藏中拉屋矿山植物生长限制因子研究
摘要
矿业的发展在带来经济利益的同时,又给生态环境带来了严重的压力。西藏的生态环境极为脆弱,处理好矿产资源开发利用与植被生态恢复的关系十分重要。因此,开展矿区植物生长限制因子研究,为西藏矿区的植被生态恢复建设具有重要的意义。
本文以当雄拉屋矿区为研究对象,通过对矿山的植被、气候、土壤情况进行调查分析和对矿区基质分析、土壤理化性质、种植试验、种子处理的研究与分析,找出矿山植被生长的限制因素。主要研究结果如下:
1、通过实地调查和气象数据采集,对拉屋矿山样区草本植物的主要物种和气候进行分析,结果表明:样区主要有小嵩草(Kobresia pygmea )、少花棘豆( Oxytropis pauciflora )、披针苔草( Carex microfilea)、亚洲蒲公英(Taraxacum officnala)、鹅绒委陵菜(Potentilla anserine)、高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmea)、高山早熟禾(Poa alpina)等17种草本植物。并且从气象统计数据可以得出,温度和降水不均是拉屋矿山植物生长的环境限制因子。
2、对不同群落类型种群的生态位宽度和重要值研究发现:矮嵩草群落中矮嵩草、爬地柏拥有最大重要值;小叶杜鹃群落中小叶杜鹃重要值最大;在尾矿库杂草群落中冷地早熟禾的重要值最大。在3种植被类型中,矮嵩草、爬地柏、二裂委陵菜、垂穗披碱草和金露梅的生态位宽度值较大,委陵菜和垂穗披碱草分布较广。
3、对矿山尾矿库4种重金属元素的测定,得出单因子污染指数平均值大小排序为:Cd > Cu > Zn > Pb,其中Cd、Cu、Zn达到重度污染,说明矿区废弃地是Cd、Cu、Zn复合污染,重金属的高含量是限制植物生长的重要因子。
4、通过矿区土壤养分值及临界值的测定得出,矿山土壤有机质含量较低,P含量很低,Ca、Fe、Mg、K、Zn、Cu含量相对丰富;其他养分含量均明显低于3倍的养分亏缺临界值,初步推断P、S、B、Mn、N均有可能是该土壤的养分限制因子。
5、采用常规土壤分析方法,对矿山不同土壤样本的肥力分析得出,因开采破坏过后雨水冲刷,土壤母质分化程度低和矿质营养低,造成总体肥力水平差,并且有机质和速效P、N是其土壤肥力的限制因子。
6、通过土壤养分状况系统研究法实验得出,土壤养分亏缺顺序为:P>B>N>Mo>Mn>S ,P、B是第一限制因子,N是第二限制因子。
7、对披碱草种子进行吸湿回干试验得出,种子的含水量和环境温度,在一定程度上限制披碱草种子的发芽。从披碱草进行光照和黑暗条件的实验得出,光照在一定程度上可以促进披碱草种子的发芽。
8、通过对添加营养液、保水剂和水的实验进行方差分析得出,原配液对披碱草的株高有影响。通过干物质的比较发现T3>T2>T1>T4>T6>T5>T7,说明在“0.25L原配液+0.75L水+100g保水剂”的处理对披碱草的干物质积累最多,显著高于其他处理。
Mining development has not only brought economic benefits for us, but also influenced the ecological environment at the same time. The ecological environment in Tibet is very fragile. As a result good balance of the development and utilization of mineral resources and vegetation restoration is very important. Therefore, the research on plant growth limiting factors in mining area is of great significance mining for Vegetation restoration and construction in Tibet.
This research chose Dangxionlawu Mining Area as the study object in middle Tibet, using research methods including plant investigation, the collection and analysis of meteorological data and soil sample, mining substrate analysis, cultivation experiments of elymus dahuricus, and seed treatment.
The research shows that the main herbage in Lawu Mining Area are in total 17 species including Kobresia pygmea, Oxytropis pauciflora, Carex microfilea, Taraxacum officnala, Potentilla anserine, Kobresia pygmea and Poa alpine. Temperature and precipitation are the limiting factors for plant growth in Lawu mining from the meteorological data.
