城乡交错带沟谷地污染元素迁移通量研究
摘要
20世纪60年代以后，随着全球工业化和现代农业的迅速发展，人类的生产和生活活动对元素的迁移影响越来越大，在很多方面已经超过了自然界的影响力，许多传统和新型污染物不断地随人类活动进入自然环境，导致了局地和全球性的环境污染。我国正处于经济发展的快速阶段，载负经济增长的人工建筑物、废弃物和不断增加的人口已经接近甚至超过了环境承载力，中国已成为全球元素迁移产生污染问题最多的国家。
城乡交错带沟谷地是连接交错带基底与河流的纽带，其特点是规模小但分布广，遍布于各种类型的城市，其类似于人体内分布的大量毛细血管源源不断地向大型河流输送各种物质。作为一种典型的水陆交错带，这里往往最先接受大量的非点源污染物，如果其污染状况长期得不到研究和治理，那么主要江河水体的污染问题将不可能得到根本解决，城市水环境安全也就无从谈起。因此，定量研究沟谷分布区污染元素的源—流—汇过程，搞清污染元素迁移的规律，对控制区域环境污染特别是水体污染具有重要意义。
本研究以位于中国东北的长春市东南部城乡交错带的一条沟谷地为研究对象，在综合考虑间距、景观斑块典型性和代表性、土地利用情况、降雨量、植被等因素的基础上，选取了五条研究样带。在2011年度内，运用野外定位监测的方法，对研究区域内N、P、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr七种元素的主要迁移途径、迁移规律、地表分布、污染元素来源和迁移通量进行了系统研究。同时，运用了正交试验设计法、Pearson相关分析法、大气元素富集因子分析法等分析方法对监测数据进行了定量分析，得出了以下主要结论。
在大气干沉降方面，沟谷地分布区内2011年全年大气氮干沉降通量为3.00kg/km2，其中铵氮干沉降通量为1.07kg/km2，硝氮0.95kg/km2，可溶性有机氮为1.07kg/km2。三种形态的氮素即NH4-N、NO3-N、DON的干沉降通量比较接近。从总氮干沉降的季节性迁移通量来看，各季节通量排序为冬季＞春季＞秋季＞夏季。全年大气总磷的干沉降通量为2.44kg/hm2,总磷的干沉降迁移通量排序为冬季＞夏季＞秋季＞春季。2011年全年时间内，Cu的干沉降通量为7.58mg/m2,Zn的干沉降通量为55.53mg/m2，Pb的干沉降通量为9.54mg/m2，Cd的干沉降通量为0.10mg/m2，Cr的干沉降通量为3.84mg/m2。Cu的大气沉降迁移通量时间排序为冬季＞春季＞秋季＞夏季；Zn的迁移通量时间排序为冬季＞秋季＞夏季＞春季；Pb的迁移通量时间排序为冬季＞秋季＞春季＞夏季；Cd的迁移通量时间排序为冬季＞秋季＞春季＝夏季；Cr迁移通量时间排序为春季＞秋季＞夏季＞冬季。五种重金属季节性迁移通量值均很小。Pearson相关分析结果显示，研究区域大气干沉降重金属中，Zn受人为影响较大，Cr基本未受人为影响，Cu、Pb、Cd受自然和人为双重影响。
在大气湿沉降方面，研究区域内2011年全年DTN湿沉降通量为1.38kg/hm2，NH4-N的全年湿沉降通量为0.52kg/hm2，NO3-N的全年湿沉降通量为0.40kg/hm2，DON的全年湿沉降通量0.46kg/hm2。总磷的全年湿沉降通量为0.309kg/hm2。从总氮湿沉降的季节性迁移通量来看，各季节通量排序为夏季＞秋季＞春季＞冬季，总磷的湿沉降迁移通量排序为夏季＞秋季＞春季＞冬季。数据分析表明，大气降水量与氮和磷的浓度呈负相关关系，与湿沉降通量呈正相关关系。
从元素的地表径流迁移来看，氮、磷的地表径流浓度和通量与地表斑块的性质和比例有着密切关系，即透水斑块比例高的样带对应的地表径流氮、磷浓度和迁移通量较低，反之则较高。相关分析结果证明，透水斑块比例与地表径流氮、磷浓度和通量呈负相关关系。
从7种元素的时空分异来看，在研究时段内，沟谷地自坡顶至坡底方向，自上游至下游方向表土中各元素含量均未出现统计学意义上的差异显著变化。分析原因，主要是与降雨量偏少、频次偏低、沟谷坡度和坡降很小有关。此外，与大气干沉降和湿沉降同时起到了输入和输出双重作用也有关系。从具体数值分析来看，虽然各元素在沟谷两个方向上未达到差异显著，但沟谷纵向方向元素的分布变化幅度更大一些，更接近于差异显著的临界值。这说明降水对五条样带之间造成的分布差异要大于对每条样带内自坡顶至坡底的分布差异，这可能是由于沟谷纵向的坡降大于横向的坡度，从而使得元素更容易沿沟谷坡降方向迁移所致。同时发现，水溶性好的元素其分布变异幅度较大，更接近于差异显著临界值，水溶性差的元素则变幅很小，不易发生迁移。
从7种元素的迁移通量来看，氮和磷的年迁移通量值较大，且年净贮存率也较高，这说明两种元素在区域内的输入和输出迁移已处于明显的不平衡状态，区域内环境污染特别是水体的污染已经显现，原因是不合理的人为扰动，过多的生活垃圾和畜禽粪便随意排放是过量氮、磷的主要来源。区域内五种重金属的迁移通量均处于较低水平，尚未出现污染状况。
Since the nineteen sixties, with the rapid development of global industrialization andmodern agriculture, the effect to elements transfer of human life and production activities isgreater, in many aspects has exceeded natural influence, many of the traditional and newpollutants constantly along with the human activity into the natural environment, leading tolocal and global environmental pollution. Our country is in the stage of rapid economicdevelopment, artificial structures, load growth waste and increasing population is close to oreven exceed the environmental capacity, China has become the largest pollution problemshave global migration of elements of the state.
