松嫩平原苏打盐渍土灌区稻田水盐调控灌排模式研究
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摘要
松嫩平原是世界三大苏打盐渍土集中分布区之一，也是我国粮食主产区之一。土壤盐渍化和水资源短缺及不合理利用是松嫩平原农业可持续发展的重要威胁。种稻改良盐渍土具有成本低、效果好等优点，但国内外关于排水频率对盐渍土改良、水稻产量和水资源高效利用影响研究的较为少见。本研究以松嫩平原典型苏打盐渍土灌区——前郭灌区为研究区域，选择轻、中、重三种盐渍化程度土壤，建立稻田试验小区，开展多种灌排模式（薄灌频排、薄灌多排、薄灌少排、浅灌多排、浅灌少排、常规灌排）野外小区试验，同时开展前郭灌区的水盐平衡研究。重点分析了不同灌排模式对水稻耕层土壤盐分、水稻产量和灌溉水利用效率的影响，估算了灌区水盐平衡现状。在此基础上，提出了松嫩平原苏打盐渍土灌区不同盐渍化程度稻田土壤基于盐渍土改良、水稻稳产和水资源高效利用目标的相对最佳的水盐调控灌排模式。本研究对于松嫩平原苏打盐渍土灌区水盐调控与农业可持续发展具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。通过研究，取得了以下主要成果。
（1）通过对同一土壤盐渍化程度、不同灌排模式及同一灌排模式、不同土壤盐渍化程度对水稻耕层土壤含盐量变化等的分析，揭示了各灌排模式均导致水稻耕层土壤含盐量降低，且同一土壤盐渍化程度下，排水频率越大，水稻耕层土壤含盐量降低越多的规律。其中薄灌频排模式下土壤含盐量降低量约为常规灌排模式下对应值的5.3倍，浅灌多排模式下土壤含盐量降低量约为常规灌排模式下对应值的3.5~4.3倍，而浅灌少排模式下土壤含盐量降低量约为常规灌排模式下对应值的1.1~1.7倍。此外，揭示了同一灌排模式下，土壤盐渍化程度越重，水稻耕层土壤含盐量削减越多，其中重度盐渍土含盐量降低量约为轻度盐渍土对应值的6.9~8.9倍，而中度盐渍土含盐量降低量约为轻度盐渍土对应值的2.8~6.0倍。
（2）基于对同一土壤盐渍化程度、不同灌排模式及同一灌排模式、不同土壤盐渍化程度对水稻产量等的分析，阐明了灌水深度和排水频率对水稻产量具有重要影响：产量随灌水深度增加而增加。并揭示了轻度盐渍土各薄灌模式下，产量随排水频率增加而增加；轻、中、重三种盐渍土浅灌多排和浅灌少排模式下产量均随排水频率增加而降低，但均不显著低于常规灌排模式；同一灌排模式下，产量随土壤盐渍化程度的加剧而降低等规律。
（3）通过对各稻田小区水量平衡要素和不同灌排模式下水稻灌溉水利用效率和水分利用效率的监测与计算，获得如下结果：水稻生育期降雨量为466.4mm，灌水量为：薄灌频排530mm、薄灌多排440mm、薄灌少排320、浅灌多排520mm、浅灌少排320mm、常规灌排340mm；揭示了排水频率的增加导致灌溉水利用效率的降低；排水频率对水分利用效率影响较小；灌溉水利用效率和水分利用效率均随土壤盐渍化程度的增加而降低等规律。
（4）通过对前郭灌区水盐平衡现状的监测与估算，得知前郭灌区目前处于脱盐状态，2012年前郭灌区盐量排引比约为4.8,净排盐量为3.5×108kg。
（5）在充分考虑盐渍土改良、水稻稳产以及水资源高效利用等水盐调控目标的基础上，结合前郭灌区水盐平衡现状，提出松嫩平原苏打盐渍土灌区盐分调控的对象主要为中度和重度盐渍土，宜实行浅灌多排模式并辅之增施有机肥等农艺措施；而轻度盐渍土作为次要调控对象，宜保持常规灌排模式。
The ongnen lain in northeast China is among the nation’s most importantcommodity grain production bases where much of the rice crop is cultivated. Soilsalinization, water scarcity and unreasonable use are major threats to sustainabledevelopment of agriculture. Irrigated rice culture is an effective low-cost ameliorationapproach to prevent and/or reduce soil salinization. But few studies focused on theeffects of water discharge on saline-sodic salt improving, rice yield and effectiveutilization of water resource. The study area was the typical saline-sodic irrigationarea of the Songnen Plain (i.e., Qianguo irrigation district). A field experimentconsisting of a low, a moderate and a high saline-sodic soil and six irrigationschedules was carried out to investigate changes in root-zone soil salt content, riceyield and irrigation water use efficiency on saline-sodic soils across a salinity gradientunder different irrigation schedules. The irrigation and discharge schedules were:(1)30-mm irrigation with9-time discharge (I-30-9);(2)30-mm irrigation with6-timedischarge (I-30-6);(3)30-mm irrigation with3-time discharge (I-30-3);(4)50-mmirrigation with6-time discharge (I-50-6);(5)50-mm irrigation with3-time discharge(I-50-3);(6)80-mm irrigation with2-time discharge (local traditional irrigation anddischarge, I-80-2). In addition, salt balance of the Qianguo Irrigation Area was carriedout. On this basis, we put forward comparatively good management options forreclamation the saline-sodic soil, increase rice yield and saving water. This study hasimportant theoretical significance and practical value for long-term, sustainable development and food security in the saline-sodic irrigation area of the Songnen Plain.Through the above research, we mainly obtained the following conclusion:
