洛阳烟区烤烟化学成分与生态因素的关系
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摘要
以洛阳烟区7个主要植烟县为基础,分析了该烟区气候、土壤等生态条件,运用模糊数学隶属函数模型对该区气候适生性(CFI)和土壤适宜性(SFI)进行了综合评价,并对气候、土壤与烤烟化学成分关系进行了研究。主要研究结论如下:
1、洛阳烟区平均气温为14.10℃,烟叶生长季节平均温度为24.76℃,各产区的变幅在19.90℃~ 27.30℃,伸根期气温(18.50℃)略低,介于巴西和美国、津巴布韦之间;旺长期气温(26℃)较国外优质烟区高,成熟期气温(24.7℃)处于最适温度;烟草生育期日照时数为859.57h,高于国外优质烟区,历年日照百分率平均为39.48%;有效积温高于巴西和津巴布韦烟区而低于美国;不同生育期降雨量,呈现出与巴西烟区相似的变化趋势,伸根期-旺长期-成熟期逐渐增加;大田期的平均湿度低于国外优质烟区。
2、洛阳烟区土pH偏高,7个主要植烟县平均为(8.04±0.27),其中以嵩县最高;土壤有机质含量(1.23±0.30)%,约有82.96%处在适宜范围内,以伊川最高;土壤全氮含量分布在0.01%~0.13%之间,平均值为(0.09±0.02)%;速效氮、磷、钾和有机质的含量均属于中等水平,分别占到了总土壤样品的78.0%、87.0%、74.6%和69.4%;不同植烟县土壤速效氮、速效磷、速效钾含量相比较,含量最高的分别为伊川、宜阳、汝阳;钙、镁养分含量均超过其临界含量,不必补充即可满足烤烟生长需要,而且应注意控制钙镁的带入;有效硫平均含量为(38.34±23.13)mg/kg,约有9.6%的土壤有效硫含量低于16 mg/kg;土壤水溶性氯含量大于45 mg/kg的烟田占7.8%,以汝阳含量最高,洛宁最低;土壤有效铁含量为(2.01±3.73)mg/kg,约有40%的土壤有效铁含量低于临界含量2.5 mg/kg;土壤有效锰、有效铜、有效钼含量分别为(4.00±4.57)mg/kg、(0.77±0.27)mg/kg、(21.16±7.36)mg/kg;土壤有效锌含量为(0.94±0.67)mg/kg,有67.2%的土壤有效锌呈缺乏状态;烟区有效硼缺乏,含量为(0.36±0.09)mg/kg,有96.0%的土壤有效硼含量低于临界水平。
3、洛阳烟区烤烟总氮、还原糖、烟碱、氯含量基本适宜,钾含量偏低,糖/碱比、氮/碱比基本适宜,钾/氯比偏低且变异范围较大;部分样品烟叶烟碱、还原糖含量偏高,各化学成分间相互比例基本协调,少数烟叶化学成分比例不够协调甚至失衡。
4、洛阳烟区气候适生性指数(CFI)平均为(0.78±0.03),各烟区差异不大,变异系数为4.87%,k-均值快速聚类法聚类分析结果可分为2类,第Ⅰ类是洛宁、宜阳和伊川,第Ⅱ类是嵩县、孟津、汝阳和新安。
5、选取有机质、pH值、氮、磷、钾以及水溶性氯等8项土壤养分指标作为确定洛阳植烟土壤适宜性指数(SFI)的因子,洛阳烟区植烟土壤适宜性指数(SFI)平均为(0.562±0.138),变异系数为20.94%。将SFI值按1级(SFI≥0.8)、2级(0.6≤SFI<0.8)、3级(0.4≤SFI<0.6)、4级(0.2≤SFI<0.4)和5级(SFI<0.2)的标准划分为五个土壤适宜性等级,洛阳植烟土壤以2级、3级所占比例较大,二者达到了67.54%。k-均值快速聚类方法进行聚类分析, 7个主要植烟县土壤分为3类,第Ⅰ类包括嵩县、伊川和宜阳,第Ⅱ类包括汝阳和洛宁,第Ⅲ包括新安和孟津。
6、烤烟化学成分与气候因子相关分析结果表明,成熟期均温、成熟期昼夜温差和大田期日照时数与烟叶各化学成分指标的相关性不显著,其余热量条件指标与烟叶品质表现出不同程度的相关性;随伸根期、旺长期气温的升高和≥10℃活动积温的增加,烟碱和总氮含量表现出显著的增大趋势,而糖/碱比值则显著降低。此外,烟碱还与成熟期昼夜温差显著正相关;淀粉含量、糖/碱比值则随≥10℃活动积温的升高而呈下降趋势;氮/碱比值则随成熟期昼夜温差的升高而降低;钾/氯比值与热量条件并无明显的相关性。烟叶化学成分含量与伸根期、成熟期的降雨量和大田期相对湿度等水分条件间的相关没有达到显著水平,而旺长期降雨量与多数烟叶化学成分间具有显著或极显著相关。旺长期降雨量与氮/碱比值和糖/碱比值呈显著或极显著的负相关。
7、烤烟化学成分与土壤因子之间逐步回归分析结果表明,对烟碱含量具有显著影响的3个土壤因子作用大小依次为:速效钾、速效氮、有机质;而对总氮含量的影响因素大小依次为全钾、有机质、速效磷、水溶性氯;氮/碱比值受土壤大量元素的速效形态含量的影响较大,即速效钾>速效氮>速效磷>有机质;对烟叶还原糖含量具显著影响的各土壤因子主要为有机质、全钾、速效磷和水溶性氯,氮素含量对其并无显著影响;糖/碱比值则受速效氮、速效钾、全磷和有机质含量的影响较大;烟叶钾含量受多种因素的影响(有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷、水溶性氯);对钾/氯比值具有显著影响的土壤因子为全钾和水溶性氯。
On the basis of the 7 main tobacco-growing counties in Luoyang, the ecological conditions including climate and the soil were analyzed, and by applying membership function and estimating weight values for each index by using the method of climate feasibility and soil feasibility were comprehensively evaluated. The ecological factors and the principal chemical components of flue-cured tobacco were also studied. Main results were as follows:
1.The average temperature was 14.10℃in Luoyang tobacco-growing areas. And the temperature ranged 19.90℃to 27.30℃with the mean 24.76℃in growing season; the average temperature was a little low (18.50℃) at the root spreading stage, which between Brazil and America, Zimbabwe; the temperature (26℃) at the fast growing stage was higher than the quality tobacco region abroad; but the temperature (24.7℃) at the leaf maturity stage was in the feasible scale. The sunshine time of the growth duration after transplant was 85.97h, which was higher than the quality tobacco region abroad, and the ratio of sunshine hours was 39.48%; the available accumulated temperature was higher than Brazil and Zimbabwe, but lower than America. The rainfall during the different growth duration presented the similar trend of Brazil, and increased with the period of the root spreading stage-the fast growing stage-the leaf maturity stage; the average humidity after transplant was lower than the quality tobacco region abroad.
2.The pH was a little higher, with the mean of (8.04±0.27), which was highest in Songxian; the organic matter content was (1.23±0.30)%, for 82.96% samples in the feasible scope, which was highest in Yichuan; the total nitrogen ranged 0.01% to 0.13%, with the average of (0.09±0.02)%, the available nitrogen, the available phosphorus, the available potassium and the organic matter were in the medium level, which took up 78.0%, 87.0%, 74.6%, 69.4% in the total samples. The comparison of the available nitrogen, the available phosphorus, the available potassium among the different tobacco-growing counties, the highest content counties were Yichuan, Yiyang, Ruyang, respectively; the calcium and magnesium content were in excess of the critical content, and it was not necessary to supply them for the tobacco growth, on the contrary, the calcium and magnesium were controlled to fertilizing into the soil; the average content of the available sulfur was (38.34±23.13) mg/kg, which was under 16mg/kg for 9.6% soil samples; the water-solubility content that above 45mg/kg was 7.8% of all the soil samples, and which was highest in Luoning; the average content of the available iron was (2.01±3.73)mg/kg, which was under the critical content of 2.5 mg/kg for 40% soil samples; the available manganese content, the available copper content, the available molybdenum content in soil were (4.00±4.57) mg/kg, (0.77±0.27) mg/kg, (21.16±7.36) mg/kg, respectively; the available zinc content in soil was (0.94±0.67) mg/kg, of which was in lack for 67.2% soil samples; the soil of Luoyang tobacco-growing region was in lack of available boron, and the available boron content was under the critical content for 96.0% soil samples with the average of (0.36±0.09) mg/kg.