Urban-rural ecotone gully is a tie connecting the substrate and the river, which is the sizeof a small but widely distributed, scattered in various types of city, it is similar to a lot ofcapillary in the human body conveying a variety of material to the large river everfount, is aconcentration of comprehensive effect of city water and subsurface erosion. As a typicalecotone, here are often the first to accept a large number of non point source pollution, at thesame time, it is often easy to be ignored object. If the pollution not be research andmanagement long-term, then the main river water pollution problems will not be solvedthoroughly. Urban water environment security is impossible, therefore,It is important wequantitative study the source-flow-exchange process of pollution elements in gully area tounderstand the pollution elements migration rule, control of regional environmental pollutionespecially to the water pollution.
A urban-rural gully was located the southeast of Changchun City in the northeast ofChina is selected in this study, considering the distance, the landscape patch typical andrepresentative, land use, rainfall, vegetation and other factors, we selected five of transect. Inthe2011, using the method of field monitoring in the study area, the N, P, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Crseven elements of the main migration pathways、migration law、 surface distribution、pollution source and migration flux were studied, at the same time, the use of the orthogonaltest design method, Pearson correlation analysis method, the atmospheric elementalenrichment factor analysis method of monitoring data for quantitative analysis, the mainconclusion.
In the atmospheric dry deposition,2011Annual atmospheric N dry deposition flux ingully area was3.00kg/km2, in which ammonium nitrogen dry deposition fluxes of1.07kg/km2, nitrate nitrogen is0.95kg/km2, soluble organic nitrogen was1.07kg/km2, dry deposition fluxof NH4-N, NO3-N, DON was close. Analysing the total nitrogen dry deposition fluxes ofseasonal migration, the order of seasonal flux was winter> spring> autumn> summer. Thetotal annual atmospheric dry deposition flux of2.44kg/hm2, the order of total dry depositionflux was winter> autumn> spring> summer. In2011, Cu dry deposition fluxes was7.58mg/m2, Zn dry deposition flux was55.53mg/m2, Pb dry deposition flux was9.54mg/m2,Cd dry deposition flux was0.10mg/m2, Cr dry deposition flux was3.84mg/m2. The order ofCu atmospheric deposition flux was winter> spring> autumn> summer; the migration fluxof Zn was winter> autumn> summer> spring; the migration flux of Pb was winter> autumn> spring> summer; the migration flux of Cd was winter> autumn> spring=summer； themigration flux of Cr was spring> autumn> summer> winter. Five kinds of heavy metalsseasonal migration flux values were very small. Pearson correlation analysis showed: Zn wasinfluenced greatly by human activities, were basically not affected by human Cr, Cu, Pb, Cdby natural and man-made influence.