The niche breadth and important values of different kind of communities showed that: the Kobresia in Kobresia community, Sabina procumbent has the most value; the leaflet Rhododendron in its community has the most value; the poa crymophila in the weeds community in the tailings pond has the most value. In the 3 vegetation types, the niche width of Kobresia, Sabina procumbent, potentilla bifurca linn, Elymus nutans and Potentilla fruticosa is comparably large, and potentilla bifurca linn and Elymus nutans covered widely.
By determining the four kind of heavy metal elements, we could conclude that the rank average value of one-factor pollution index is that: Cd > Cu > Zn > Pb, in which Cd、Cu、Zn is in heavy pollution. The result shows that the wasteland in mining area is complex pollution of Cd、Cu、Zn.
Through the determination of soil nutrients and critical value in mining area, we could conclude that the soil organic matter content there was comparably lower, and the content of P element is very low, the content of Ca, Fe, Mg, K, Zn, Cu was relatively abundant; other nutrients were obviously lower than 3 times of Critical value in nutrient deficiency. We concluded initially that the elements of P, S, B, Mn and N are possibly the limiting factors of soil nutrient.
The fertility analysis of soil samples in the mine showed that after the rain erosion and exploitations, the soil matrix and mineral nutrition was low resulting in the poor overall fertility. Organic matters and quick-acting P, N were the limiting factors of soil fertility
By the systematic research of soil nutrients, we can judge that the order of soil nutrients defeciency is P>B>N>Mo>Mn>S, in which P, B are the first limiting factors, while N is the second limiting factor.
The moisture absorption experiments of elymus dahuricus showed that the moisture content of seed and temperature, limited the seed germination of elymus dahuricus to a certain extent. While the light and dark conditions experiments of elymus dahuricus showed that, to some extent light can promote the germination of elymus dahuricus seeds.
From the variance analysis of adding nutrient solution, water retention agent and the water experiments, we can see that the original solution can influence the height of elymus dahuricus. By comparing the dry matter, we found that the treatment of "0.25L +0.75 original solution +100 g water retention agent,”can mostly influence the dry matter of elymus dahuricus.
本文以当雄拉屋矿区为研究对象,通过对矿山的植被、气候、土壤情况进行调查分析和对矿区基质分析、土壤理化性质、种植试验、种子处理的研究与分析,找出矿山植被生长的限制因素。主要研究结果如下:
1、通过实地调查和气象数据采集,对拉屋矿山样区草本植物的主要物种和气候进行分析,结果表明:样区主要有小嵩草(Kobresia pygmea )、少花棘豆( Oxytropis pauciflora )、披针苔草( Carex microfilea)、亚洲蒲公英(Taraxacum officnala)、鹅绒委陵菜(Potentilla anserine)、高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmea)、高山早熟禾(Poa alpina)等17种草本植物。并且从气象统计数据可以得出,温度和降水不均是拉屋矿山植物生长的环境限制因子。
2、对不同群落类型种群的生态位宽度和重要值研究发现:矮嵩草群落中矮嵩草、爬地柏拥有最大重要值;小叶杜鹃群落中小叶杜鹃重要值最大;在尾矿库杂草群落中冷地早熟禾的重要值最大。在3种植被类型中,矮嵩草、爬地柏、二裂委陵菜、垂穗披碱草和金露梅的生态位宽度值较大,委陵菜和垂穗披碱草分布较广。
3、对矿山尾矿库4种重金属元素的测定,得出单因子污染指数平均值大小排序为:Cd > Cu > Zn > Pb,其中Cd、Cu、Zn达到重度污染,说明矿区废弃地是Cd、Cu、Zn复合污染,重金属的高含量是限制植物生长的重要因子。
4、通过矿区土壤养分值及临界值的测定得出,矿山土壤有机质含量较低,P含量很低,Ca、Fe、Mg、K、Zn、Cu含量相对丰富;其他养分含量均明显低于3倍的养分亏缺临界值,初步推断P、S、B、Mn、N均有可能是该土壤的养分限制因子。
5、采用常规土壤分析方法,对矿山不同土壤样本的肥力分析得出,因开采破坏过后雨水冲刷,土壤母质分化程度低和矿质营养低,造成总体肥力水平差,并且有机质和速效P、N是其土壤肥力的限制因子。
6、通过土壤养分状况系统研究法实验得出,土壤养分亏缺顺序为:P>B>N>Mo>Mn>S ,P、B是第一限制因子,N是第二限制因子。
7、对披碱草种子进行吸湿回干试验得出,种子的含水量和环境温度,在一定程度上限制披碱草种子的发芽。从披碱草进行光照和黑暗条件的实验得出,光照在一定程度上可以促进披碱草种子的发芽。
8、通过对添加营养液、保水剂和水的实验进行方差分析得出,原配液对披碱草的株高有影响。通过干物质的比较发现T3>T2>T1>T4>T6>T5>T7,说明在“0.25L原配液+0.75L水+100g保水剂”的处理对披碱草的干物质积累最多,显著高于其他处理。
