长期施肥对黑土线虫群落结构影响的研究
|
摘要
在农田生态系统中,土壤动物一直是土壤生态过程不可缺少的组成部分,它承担着分解和养分矿化等作用。土壤线虫作为土壤中数量最多,种类最丰富的动物,它的生活进程和演化历史多样,取食类型千差万别,在生态系统中发挥着重要作用。土壤线虫数量巨大、形态各异、习性差别大、种类繁多、分布地域广泛,在土壤生物类群中占有极为重要的地位。
黑土区是黑龙江省粮食主产区,黑土区农田土壤质量的好坏、肥力的高低对黑龙江省农业生产的影响非常大。研究土壤线虫群落分布、特征；长期施肥土壤生物肥力变化；探究影响黑土生物群落的环境因子,能够为保持和提高黑土肥力提供科学依据。
利用1979年设立的黑土长期定位试验为研究平台,通过长期定位试验的方法,在作物生长期内分时期采集土壤样品,分离、鉴定土壤线虫的种类、数量,可以看出,土壤线虫种类繁多,数量巨大,初步鉴定出的线虫种类在10科、13属-16科、19属之间,随着作物生育期延长,土壤线虫种群数量有增加的趋势,在作物收获后期不同处理土壤线虫属的数量排序是：不施肥(18个属)>单施氮肥(15个属)>单施有机肥(14个属)>施氮磷钾肥(12个属)；不同土壤线虫种群中优势种群也不相同：植物寄生线虫的纽带科螺旋属线虫均为优势种群,食细菌线虫中的头叶科拟丽突属线虫均为优势种群。在土体剖面中,随着土壤深度增加,土壤线虫群落数量下降,种类减少。食真菌线虫群落主要分布在0～40cm土层；植物寄生线虫群落土要分布在0～60cm土层；食细菌线虫群落和捕食/杂食线虫群落主要分布在60cm以下。长期施肥土壤线虫总数下降,线虫种类增加,线虫多样性增加,线虫群落稳定性增强,丰富度增加。长期施用有机肥处理土壤线虫群落结构更加稳定,线虫种类丰富,其次为长期单施氮肥处理。长期施肥增加食细菌线虫相对丰度,降低植物寄生线虫相对丰度,施氮磷钾肥能够抑制植物寄生线虫生长,促进食细菌线虫发展。食细菌线虫相对丰度顺序是：施氮磷钾肥>单施氮肥>单施有机肥>不施肥；植物寄生线虫相对丰度顺序是：不施肥>单施氮肥>单施有机肥>施氮磷钾肥。土壤线虫群落中食细菌线虫的丰度均随着土壤有机质、全氮、全磷及速效磷含量的增加而增加,而不同施肥处理土壤线虫群落中植物寄生线虫的相对丰度则与土壤中有机质含量、全氮、全磷、速效磷及速效钾含量呈显著的负相关。
In farmland ecosystems, soil animal has been soil ecological process indispensable constitutent part, it bears the decomposition and nutrient mineralization functions. Soil nematode in soil as the largest number, the most abundant species of animals, their life process and evolution history of diversity, feeding type differ in thousands ways, in ecological system, they play an mportant role. Soil nematodes are a huge number, their shapes and habits difference, various kind and distri-bute widely, they have very important position in groups of soil organisms.
Black soil zone in heilongjiang province is a major grain producing areas,black soil is famous for its good soil quality and provide high cereal yield. We focus on the effects of nematode community on soil quality, the effects of long-term fertilization on the change of soil microbe. It is possible that we find the factors affecting mollisol microbial community and we take some measures to keep and improve soil fertility.
The soils were sampled in long-term mollisol experiment station established in 1979 (Harbin, E126°35", N45°40"). The nematode species and numbers were detected by sampling, isolation and identification. The results show that the nematode species ranged from 10 familia and 13 genus to 16 familia and 19 genus. The nematode numbers increase followed the plant growth. At the stage of harvesting, the numbers of nematode genus in the order:CK (18 genus)> N application (15 genus)> organic manure (14 genus)> NPK application (12 genus). In addition, the nematodes show different response to the environment, e.g. soil bacterivorous nematodes respond sensitively to environment, however, soil fungivorous nematodes and omnivore/predator nematodes don't respond sensitively to environment. Furthermore, the dominant species in nematode community show different abundance, e.g. helicotylenchus is the dominant species in plant-parasitic nematodes and acrobeloides nanus is the dominant species in bacterivorous nematodes. In soil profile, soil nematode numbers and species decrease along the depth. Fungivorous nematodes lived in the depth of 0 to 40 cm. Plant-parasitic nematodes distributed in the depth of 0 to 60 cm. Bacterivorous nematodees and omnivore/predator nematodes were found in the depth of less 60 cm. We found that soil nematode species and distributions correlated to soil moisture. In certain range, soil nematode numbers increase as the moisture increasing. Furthermore, the abundance of bacterivorous nematode increased as the increase of the concentration of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and available phosphorus. Plant-parasitic nematodes decrease as the increase of the concentration of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and available potassium.