(1) Reductions in soil salt under different irrgaiton and discharge schedules com-bined with different initial salinity were analysised. While all six treatments reducedroot zone salt content, the reduction increased with increasing discharge frequency:reduction in soil salt under I-30-9treatment was about5.3times than that underI-80-2, reduction in soil salt under I-30-6treatment was about3.5~4.3times than thatunder I-80-2, whereas reduction in soil salt under I-30-6treatment was about1.1~1.7times than that under I-80-2; the reduction increased with increasing salinity as well:reduction in soil salt in the high saline-sodic soil was about6.9~8.9times than that inthe low saline-sodic soil, whereas reduction in soil salt in the moderate saline-sodicsoil was about2.8~6.0times than that in the low saline-sodic soil.
(2) Rice yield under different irrgaiton and discharge schedules combined withdifferent initial salinity were analysised. Irrigation water depth and dischargefrequency have a major impact on the rice yield. Rice yield increased with increasingirrigation water depth; Rice yield increased with increasing discharge frequency underall30-mm irrigation on the low saline-sodic soil; Rice yield decreased with increasingdischarge frequency under50-mm irrigation with6-time discharge and50-mmirrigation with3-time discharge on the low, moderate and high saline-sodic soils,whereas no significant difference among the rice yields mentioned above and yieldunder local traditional irrigation and discharge schedule were found; Rice yielddecreased with increasing salinity.
(3) Water balance components, irrigation water use efficiency and water useefficiency under different irrgaiton and discharge schedules combined with differentinitial salinity were analysised. During the5-month rice growth period, total rainfallwas recorded466mm. Irrigation water during the same period was530mm for I-30-9,440mm for I-30-6,320mm for I-30-3,520mm for I-50-6,320mm for I-50-3, and340mm for I-80-2. The irrigation water use efficiency decreased with increasingdischarge frequency; Discharge frequency has small impact on the water useefficiency; both the irrigation water use efficiency and the water use efficiency decreased with increasing salinity.
(4) The present situation of water and salt balance of the Qianguo irrigationdistrict was estimationed. The Qianguo Irrigation Area is in the desalinization state.Salt removed through drainage was4.8times as salt input through irrigation in theQianguo irrigation district. Net salt losses (salt input through irrigation minus saltremoved through drainage) was3.5×108kg in2012.