3. The total nitrogen content, the reduce sugar content, the nicotine content, the chorine content in Luoyang tobacco-growing areas were in fundamental extent, the potassium content was a little lower, the ratio of reduce sugar to nicotine, and nitrogen to nicotine were proper, the ratio of potassium to chorine had a large variation range. The nicotine content and the reduce content of part of the samples were a little higher; the mutual proportion of the chemical ingredients in tobacco leaves are in harmony fundamentally, but a few is less harmonious or unharmonious.
4. The average of the climate feasibility index (CFI ) was (0.78±0.03), the differences were not large with the coefficient of variation of 4.87%, the climate feasibility was classified into two groups by K-means clustering method, the first group included Luoning, Yiyang and Yichuan, the second group was Songxian, Mengjin, Ruyang and Xin’an.
5. The nutrient including the organic matter, pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and the water-solubility chorine, ect. , were chosen to definite the soil feasibility index (SFI) of Luoyang tobacco-growing areas, the average of the soil feasibility index was (0.562±0.138) with the coefficient of variation of 20.94%. The soil feasibility index was divided into five groups, the first class was SFI≥0.8, the second class was 0.6≤SFI<0.8, the third class was 0.4≤SFI<0.6, the fourth class was 0.2≤SFI<0.4 and the fifth class was SFI<0.2. The second and the third classes covered a large part of the whole, with the proportion of 67.54%. The soil of the seven counties were classified three groups by K-means clustering method, the first group included Songxian, Yichuang and Yiyang, the second group included Ruyang, Luoning, the third group included Xin’an, Mengjin.
6. The correlation analysis of the chemical components and the climate factors showed that, the correlation between the average temperature of the leaf maturity stage, the day-and-night temperature, the sunshine time during the growth duration after transplant and the chemical indexes was not significant, the different degrees of the heat conditions and the tobacco quality were founded. The nicotine and the total nitrogen content showed the trend of increasing with the temperature of the root spreading stage’s, the fast growing stage’s and the accumulated temperature≥10℃going up, but the ratio of reduce sugar to nicotine showed the trend of greatly decreasing. In addition, it had significant positive correlation between the nicotine content and the day-and-night temperature of the leaf maturity stage. The starch content and the ratio of reduce sugar to nicotine showed the trend of increasing with the accumulated temperature≥10℃going up, but the ratio of nitrogen to nicotine showed the opposite tendency; there was a declined tendency of the ratio of nitrogen to nicotine with the day-and-night temperature going up; the significant correlation was not found between the ratio of the potassium to chorine and the heat conditions. The correlation between the chemical components and the rainfall of the root spreading stage, the leaf maturity stage and the relative humidity in the field was not significant, but the rainfall of the fast growing stage had very significant or significant influences on the most of the chemical components; the very significant or significant negative correlation were found between the rainfall of the fast growing stage and the ratio of nitrogen to nicotine and the ratio of reduce sugar to nicotine.
7. The stepwise regression analysis of the chemical components and the soil factors showed that, the three factors that appreciable impacted the nicotine content were the available potassium, the available nitrogen, the organic matter in turn; the total nitrogen content was effected by the total potassium, the organic matter, the available phosphorus and water-solubility chorine in turn; the ratio of nitrogen to nicotine was more influenced by the available nutrients, that was, the available nitrogen>the available phosphorus> the available potassium> the organic matter; the reduce sugar content was significantly effected by the soil factors of the organic matter, the total potassium, the available phosphorus and the water-solubility chorine, the nitrogen content had no significant influence; the ratio of reduce sugar to nicotine was more influenced by the available nitrogen, the total phosphorus, the organic matter; the potassium content effected by many factors such as the organic matter, the total nitrogen, the total phosphorus, the available phosphorus, the water-solubility chorine content; the ratio of the potassium to chorine was significantly effected by the soil factors of the total potassium and the water-solubility chorine.