黑土区是黑龙江省粮食主产区,黑土区农田土壤质量的好坏、肥力的高低对黑龙江省农业生产的影响非常大。研究土壤线虫群落分布、特征；长期施肥土壤生物肥力变化；探究影响黑土生物群落的环境因子,能够为保持和提高黑土肥力提供科学依据。
利用1979年设立的黑土长期定位试验为研究平台,通过长期定位试验的方法,在作物生长期内分时期采集土壤样品,分离、鉴定土壤线虫的种类、数量,可以看出,土壤线虫种类繁多,数量巨大,初步鉴定出的线虫种类在10科、13属-16科、19属之间,随着作物生育期延长,土壤线虫种群数量有增加的趋势,在作物收获后期不同处理土壤线虫属的数量排序是：不施肥(18个属)>单施氮肥(15个属)>单施有机肥(14个属)>施氮磷钾肥(12个属)；不同土壤线虫种群中优势种群也不相同：植物寄生线虫的纽带科螺旋属线虫均为优势种群,食细菌线虫中的头叶科拟丽突属线虫均为优势种群。在土体剖面中,随着土壤深度增加,土壤线虫群落数量下降,种类减少。食真菌线虫群落主要分布在0～40cm土层；植物寄生线虫群落土要分布在0～60cm土层；食细菌线虫群落和捕食/杂食线虫群落主要分布在60cm以下。长期施肥土壤线虫总数下降,线虫种类增加,线虫多样性增加,线虫群落稳定性增强,丰富度增加。长期施用有机肥处理土壤线虫群落结构更加稳定,线虫种类丰富,其次为长期单施氮肥处理。长期施肥增加食细菌线虫相对丰度,降低植物寄生线虫相对丰度,施氮磷钾肥能够抑制植物寄生线虫生长,促进食细菌线虫发展。食细菌线虫相对丰度顺序是：施氮磷钾肥>单施氮肥>单施有机肥>不施肥；植物寄生线虫相对丰度顺序是：不施肥>单施氮肥>单施有机肥>施氮磷钾肥。土壤线虫群落中食细菌线虫的丰度均随着土壤有机质、全氮、全磷及速效磷含量的增加而增加,而不同施肥处理土壤线虫群落中植物寄生线虫的相对丰度则与土壤中有机质含量、全氮、全磷、速效磷及速效钾含量呈显著的负相关。
In farmland ecosystems, soil animal has been soil ecological process indispensable constitutent part, it bears the decomposition and nutrient mineralization functions. Soil nematode in soil as the largest number, the most abundant species of animals, their life process and evolution history of diversity, feeding type differ in thousands ways, in ecological system, they play an mportant role. Soil nematodes are a huge number, their shapes and habits difference, various kind and distri-bute widely, they have very important position in groups of soil organisms.
Black soil zone in heilongjiang province is a major grain producing areas,black soil is famous for its good soil quality and provide high cereal yield. We focus on the effects of nematode community on soil quality, the effects of long-term fertilization on the change of soil microbe. It is possible that we find the factors affecting mollisol microbial community and we take some measures to keep and improve soil fertility.
