等.广州城市森林涵养水源、固土保肥的功能及价值分析[J].林业科学, 2008(01):19～25.
[65]孙新章,周海林,谢高地.中国农田生态系统的服务功能及其经济价值[J].中国人口.资源与环境.2007,17(4):55～60
[66]谢高地,肖玉,甄霖等.我国粮食生产的生态服务价值研究[J].中国生态农业学报.2005,13(3):10～13.
[67]郭清和.广州市城市森林服务功能及价值研究[D].2005,湖南省长沙市中南林学院生命科学与技术学院
[68]马新辉,孙根年,任志远.西安市植被净化大气物质量的测定及其价值评价[J].干旱区资源与环境,2002,16(4):83～86.
[69]张秀梅、李景平.城市污染环境中适生树种滞尘能力研究[J],环境科学动态,2001,(2):27～30.
[70]中华人民共和国林业部.全国湿地资源调查与监测技术规程.林护自字[1997]101号[Z].北京, 1997.
[71]广东省林业调查规划院.广州市湿地资源调查报告[R].广州, 2006.
[72]沈满洪.论环境经济手段[J].经济研究,1997(10):102～107.
[73] Daily G C, et al. Ecosystem service: Benefits supplied to human societies by natural ecosystems[R].1999.
[74]王金南.环境经济学:理论.方法.政策[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1994.
[75]任志远,张艳芳等.土地利用变化与生态安全评价[M].北京:科学出版社,2003.
[76] Ledoux L,Turner, R K.Valuing ocean and coastal resources: A review of practical examples and issues for further action[J].Ocean & Coastal Management,2002,45:583～616.
[77]李春生,王翊,庄大昌等.经济发达城市经济增长与环境污染关系分析[J].系统工程,2006(24):63～66.
[78]高鸿业.西方经济学微观部分(第四版)[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社, 2007.