1、洛阳烟区平均气温为14.10℃,烟叶生长季节平均温度为24.76℃,各产区的变幅在19.90℃~ 27.30℃,伸根期气温(18.50℃)略低,介于巴西和美国、津巴布韦之间;旺长期气温(26℃)较国外优质烟区高,成熟期气温(24.7℃)处于最适温度;烟草生育期日照时数为859.57h,高于国外优质烟区,历年日照百分率平均为39.48%;有效积温高于巴西和津巴布韦烟区而低于美国;不同生育期降雨量,呈现出与巴西烟区相似的变化趋势,伸根期-旺长期-成熟期逐渐增加;大田期的平均湿度低于国外优质烟区。
2、洛阳烟区土pH偏高,7个主要植烟县平均为(8.04±0.27),其中以嵩县最高;土壤有机质含量(1.23±0.30)%,约有82.96%处在适宜范围内,以伊川最高;土壤全氮含量分布在0.01%~0.13%之间,平均值为(0.09±0.02)%;速效氮、磷、钾和有机质的含量均属于中等水平,分别占到了总土壤样品的78.0%、87.0%、74.6%和69.4%;不同植烟县土壤速效氮、速效磷、速效钾含量相比较,含量最高的分别为伊川、宜阳、汝阳;钙、镁养分含量均超过其临界含量,不必补充即可满足烤烟生长需要,而且应注意控制钙镁的带入;有效硫平均含量为(38.34±23.13)mg/kg,约有9.6%的土壤有效硫含量低于16 mg/kg;土壤水溶性氯含量大于45 mg/kg的烟田占7.8%,以汝阳含量最高,洛宁最低;土壤有效铁含量为(2.01±3.73)mg/kg,约有40%的土壤有效铁含量低于临界含量2.5 mg/kg;土壤有效锰、有效铜、有效钼含量分别为(4.00±4.57)mg/kg、(0.77±0.27)mg/kg、(21.16±7.36)mg/kg;土壤有效锌含量为(0.94±0.67)mg/kg,有67.2%的土壤有效锌呈缺乏状态;烟区有效硼缺乏,含量为(0.36±0.09)mg/kg,有96.0%的土壤有效硼含量低于临界水平。
3、洛阳烟区烤烟总氮、还原糖、烟碱、氯含量基本适宜,钾含量偏低,糖/碱比、氮/碱比基本适宜,钾/氯比偏低且变异范围较大;部分样品烟叶烟碱、还原糖含量偏高,各化学成分间相互比例基本协调,少数烟叶化学成分比例不够协调甚至失衡。
4、洛阳烟区气候适生性指数(CFI)平均为(0.78±0.03),各烟区差异不大,变异系数为4.87%,k-均值快速聚类法聚类分析结果可分为2类,第Ⅰ类是洛宁、宜阳和伊川,第Ⅱ类是嵩县、孟津、汝阳和新安。
5、选取有机质、pH值、氮、磷、钾以及水溶性氯等8项土壤养分指标作为确定洛阳植烟土壤适宜性指数(SFI)的因子,洛阳烟区植烟土壤适宜性指数(SFI)平均为(0.562±0.138),变异系数为20.94%。将SFI值按1级(SFI≥0.8)、2级(0.6≤SFI<0.8)、3级(0.4≤SFI<0.6)、4级(0.2≤SFI<0.4)和5级(SFI<0.2)的标准划分为五个土壤适宜性等级,洛阳植烟土壤以2级、3级所占比例较大,二者达到了67.54%。k-均值快速聚类方法进行聚类分析, 7个主要植烟县土壤分为3类,第Ⅰ类包括嵩县、伊川和宜阳,第Ⅱ类包括汝阳和洛宁,第Ⅲ包括新安和孟津。
6、烤烟化学成分与气候因子相关分析结果表明,成熟期均温、成熟期昼夜温差和大田期日照时数与烟叶各化学成分指标的相关性不显著,其余热量条件指标与烟叶品质表现出不同程度的相关性;随伸根期、旺长期气温的升高和≥10℃活动积温的增加,烟碱和总氮含量表现出显著的增大趋势,而糖/碱比值则显著降低。此外,烟碱还与成熟期昼夜温差显著正相关;淀粉含量、糖/碱比值则随≥10℃活动积温的升高而呈下降趋势;氮/碱比值则随成熟期昼夜温差的升高而降低;钾/氯比值与热量条件并无明显的相关性。烟叶化学成分含量与伸根期、成熟期的降雨量和大田期相对湿度等水分条件间的相关没有达到显著水平,而旺长期降雨量与多数烟叶化学成分间具有显著或极显著相关。旺长期降雨量与氮/碱比值和糖/碱比值呈显著或极显著的负相关。
7、烤烟化学成分与土壤因子之间逐步回归分析结果表明,对烟碱含量具有显著影响的3个土壤因子作用大小依次为:速效钾、速效氮、有机质;而对总氮含量的影响因素大小依次为全钾、有机质、速效磷、水溶性氯;氮/碱比值受土壤大量元素的速效形态含量的影响较大,即速效钾>速效氮>速效磷>有机质;对烟叶还原糖含量具显著影响的各土壤因子主要为有机质、全钾、速效磷和水溶性氯,氮素含量对其并无显著影响;糖/碱比值则受速效氮、速效钾、全磷和有机质含量的影响较大;烟叶钾含量受多种因素的影响(有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷、水溶性氯);对钾/氯比值具有显著影响的土壤因子为全钾和水溶性氯。
On the basis of the 7 main tobacco-growing counties in Luoyang, the ecological conditions including climate and the soil were analyzed, and by applying membership function and estimating weight values for each index by using the method of climate feasibility and soil feasibility were comprehensively evaluated. The ecological factors and the principal chemical components of flue-cured tobacco were also studied. Main results were as follows:
1.The average temperature was 14.10℃in Luoyang tobacco-growing areas. And the temperature ranged 19.90℃to 27.30℃with the mean 24.76℃in growing season; the average temperature was a little low (18.50℃) at the root spreading stage, which between Brazil and America, Zimbabwe; the temperature (26℃) at the fast growing stage was higher than the quality tobacco region abroad; but the temperature (24.7℃) at the leaf maturity stage was in the feasible scale. The sunshine time of the growth duration after transplant was 85.97h, which was higher than the quality tobacco region abroad, and the ratio of sunshine hours was 39.48%; the available accumulated temperature was higher than Brazil and Zimbabwe, but lower than America. The rainfall during the different growth duration presented the similar trend of Brazil, and increased with the period of the root spreading stage-the fast growing stage-the leaf maturity stage; the average humidity after transplant was lower than the quality tobacco region abroad.
2.The pH was a little higher, with the mean of (8.04±0.27), which was highest in Songxian; the organic matter content was (1.23±0.30)%, for 82.96% samples in the feasible scope, which was highest in Yichuan; the total nitrogen ranged 0.01% to 0.13%, with the average of (0.09±0.02)%, the available nitrogen, the available phosphorus, the available potassium and the organic matter were in the medium level, which took up 78.0%, 87.0%, 74.6%, 69.4% in the total samples. The comparison of the available nitrogen, the available phosphorus, the available potassium among the different tobacco-growing counties, the highest content counties were Yichuan, Yiyang, Ruyang, respectively; the calcium and magnesium content were in excess of the critical content, and it was not necessary to supply them for the tobacco growth, on the contrary, the calcium and magnesium were controlled to fertilizing into the soil; the average content of the available sulfur was (38.34±23.13) mg/kg, which was under 16mg/kg for 9.6% soil samples; the water-solubility content that above 45mg/kg was 7.8% of all the soil samples, and which was highest in Luoning; the average content of the available iron was (2.01±3.73)mg/kg, which was under the critical content of 2.5 mg/kg for 40% soil samples; the available manganese content, the available copper content, the available molybdenum content in soil were (4.00±4.57) mg/kg, (0.77±0.27) mg/kg, (21.16±7.36) mg/kg, respectively; the available zinc content in soil was (0.94±0.67) mg/kg, of which was in lack for 67.2% soil samples; the soil of Luoyang tobacco-growing region was in lack of available boron, and the available boron content was under the critical content for 96.0% soil samples with the average of (0.36±0.09) mg/kg.