The soils were sampled in long-term mollisol experiment station established in 1979 (Harbin, E126°35", N45°40"). The nematode species and numbers were detected by sampling, isolation and identification. The results show that the nematode species ranged from 10 familia and 13 genus to 16 familia and 19 genus. The nematode numbers increase followed the plant growth. At the stage of harvesting, the numbers of nematode genus in the order:CK (18 genus)> N application (15 genus)> organic manure (14 genus)> NPK application (12 genus). In addition, the nematodes show different response to the environment, e.g. soil bacterivorous nematodes respond sensitively to environment, however, soil fungivorous nematodes and omnivore/predator nematodes don't respond sensitively to environment. Furthermore, the dominant species in nematode community show different abundance, e.g. helicotylenchus is the dominant species in plant-parasitic nematodes and acrobeloides nanus is the dominant species in bacterivorous nematodes. In soil profile, soil nematode numbers and species decrease along the depth. Fungivorous nematodes lived in the depth of 0 to 40 cm. Plant-parasitic nematodes distributed in the depth of 0 to 60 cm. Bacterivorous nematodees and omnivore/predator nematodes were found in the depth of less 60 cm. We found that soil nematode species and distributions correlated to soil moisture. In certain range, soil nematode numbers increase as the moisture increasing. Furthermore, the abundance of bacterivorous nematode increased as the increase of the concentration of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and available phosphorus. Plant-parasitic nematodes decrease as the increase of the concentration of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and available potassium.
引文
[1]梁文举,张万民,李维光等.施用化肥对黑土地区线虫群落组成及多样性产生的影响[J].生物多样性,2001,9(3)：237～240
[2]李琪,梁文举,姜勇.农田土壤线虫研究现状及展望[J].生物多样性,2007,15(2)：134～141
[3]毛小芳,李辉信,陈小云等.土壤线虫三种分离方法效率比较[J].生态学杂志,2004,23(3)：149～151
[4]1王邵军,蔡秋锦,阮宏华.土壤线虫群落对闽北森林植被恢复的影响[J].生物多样性,2007,]5(4)：356～364
[5]张薇,宋玉芳,宋雪英等.土壤线虫对环境污染的指示作用[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(10)：1973～1978
[6]陈鹏,张一.长白山北坡针叶林带土壤动物调查[J].野生动物,1981(3)：25～28
[7]蔡邦华.((昆虫分类学(上)》[M].北京：财政经济出版社,1956：32～41
[8]陈义.中国动物图谱一环节动物[M].北京：科学出版社,1959：38～52
[9]陈义.中国陆栖寡毛纲儿个新种的记述(Ⅱ)[J].动物学报,1977,23(2)：175～181
[10]华建峰,姜勇,梁文举.植被覆盖对土壤线虫营养类群空间分布的影响[J].应用生态学报,2006,2(2)：295～298
[11]邓继福,王振中.重金属污染对土壤动物群落生态影响的研究[J].环境科学,1996,17(2)：1～5
[12]邓晓保.热带胶茶林群落中土壤动物的初步调查[J].生态学杂志,1987,6(2)：18～20
[13]邓晓保.热带胶茶人工群落中土壤动物季节变化的研究[J].生态学杂志,1994,13(5)：31～34,12