In the aspect of atmospheric wet deposition, in2011, DTN wet deposition flux was1.38kg/hm2; NH4-N annual wet deposition flux was0.52kg/hm2; NO3-N annual wetdeposition flux was0.40kg/hm2; DON annual wet deposition flux was0.46kg/hm2, totalphosphorus annual wet deposition flux was0.309kg/hm2. Anysising the total nitrogen wetdeposition of seasonal migration flux, the order of seasonal flux was the summer> autumn>spring> winter. The wet deposition order of total phosphorus migration was summer>autumn> spring> winter. Data showed, a negative correlation consisted in atmosphericprecipitation and the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus, and wet deposition fluxeswere positively correlated with atmospheric precipitation.
Analysing the migration of elements in Surface runoff, concentrations and fluxes ofnitrogen and phosphorus of the runoff had a close relationship between the nature andproportion of surface plaque, which was a high proportion of permeable plaque transectcorresponding a low flux runoff of nitrogen and phosphorus concentration, and vice versa washigh. Correlation analysis showed that the proportion of permeable plaque was negativelycorrelated with the concentrations and fluxes of nitrogen, phosphorus in surface runoff.
Analysing the differentiation of7elements, in the study period, along the slope directionin the gulley, from upper to lower change, topsoil content had not a statistically significantdifference. The mainly reasons were little rainfall, low frequency, gully slope and the slopewas very small in addition, relevant, and dry deposition and wet deposition also had the dualrole of input and output at the same time. Analysing the specific number, although twodirections did not reach significant difference in the gully, the distribution range of elementsin longitudinal direction of gulley were larger, more close to the difference in critical values.This result showed that the difference of distribution of precipitation of five transects exceed the difference from the top to the bottom of the slope, the distribution of each kind of band,which might be due to the longitudinal gradient of gully was greater than that of thetransverse slope, so that the elements more easily along the gully slope direction caused bymigration. At the same time, good water solubility elements distribution greatly varied, it wasmore close to significant critical value, a poorly water-soluble element amplitude was verysmall, not easy migration.
Analysing the migration flux of seven elements, the flux of nitrogen and phosphorus werelarge, and net storage rate were also high, it suggested that migration of two elements were inan obviously unbalanced state in the region, the reason was the unreasonable humandisturbance, too much discharged garbage and feces was the main source of excess nitrogenand phosphorus. The migration fluxs of five heavy metals within the region were at arelatively low level, no pollution.
城乡交错带沟谷地是连接交错带基底与河流的纽带，其特点是规模小但分布广，遍布于各种类型的城市，其类似于人体内分布的大量毛细血管源源不断地向大型河流输送各种物质。作为一种典型的水陆交错带，这里往往最先接受大量的非点源污染物，如果其污染状况长期得不到研究和治理，那么主要江河水体的污染问题将不可能得到根本解决，城市水环境安全也就无从谈起。因此，定量研究沟谷分布区污染元素的源—流—汇过程，搞清污染元素迁移的规律，对控制区域环境污染特别是水体污染具有重要意义。