3. The total nitrogen content, the reduce sugar content, the nicotine content, the chorine content in Luoyang tobacco-growing areas were in fundamental extent, the potassium content was a little lower, the ratio of reduce sugar to nicotine, and nitrogen to nicotine were proper, the ratio of potassium to chorine had a large variation range. The nicotine content and the reduce content of part of the samples were a little higher; the mutual proportion of the chemical ingredients in tobacco leaves are in harmony fundamentally, but a few is less harmonious or unharmonious.
4. The average of the climate feasibility index (CFI ) was (0.78±0.03), the differences were not large with the coefficient of variation of 4.87%, the climate feasibility was classified into two groups by K-means clustering method, the first group included Luoning, Yiyang and Yichuan, the second group was Songxian, Mengjin, Ruyang and Xin’an.
5. The nutrient including the organic matter, pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and the water-solubility chorine, ect. , were chosen to definite the soil feasibility index (SFI) of Luoyang tobacco-growing areas, the average of the soil feasibility index was (0.562±0.138) with the coefficient of variation of 20.94%. The soil feasibility index was divided into five groups, the first class was SFI≥0.8, the second class was 0.6≤SFI<0.8, the third class was 0.4≤SFI<0.6, the fourth class was 0.2≤SFI<0.4 and the fifth class was SFI<0.2. The second and the third classes covered a large part of the whole, with the proportion of 67.54%. The soil of the seven counties were classified three groups by K-means clustering method, the first group included Songxian, Yichuang and Yiyang, the second group included Ruyang, Luoning, the third group included Xin’an, Mengjin.
6. The correlation analysis of the chemical components and the climate factors showed that, the correlation between the average temperature of the leaf maturity stage, the day-and-night temperature, the sunshine time during the growth duration after transplant and the chemical indexes was not significant, the different degrees of the heat conditions and the tobacco quality were founded. The nicotine and the total nitrogen content showed the trend of increasing with the temperature of the root spreading stage’s, the fast growing stage’s and the accumulated temperature≥10℃going up, but the ratio of reduce sugar to nicotine showed the trend of greatly decreasing. In addition, it had significant positive correlation between the nicotine content and the day-and-night temperature of the leaf maturity stage. The starch content and the ratio of reduce sugar to nicotine showed the trend of increasing with the accumulated temperature≥10℃going up, but the ratio of nitrogen to nicotine showed the opposite tendency; there was a declined tendency of the ratio of nitrogen to nicotine with the day-and-night temperature going up; the significant correlation was not found between the ratio of the potassium to chorine and the heat conditions. The correlation between the chemical components and the rainfall of the root spreading stage, the leaf maturity stage and the relative humidity in the field was not significant, but the rainfall of the fast growing stage had very significant or significant influences on the most of the chemical components; the very significant or significant negative correlation were found between the rainfall of the fast growing stage and the ratio of nitrogen to nicotine and the ratio of reduce sugar to nicotine.
7. The stepwise regression analysis of the chemical components and the soil factors showed that, the three factors that appreciable impacted the nicotine content were the available potassium, the available nitrogen, the organic matter in turn; the total nitrogen content was effected by the total potassium, the organic matter, the available phosphorus and water-solubility chorine in turn; the ratio of nitrogen to nicotine was more influenced by the available nutrients, that was, the available nitrogen>the available phosphorus> the available potassium> the organic matter; the reduce sugar content was significantly effected by the soil factors of the organic matter, the total potassium, the available phosphorus and the water-solubility chorine, the nitrogen content had no significant influence; the ratio of reduce sugar to nicotine was more influenced by the available nitrogen, the total phosphorus, the organic matter; the potassium content effected by many factors such as the organic matter, the total nitrogen, the total phosphorus, the available phosphorus, the water-solubility chorine content; the ratio of the potassium to chorine was significantly effected by the soil factors of the total potassium and the water-solubility chorine.
引文
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