[14]傅必谦,陈卫,董晓晖等.北京松山四种大型土壤动物群组成和结构[J].生态学报,2002,22(2)：216-223
[15]董东平,陈鹏.中国东北土壤动物资源及其开发利用问题.生物和土壤资源利用和保护[M].中国地理学会自然地理专业委员会主编,北京：科学出版社,1993：107～111
[16]关宏斌,郭砺,刘永江.科尔沁沙地土壤动物垂直分布、季节动态及群落多样性探讨[J].中国沙漠,2002,19(1)：110～114
[17]黄伦先,沈世华.紫色水稻土不同耕作生境中土壤动物群落变化及影响效应的初步研究[J].土壤农化通报,1996,11(1)：10～15
[18]高惠漩等编译.SAS系统·SAS/S1谈丁软件使用手册[M].北京：中国统计出版社,1998：10～22
[19]郭继勋,祝廷成.羊草草原土壤动物特征的研究[J].应用生态学报,1995,6(4)：359～362
[20]何冬梅,由文辉,王建国等,锡林河中游草原生态系统中小型土壤动物有机质的关系[J].植物生态学与地植物学学报,1989,13(4)：350～358
[21]侯有明,尤民生,庞雄飞等.菜田节肢动物的类群结构与数量动态[J].福建农业大学学报,2000,29(3)：332～328
[22]胡锋,李辉信,武心齐等.杀灭土壤中线虫对小麦生长和吸收N、P的影响[J].应用生态学报, 1998,9(4)：419～424
[23]黄诚,郭建英,孟文新等.水旱轮作条件下免耕农田土壤动物群落与施肥措施的关系[J].南京大学学报,1996,32(2)：355～358
[24]蒋金炜,何万泽,马继盛等.不同杀虫剂对烟田节肢动物群落的影响[J].中国烟草学报,2001,7(2)：40～43
[25]蒋金炜,马继盛,陈俊炜等.不同杀虫剂对稻田节肢动物群落的影响.1997,31(4)：340～342
[26]柯欣,赵立军,尹文英.青冈林土壤动物群落结构在落叶分解过程中的演替变化[J].动物学研究,]999,20(3)：207～213
[27]李忠武,王振中,邢协和.农药污染对土壤动物群落影响的实验研究[J].环境科学研究,1999,12(1)：49～53
[28]廖崇惠,陈茂乾,谢映书.小良热带人工林的土壤动物初步调查[J].热带亚热带森林生态系统研究,1984,2：214～224
[29]李景科,陈鹏.土壤动物区系生态地理研究[M].长春：东北师范大学出版社,1993：169～184
[30]梁文举,史奕,丫斯坦伯格.农业生态系统线虫多样性研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2000(1)：113～116
[31]廖崇惠,陈茂乾.热带人工林土壤动物群落的次生演替和发展过程探讨[J].应用生态学报,1990,1(1)：53～59
[32]林葆,林继雄,李家康.长期施肥的作物产量和土壤肥力的变化[M].北京：中国农业科技出版社,1996：1～179
[33]刘树生,汪信庚,吴晓晶等.杭州郊区菜蚜种群的数量消长规律[J].应用生态学报,1997,8：510～514
[34]路有成,王宗英,罗爱武等.安徽沿江城郊蔬菜地土壤动物群落生态学研究[J].应用生态学,1997,8(1)：70～76
[35]牛世全,宁应之,马正学等.重金属复合污染土壤中原生动物的群落特征[J].甘肃科学学报,2002,14(3)：44～48
[36]钱复生,王宗英.水东枣园土壤动物与土壤环境的关系[J].应用生态学报,1995,6(1)：44～50
[37]苏永春,张崇邦.东北高寒地区麦田土壤动物数量的季节变化与环境因素关系的研究[J].生态学杂志,1995,14(3)：10～14
[38]殷秀琴,张桂荣.森林凋落物与大型十壤动物相关关系的研究[J].应用生态学报,1993,14(2)：167～173
[39]谭恩光,梁传精.不同农药对海南山蛙毒力测定及其防治研究[J].应用生态学报,2001,12(2)：266～268
[40]谭济才,邓欣,袁哲明.不同类型茶园昆虫、蜘蛛群落结构分析[J].生态学报,1998,18(3)：289～294
[41]陶季玲,粱广文,庞雄飞.不同生境区稻田节肢动物群落动态分析[J].华南农业大学学报,1996,17(1)：25～30
[42]王振中,张友梅.土壤污染对土壤动物群落结构的影响[J].湖南师范大学学报,1986,10(1)：94～96
[43]尹文英.中国土壤动物研究10年进展[J].中国科学基金,1997(1)：48～51
[44]尹文英.中国土壤动物[M].北京：科学出版社,2000：78～82
[45]尹文英.中国土壤动物检索图鉴[M].北京：科学出版社,1998：16～20
[46]张荣祖.生态系统中土壤动物国外研究动态(附关于今后工作的一些看法)[J].森林生态系统,1980,1：257～264
[47]Santos,P.E.. Whitford,W.G. The role of mites and nematodes in early stages of buried Decomposition in a desert [J].Ecology,1981,62:654-663
[48]Sarathehandra,S U.et al. Effect of nitrogen and PhosPhate fertilizers on microbial and nematode diversity in Pasture soils. soil Biol[J].Biochem,2001,33(3-8):953-964
[49]Stewart B. Wuest. Earthworm,infiltration,and tillage relationships in a dryland pea-wheat rotation[J]. Applied soil ecology,2001,13(18):187-192
[50]Swift,M.J. et al. Decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems.Univ. Calif. Press Berkeley,1979