本研究以位于中国东北的长春市东南部城乡交错带的一条沟谷地为研究对象，在综合考虑间距、景观斑块典型性和代表性、土地利用情况、降雨量、植被等因素的基础上，选取了五条研究样带。在2011年度内，运用野外定位监测的方法，对研究区域内N、P、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr七种元素的主要迁移途径、迁移规律、地表分布、污染元素来源和迁移通量进行了系统研究。同时，运用了正交试验设计法、Pearson相关分析法、大气元素富集因子分析法等分析方法对监测数据进行了定量分析，得出了以下主要结论。
在大气干沉降方面，沟谷地分布区内2011年全年大气氮干沉降通量为3.00kg/km2，其中铵氮干沉降通量为1.07kg/km2，硝氮0.95kg/km2，可溶性有机氮为1.07kg/km2。三种形态的氮素即NH4-N、NO3-N、DON的干沉降通量比较接近。从总氮干沉降的季节性迁移通量来看，各季节通量排序为冬季＞春季＞秋季＞夏季。全年大气总磷的干沉降通量为2.44kg/hm2,总磷的干沉降迁移通量排序为冬季＞夏季＞秋季＞春季。2011年全年时间内，Cu的干沉降通量为7.58mg/m2,Zn的干沉降通量为55.53mg/m2，Pb的干沉降通量为9.54mg/m2，Cd的干沉降通量为0.10mg/m2，Cr的干沉降通量为3.84mg/m2。Cu的大气沉降迁移通量时间排序为冬季＞春季＞秋季＞夏季；Zn的迁移通量时间排序为冬季＞秋季＞夏季＞春季；Pb的迁移通量时间排序为冬季＞秋季＞春季＞夏季；Cd的迁移通量时间排序为冬季＞秋季＞春季＝夏季；Cr迁移通量时间排序为春季＞秋季＞夏季＞冬季。五种重金属季节性迁移通量值均很小。Pearson相关分析结果显示，研究区域大气干沉降重金属中，Zn受人为影响较大，Cr基本未受人为影响，Cu、Pb、Cd受自然和人为双重影响。
在大气湿沉降方面，研究区域内2011年全年DTN湿沉降通量为1.38kg/hm2，NH4-N的全年湿沉降通量为0.52kg/hm2，NO3-N的全年湿沉降通量为0.40kg/hm2，DON的全年湿沉降通量0.46kg/hm2。总磷的全年湿沉降通量为0.309kg/hm2。从总氮湿沉降的季节性迁移通量来看，各季节通量排序为夏季＞秋季＞春季＞冬季，总磷的湿沉降迁移通量排序为夏季＞秋季＞春季＞冬季。数据分析表明，大气降水量与氮和磷的浓度呈负相关关系，与湿沉降通量呈正相关关系。
从元素的地表径流迁移来看，氮、磷的地表径流浓度和通量与地表斑块的性质和比例有着密切关系，即透水斑块比例高的样带对应的地表径流氮、磷浓度和迁移通量较低，反之则较高。相关分析结果证明，透水斑块比例与地表径流氮、磷浓度和通量呈负相关关系。
从7种元素的时空分异来看，在研究时段内，沟谷地自坡顶至坡底方向，自上游至下游方向表土中各元素含量均未出现统计学意义上的差异显著变化。分析原因，主要是与降雨量偏少、频次偏低、沟谷坡度和坡降很小有关。此外，与大气干沉降和湿沉降同时起到了输入和输出双重作用也有关系。从具体数值分析来看，虽然各元素在沟谷两个方向上未达到差异显著，但沟谷纵向方向元素的分布变化幅度更大一些，更接近于差异显著的临界值。这说明降水对五条样带之间造成的分布差异要大于对每条样带内自坡顶至坡底的分布差异，这可能是由于沟谷纵向的坡降大于横向的坡度，从而使得元素更容易沿沟谷坡降方向迁移所致。同时发现，水溶性好的元素其分布变异幅度较大，更接近于差异显著临界值，水溶性差的元素则变幅很小，不易发生迁移。
从7种元素的迁移通量来看，氮和磷的年迁移通量值较大，且年净贮存率也较高，这说明两种元素在区域内的输入和输出迁移已处于明显的不平衡状态，区域内环境污染特别是水体的污染已经显现，原因是不合理的人为扰动，过多的生活垃圾和畜禽粪便随意排放是过量氮、磷的主要来源。区域内五种重金属的迁移通量均处于较低水平，尚未出现污染状况。
Since the nineteen sixties, with the rapid development of global industrialization andmodern agriculture, the effect to elements transfer of human life and production activities isgreater, in many aspects has exceeded natural influence, many of the traditional and newpollutants constantly along with the human activity into the natural environment, leading tolocal and global environmental pollution. Our country is in the stage of rapid economicdevelopment, artificial structures, load growth waste and increasing population is close to oreven exceed the environmental capacity, China has become the largest pollution problemshave global migration of elements of the state.
Urban-rural ecotone gully is a tie connecting the substrate and the river, which is the sizeof a small but widely distributed, scattered in various types of city, it is similar to a lot ofcapillary in the human body conveying a variety of material to the large river everfount, is aconcentration of comprehensive effect of city water and subsurface erosion. As a typicalecotone, here are often the first to accept a large number of non point source pollution, at thesame time, it is often easy to be ignored object. If the pollution not be research andmanagement long-term, then the main river water pollution problems will not be solvedthoroughly. Urban water environment security is impossible, therefore,It is important wequantitative study the source-flow-exchange process of pollution elements in gully area tounderstand the pollution elements migration rule, control of regional environmental pollutionespecially to the water pollution.