Mining development has not only brought economic benefits for us, but also influenced the ecological environment at the same time. The ecological environment in Tibet is very fragile. As a result good balance of the development and utilization of mineral resources and vegetation restoration is very important. Therefore, the research on plant growth limiting factors in mining area is of great significance mining for Vegetation restoration and construction in Tibet.
This research chose Dangxionlawu Mining Area as the study object in middle Tibet, using research methods including plant investigation, the collection and analysis of meteorological data and soil sample, mining substrate analysis, cultivation experiments of elymus dahuricus, and seed treatment.
The research shows that the main herbage in Lawu Mining Area are in total 17 species including Kobresia pygmea, Oxytropis pauciflora, Carex microfilea, Taraxacum officnala, Potentilla anserine, Kobresia pygmea and Poa alpine. Temperature and precipitation are the limiting factors for plant growth in Lawu mining from the meteorological data.
The niche breadth and important values of different kind of communities showed that: the Kobresia in Kobresia community, Sabina procumbent has the most value; the leaflet Rhododendron in its community has the most value; the poa crymophila in the weeds community in the tailings pond has the most value. In the 3 vegetation types, the niche width of Kobresia, Sabina procumbent, potentilla bifurca linn, Elymus nutans and Potentilla fruticosa is comparably large, and potentilla bifurca linn and Elymus nutans covered widely.
By determining the four kind of heavy metal elements, we could conclude that the rank average value of one-factor pollution index is that: Cd > Cu > Zn > Pb, in which Cd、Cu、Zn is in heavy pollution. The result shows that the wasteland in mining area is complex pollution of Cd、Cu、Zn.
Through the determination of soil nutrients and critical value in mining area, we could conclude that the soil organic matter content there was comparably lower, and the content of P element is very low, the content of Ca, Fe, Mg, K, Zn, Cu was relatively abundant; other nutrients were obviously lower than 3 times of Critical value in nutrient deficiency. We concluded initially that the elements of P, S, B, Mn and N are possibly the limiting factors of soil nutrient.
The fertility analysis of soil samples in the mine showed that after the rain erosion and exploitations, the soil matrix and mineral nutrition was low resulting in the poor overall fertility. Organic matters and quick-acting P, N were the limiting factors of soil fertility
By the systematic research of soil nutrients, we can judge that the order of soil nutrients defeciency is P>B>N>Mo>Mn>S, in which P, B are the first limiting factors, while N is the second limiting factor.
The moisture absorption experiments of elymus dahuricus showed that the moisture content of seed and temperature, limited the seed germination of elymus dahuricus to a certain extent. While the light and dark conditions experiments of elymus dahuricus showed that, to some extent light can promote the germination of elymus dahuricus seeds.
From the variance analysis of adding nutrient solution, water retention agent and the water experiments, we can see that the original solution can influence the height of elymus dahuricus. By comparing the dry matter, we found that the treatment of "0.25L +0.75 original solution +100 g water retention agent,”can mostly influence the dry matter of elymus dahuricus.
引文
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