[51]Keda.H.. A 5 year study of Pine needle litter decomposition in relation to mass loss and faunal Abundances[J]. Pedobiologia,1988,32:221-226
[52]Keda,H..Changes in the collembolan eommunity during the decomposition of needle litter in a coniferous forest [J].Pedobiologia,1995,39:304-317
[53]Keda,H..Dynamices and maintenance of collembolan community structure in a forest ecosystem [J].Res. Poul.Eeol.,1987,29:291-346
[54]Treonis A M and Lusselthop J L,Rapid response of soil protozoa to elevated CO2[J].Biology and fertility of soil,1997,49:109-117
[55]Wolters,V.. Functional aspects of animal diversity in soil introduction and overview[J].APPI. soil Ecol,1998(10):185-190
[56]Yamada, Y. The effect of intensive use of chemical fertilizers on soil fertility in comparison with the use of organic manure[J]. Fertilizer raw material resources need and commerce in Asia and the pacific,1980,Ⅲ,122
[2]李琪,梁文举,姜勇.农田土壤线虫研究现状及展望[J].生物多样性,2007,15(2)：134～141
[3]毛小芳,李辉信,陈小云等.土壤线虫三种分离方法效率比较[J].生态学杂志,2004,23(3)：149～151
[4]1王邵军,蔡秋锦,阮宏华.土壤线虫群落对闽北森林植被恢复的影响[J].生物多样性,2007,]5(4)：356～364
[5]张薇,宋玉芳,宋雪英等.土壤线虫对环境污染的指示作用[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(10)：1973～1978
[6]陈鹏,张一.长白山北坡针叶林带土壤动物调查[J].野生动物,1981(3)：25～28
[7]蔡邦华.((昆虫分类学(上)》[M].北京：财政经济出版社,1956：32～41
[8]陈义.中国动物图谱一环节动物[M].北京：科学出版社,1959：38～52
[9]陈义.中国陆栖寡毛纲儿个新种的记述(Ⅱ)[J].动物学报,1977,23(2)：175～181
[10]华建峰,姜勇,梁文举.植被覆盖对土壤线虫营养类群空间分布的影响[J].应用生态学报,2006,2(2)：295～298
[11]邓继福,王振中.重金属污染对土壤动物群落生态影响的研究[J].环境科学,1996,17(2)：1～5
[12]邓晓保.热带胶茶林群落中土壤动物的初步调查[J].生态学杂志,1987,6(2)：18～20
[13]邓晓保.热带胶茶人工群落中土壤动物季节变化的研究[J].生态学杂志,1994,13(5)：31～34,12
[14]傅必谦,陈卫,董晓晖等.北京松山四种大型土壤动物群组成和结构[J].生态学报,2002,22(2)：216-223
[15]董东平,陈鹏.中国东北土壤动物资源及其开发利用问题.生物和土壤资源利用和保护[M].中国地理学会自然地理专业委员会主编,北京：科学出版社,1993：107～111
[16]关宏斌,郭砺,刘永江.科尔沁沙地土壤动物垂直分布、季节动态及群落多样性探讨[J].中国沙漠,2002,19(1)：110～114
[17]黄伦先,沈世华.紫色水稻土不同耕作生境中土壤动物群落变化及影响效应的初步研究[J].土壤农化通报,1996,11(1)：10～15
[18]高惠漩等编译.SAS系统·SAS/S1谈丁软件使用手册[M].北京：中国统计出版社,1998：10～22
[19]郭继勋,祝廷成.羊草草原土壤动物特征的研究[J].应用生态学报,1995,6(4)：359～362
[20]何冬梅,由文辉,王建国等,锡林河中游草原生态系统中小型土壤动物有机质的关系[J].植物生态学与地植物学学报,1989,13(4)：350～358
[21]侯有明,尤民生,庞雄飞等.菜田节肢动物的类群结构与数量动态[J].福建农业大学学报,2000,29(3)：332～328
[22]胡锋,李辉信,武心齐等.杀灭土壤中线虫对小麦生长和吸收N、P的影响[J].应用生态学报, 1998,9(4)：419～424
[23]黄诚,郭建英,孟文新等.水旱轮作条件下免耕农田土壤动物群落与施肥措施的关系[J].南京大学学报,1996,32(2)：355～358
[24]蒋金炜,何万泽,马继盛等.不同杀虫剂对烟田节肢动物群落的影响[J].中国烟草学报,2001,7(2)：40～43
[25]蒋金炜,马继盛,陈俊炜等.不同杀虫剂对稻田节肢动物群落的影响.1997,31(4)：340～342
[26]柯欣,赵立军,尹文英.青冈林土壤动物群落结构在落叶分解过程中的演替变化[J].动物学研究,]999,20(3)：207～213
[27]李忠武,王振中,邢协和.农药污染对土壤动物群落影响的实验研究[J].环境科学研究,1999,12(1)：49～53
[28]廖崇惠,陈茂乾,谢映书.小良热带人工林的土壤动物初步调查[J].热带亚热带森林生态系统研究,1984,2：214～224