A urban-rural gully was located the southeast of Changchun City in the northeast ofChina is selected in this study, considering the distance, the landscape patch typical andrepresentative, land use, rainfall, vegetation and other factors, we selected five of transect. Inthe2011, using the method of field monitoring in the study area, the N, P, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Crseven elements of the main migration pathways、migration law、 surface distribution、pollution source and migration flux were studied, at the same time, the use of the orthogonaltest design method, Pearson correlation analysis method, the atmospheric elementalenrichment factor analysis method of monitoring data for quantitative analysis, the mainconclusion.
In the atmospheric dry deposition,2011Annual atmospheric N dry deposition flux ingully area was3.00kg/km2, in which ammonium nitrogen dry deposition fluxes of1.07kg/km2, nitrate nitrogen is0.95kg/km2, soluble organic nitrogen was1.07kg/km2, dry deposition fluxof NH4-N, NO3-N, DON was close. Analysing the total nitrogen dry deposition fluxes ofseasonal migration, the order of seasonal flux was winter> spring> autumn> summer. Thetotal annual atmospheric dry deposition flux of2.44kg/hm2, the order of total dry depositionflux was winter> autumn> spring> summer. In2011, Cu dry deposition fluxes was7.58mg/m2, Zn dry deposition flux was55.53mg/m2, Pb dry deposition flux was9.54mg/m2,Cd dry deposition flux was0.10mg/m2, Cr dry deposition flux was3.84mg/m2. The order ofCu atmospheric deposition flux was winter> spring> autumn> summer; the migration fluxof Zn was winter> autumn> summer> spring; the migration flux of Pb was winter> autumn> spring> summer; the migration flux of Cd was winter> autumn> spring=summer； themigration flux of Cr was spring> autumn> summer> winter. Five kinds of heavy metalsseasonal migration flux values were very small. Pearson correlation analysis showed: Zn wasinfluenced greatly by human activities, were basically not affected by human Cr, Cu, Pb, Cdby natural and man-made influence.
In the aspect of atmospheric wet deposition, in2011, DTN wet deposition flux was1.38kg/hm2; NH4-N annual wet deposition flux was0.52kg/hm2; NO3-N annual wetdeposition flux was0.40kg/hm2; DON annual wet deposition flux was0.46kg/hm2, totalphosphorus annual wet deposition flux was0.309kg/hm2. Anysising the total nitrogen wetdeposition of seasonal migration flux, the order of seasonal flux was the summer> autumn>spring> winter. The wet deposition order of total phosphorus migration was summer>autumn> spring> winter. Data showed, a negative correlation consisted in atmosphericprecipitation and the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus, and wet deposition fluxeswere positively correlated with atmospheric precipitation.
Analysing the migration of elements in Surface runoff, concentrations and fluxes ofnitrogen and phosphorus of the runoff had a close relationship between the nature andproportion of surface plaque, which was a high proportion of permeable plaque transectcorresponding a low flux runoff of nitrogen and phosphorus concentration, and vice versa washigh. Correlation analysis showed that the proportion of permeable plaque was negativelycorrelated with the concentrations and fluxes of nitrogen, phosphorus in surface runoff.
Analysing the differentiation of7elements, in the study period, along the slope directionin the gulley, from upper to lower change, topsoil content had not a statistically significantdifference. The mainly reasons were little rainfall, low frequency, gully slope and the slopewas very small in addition, relevant, and dry deposition and wet deposition also had the dualrole of input and output at the same time. Analysing the specific number, although twodirections did not reach significant difference in the gully, the distribution range of elementsin longitudinal direction of gulley were larger, more close to the difference in critical values.This result showed that the difference of distribution of precipitation of five transects exceed the difference from the top to the bottom of the slope, the distribution of each kind of band,which might be due to the longitudinal gradient of gully was greater than that of thetransverse slope, so that the elements more easily along the gully slope direction caused bymigration. At the same time, good water solubility elements distribution greatly varied, it wasmore close to significant critical value, a poorly water-soluble element amplitude was verysmall, not easy migration.
Analysing the migration flux of seven elements, the flux of nitrogen and phosphorus werelarge, and net storage rate were also high, it suggested that migration of two elements were inan obviously unbalanced state in the region, the reason was the unreasonable humandisturbance, too much discharged garbage and feces was the main source of excess nitrogenand phosphorus. The migration fluxs of five heavy metals within the region were at arelatively low level, no pollution.
引文
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