(5) Considering reduction of soil salt, maintain and increase rice yield and watersaving and efficient water utilization as a whole, and in view of the Qianguo IrrigationArea salt balance situation, we put forward that the main regulating targets of thesaline-sodic irrigation areas on the Songnen Plain is the moderate and highsaline-sodic soils and the comparatively good option of irrigation and dischargeschedule for the two kind of soils are50mm irrigation with6-time discharge; thesecondary regulating targets of the saline-sodic irrigation areas on the Songnen Plainis the low saline-sodic soils and the comparatively good option of irrigation anddischarge schedule for this soil is the local traditional irrigation and dischargeschedule.
（1）通过对同一土壤盐渍化程度、不同灌排模式及同一灌排模式、不同土壤盐渍化程度对水稻耕层土壤含盐量变化等的分析，揭示了各灌排模式均导致水稻耕层土壤含盐量降低，且同一土壤盐渍化程度下，排水频率越大，水稻耕层土壤含盐量降低越多的规律。其中薄灌频排模式下土壤含盐量降低量约为常规灌排模式下对应值的5.3倍，浅灌多排模式下土壤含盐量降低量约为常规灌排模式下对应值的3.5~4.3倍，而浅灌少排模式下土壤含盐量降低量约为常规灌排模式下对应值的1.1~1.7倍。此外，揭示了同一灌排模式下，土壤盐渍化程度越重，水稻耕层土壤含盐量削减越多，其中重度盐渍土含盐量降低量约为轻度盐渍土对应值的6.9~8.9倍，而中度盐渍土含盐量降低量约为轻度盐渍土对应值的2.8~6.0倍。
（2）基于对同一土壤盐渍化程度、不同灌排模式及同一灌排模式、不同土壤盐渍化程度对水稻产量等的分析，阐明了灌水深度和排水频率对水稻产量具有重要影响：产量随灌水深度增加而增加。并揭示了轻度盐渍土各薄灌模式下，产量随排水频率增加而增加；轻、中、重三种盐渍土浅灌多排和浅灌少排模式下产量均随排水频率增加而降低，但均不显著低于常规灌排模式；同一灌排模式下，产量随土壤盐渍化程度的加剧而降低等规律。
（3）通过对各稻田小区水量平衡要素和不同灌排模式下水稻灌溉水利用效率和水分利用效率的监测与计算，获得如下结果：水稻生育期降雨量为466.4mm，灌水量为：薄灌频排530mm、薄灌多排440mm、薄灌少排320、浅灌多排520mm、浅灌少排320mm、常规灌排340mm；揭示了排水频率的增加导致灌溉水利用效率的降低；排水频率对水分利用效率影响较小；灌溉水利用效率和水分利用效率均随土壤盐渍化程度的增加而降低等规律。
（4）通过对前郭灌区水盐平衡现状的监测与估算，得知前郭灌区目前处于脱盐状态，2012年前郭灌区盐量排引比约为4.8,净排盐量为3.5×108kg。
（5）在充分考虑盐渍土改良、水稻稳产以及水资源高效利用等水盐调控目标的基础上，结合前郭灌区水盐平衡现状，提出松嫩平原苏打盐渍土灌区盐分调控的对象主要为中度和重度盐渍土，宜实行浅灌多排模式并辅之增施有机肥等农艺措施；而轻度盐渍土作为次要调控对象，宜保持常规灌排模式。
The ongnen lain in northeast China is among the nation’s most importantcommodity grain production bases where much of the rice crop is cultivated. Soilsalinization, water scarcity and unreasonable use are major threats to sustainabledevelopment of agriculture. Irrigated rice culture is an effective low-cost ameliorationapproach to prevent and/or reduce soil salinization. But few studies focused on theeffects of water discharge on saline-sodic salt improving, rice yield and effectiveutilization of water resource. The study area was the typical saline-sodic irrigationarea of the Songnen Plain (i.e., Qianguo irrigation district). A field experimentconsisting of a low, a moderate and a high saline-sodic soil and six irrigationschedules was carried out to investigate changes in root-zone soil salt content, riceyield and irrigation water use efficiency on saline-sodic soils across a salinity gradientunder different irrigation schedules. The irrigation and discharge schedules were:(1)30-mm irrigation with9-time discharge (I-30-9);(2)30-mm irrigation with6-timedischarge (I-30-6);(3)30-mm irrigation with3-time discharge (I-30-3);(4)50-mmirrigation with6-time discharge (I-50-6);(5)50-mm irrigation with3-time discharge(I-50-3);(6)80-mm irrigation with2-time discharge (local traditional irrigation anddischarge, I-80-2). In addition, salt balance of the Qianguo Irrigation Area was carriedout. On this basis, we put forward comparatively good management options forreclamation the saline-sodic soil, increase rice yield and saving water. This study hasimportant theoretical significance and practical value for long-term, sustainable development and food security in the saline-sodic irrigation area of the Songnen Plain.Through the above research, we mainly obtained the following conclusion:
(1) Reductions in soil salt under different irrgaiton and discharge schedules com-bined with different initial salinity were analysised. While all six treatments reducedroot zone salt content, the reduction increased with increasing discharge frequency:reduction in soil salt under I-30-9treatment was about5.3times than that underI-80-2, reduction in soil salt under I-30-6treatment was about3.5~4.3times than thatunder I-80-2, whereas reduction in soil salt under I-30-6treatment was about1.1~1.7times than that under I-80-2; the reduction increased with increasing salinity as well:reduction in soil salt in the high saline-sodic soil was about6.9~8.9times than that inthe low saline-sodic soil, whereas reduction in soil salt in the moderate saline-sodicsoil was about2.8~6.0times than that in the low saline-sodic soil.
(2) Rice yield under different irrgaiton and discharge schedules combined withdifferent initial salinity were analysised. Irrigation water depth and dischargefrequency have a major impact on the rice yield. Rice yield increased with increasingirrigation water depth; Rice yield increased with increasing discharge frequency underall30-mm irrigation on the low saline-sodic soil; Rice yield decreased with increasingdischarge frequency under50-mm irrigation with6-time discharge and50-mmirrigation with3-time discharge on the low, moderate and high saline-sodic soils,whereas no significant difference among the rice yields mentioned above and yieldunder local traditional irrigation and discharge schedule were found; Rice yielddecreased with increasing salinity.
(3) Water balance components, irrigation water use efficiency and water useefficiency under different irrgaiton and discharge schedules combined with differentinitial salinity were analysised. During the5-month rice growth period, total rainfallwas recorded466mm. Irrigation water during the same period was530mm for I-30-9,440mm for I-30-6,320mm for I-30-3,520mm for I-50-6,320mm for I-50-3, and340mm for I-80-2. The irrigation water use efficiency decreased with increasingdischarge frequency; Discharge frequency has small impact on the water useefficiency; both the irrigation water use efficiency and the water use efficiency decreased with increasing salinity.
(4) The present situation of water and salt balance of the Qianguo irrigationdistrict was estimationed. The Qianguo Irrigation Area is in the desalinization state.Salt removed through drainage was4.8times as salt input through irrigation in theQianguo irrigation district. Net salt losses (salt input through irrigation minus saltremoved through drainage) was3.5×108kg in2012.
(5) Considering reduction of soil salt, maintain and increase rice yield and watersaving and efficient water utilization as a whole, and in view of the Qianguo IrrigationArea salt balance situation, we put forward that the main regulating targets of thesaline-sodic irrigation areas on the Songnen Plain is the moderate and highsaline-sodic soils and the comparatively good option of irrigation and dischargeschedule for the two kind of soils are50mm irrigation with6-time discharge; thesecondary regulating targets of the saline-sodic irrigation areas on the Songnen Plainis the low saline-sodic soils and the comparatively good option of irrigation anddischarge schedule for this soil is the local traditional irrigation and dischargeschedule.
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