[29]李景科,陈鹏.土壤动物区系生态地理研究[M].长春：东北师范大学出版社,1993：169～184
[30]梁文举,史奕,丫斯坦伯格.农业生态系统线虫多样性研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2000(1)：113～116
[31]廖崇惠,陈茂乾.热带人工林土壤动物群落的次生演替和发展过程探讨[J].应用生态学报,1990,1(1)：53～59
[32]林葆,林继雄,李家康.长期施肥的作物产量和土壤肥力的变化[M].北京：中国农业科技出版社,1996：1～179
[33]刘树生,汪信庚,吴晓晶等.杭州郊区菜蚜种群的数量消长规律[J].应用生态学报,1997,8：510～514
[34]路有成,王宗英,罗爱武等.安徽沿江城郊蔬菜地土壤动物群落生态学研究[J].应用生态学,1997,8(1)：70～76
[35]牛世全,宁应之,马正学等.重金属复合污染土壤中原生动物的群落特征[J].甘肃科学学报,2002,14(3)：44～48
[36]钱复生,王宗英.水东枣园土壤动物与土壤环境的关系[J].应用生态学报,1995,6(1)：44～50
[37]苏永春,张崇邦.东北高寒地区麦田土壤动物数量的季节变化与环境因素关系的研究[J].生态学杂志,1995,14(3)：10～14
[38]殷秀琴,张桂荣.森林凋落物与大型十壤动物相关关系的研究[J].应用生态学报,1993,14(2)：167～173
[39]谭恩光,梁传精.不同农药对海南山蛙毒力测定及其防治研究[J].应用生态学报,2001,12(2)：266～268
[40]谭济才,邓欣,袁哲明.不同类型茶园昆虫、蜘蛛群落结构分析[J].生态学报,1998,18(3)：289～294
[41]陶季玲,粱广文,庞雄飞.不同生境区稻田节肢动物群落动态分析[J].华南农业大学学报,1996,17(1)：25～30
[42]王振中,张友梅.土壤污染对土壤动物群落结构的影响[J].湖南师范大学学报,1986,10(1)：94～96
[43]尹文英.中国土壤动物研究10年进展[J].中国科学基金,1997(1)：48～51
[44]尹文英.中国土壤动物[M].北京：科学出版社,2000：78～82
[45]尹文英.中国土壤动物检索图鉴[M].北京：科学出版社,1998：16～20
[46]张荣祖.生态系统中土壤动物国外研究动态(附关于今后工作的一些看法)[J].森林生态系统,1980,1：257～264
[47]Santos,P.E.. Whitford,W.G. The role of mites and nematodes in early stages of buried Decomposition in a desert [J].Ecology,1981,62:654-663
[48]Sarathehandra,S U.et al. Effect of nitrogen and PhosPhate fertilizers on microbial and nematode diversity in Pasture soils. soil Biol[J].Biochem,2001,33(3-8):953-964
[49]Stewart B. Wuest. Earthworm,infiltration,and tillage relationships in a dryland pea-wheat rotation[J]. Applied soil ecology,2001,13(18):187-192
[50]Swift,M.J. et al. Decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems.Univ. Calif. Press Berkeley,1979
[51]Keda.H.. A 5 year study of Pine needle litter decomposition in relation to mass loss and faunal Abundances[J]. Pedobiologia,1988,32:221-226
[52]Keda,H..Changes in the collembolan eommunity during the decomposition of needle litter in a coniferous forest [J].Pedobiologia,1995,39:304-317
[53]Keda,H..Dynamices and maintenance of collembolan community structure in a forest ecosystem [J].Res. Poul.Eeol.,1987,29:291-346
[54]Treonis A M and Lusselthop J L,Rapid response of soil protozoa to elevated CO2[J].Biology and fertility of soil,1997,49:109-117
[55]Wolters,V.. Functional aspects of animal diversity in soil introduction and overview[J].APPI. soil Ecol,1998(10):185-190
[56]Yamada, Y. The effect of intensive use of chemical fertilizers on soil fertility in comparison with the use of organic manure[J]. Fertilizer raw material resources need and commerce in Asia and the pacific,1980,Ⅲ,122