棉花膜下滴灌水盐调控及灌溉制度研究
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摘要
随着世界人口的增加和水资源的日益紧缺,合理开发利用非常规资源成为当今世界各国关注的热点问题。膜下滴灌技术的出现为开发利用丰富的微咸水和不断增加的盐碱地提供了新的研究思路和方法。
本研究以新疆自治区“十一五”科技攻关重大项目子课题“棉花膜下滴灌关键技术及棉区水盐调控技术开发与示范”和国家“十一五”科技支撑计划项目子课题“准噶尔盆地南缘水资源合理配置及高利用技术研究”为依托,较全面的总结了膜下滴灌水盐运移规律及灌溉制度的国内外研究现状,研究了微咸水滴灌水盐运移规律和盐碱地水盐调控技术。所做的主要工作和研究成果如下:
1.通过微咸水滴灌三维入渗水盐运移试验,研究了不同矿化度和流量对土壤水盐运移特征的影响,以及因湿润锋重叠所引起的交汇界面土壤含水率和含盐量变化特征。当矿化度一定时,在0～15cm层,相同湿润深度处,滴头流量越大,土壤剖面含水率较大,含盐量却相对越小;在15cm与湿润锋层,相同湿润锋深度处,滴头流量越大,土壤剖面含水率越小,含盐量却相对越大。得出了利用微咸水滴灌能在滴头附近形成一个较高含水率,且含盐量较低的区域(0～15cm),能为作物提供一个良好的水盐环境。
2.选取准噶尔盆地南缘盐碱土,在测坑中进行了膜下滴灌水盐调控研究,分析对比不同位置含水率和含盐量的动态变化,总结出了盐碱地棉花膜下滴灌水盐运移基本规律为:水平方向,距滴灌带越近含水率越高,含盐量越低;距滴灌带越远含水率越低,含盐量越高;垂直方向,土层含水率变化趋势:随着深度的增加呈先增大后减小;含盐量随深度增加先减小后增加趋势,15cm左右含盐量最低。
3.试验中共设置了4500、5250、6000和6750m~3/hm24个不同灌溉定额和4500 m~3/hm~21个对照处理。不同灌溉定额对土壤水分的调控范围不同,灌溉定额为5250m~3/hm~2,在关键生育期提供的土壤含水率范围为12.77～15.92%,为棉花生长提供了良好的水盐环境。标杂品种棉花各生育期适宜生长土壤含量范围为:苗期土壤含盐量应低于1%;关键生育期(蕾期和花铃期)棉花土壤含盐量在1%～1.5%棉花正常生长,产量较高;1.5%～2%范围棉花生长受到抑制,产量相对较低;2%以上,棉花将无法生长。
4.棉花全生育期植株耗水量依次为506mm、582mm、625和679mm;5250m~3/hm~2处理的“三桃”比例较合理,产量相对较高,灌溉水利用效率较高,初步得出盐碱地膜下滴灌灌溉制度。
With the increase of the world population and the shortage of water resources, it has become a hot issue at present for all over the world to develop rationally and utilize the Unconventional resources. Drip irrigation under plastic film that the drip is placed under the plastic film, which couples with the drip irrigation technology and the plastic film technology, also is a leap in drip irrigation technology. The emergence of drip irrigation under plastic film has provided new ideas and methods for the development and utilization of rich brackish water and increasing salinized land.
This research was based on Xingjian, "Eleventh Five-Year" key scientific and technological issues of major sub-projects, "the key technology of Drip irrigation under plastic film and the development and demonstration of the water-salt regulation and control technology for cutton”and national "Eleventh Five-Year" project to support science and technology sub-topics "the southern edge of Jogger Basin, the rational allocation of water resources and high technology research," as the background. A more comprehensive summary of the research of the water and salt transport and system regime at home and abroad and study the Characteristics of Soil Water and Salt Movement in Brackish Water under Drip Irrigation and the water-salt regulation and control technology
1. By the three-dimensional infiltration of brackish water drip irrigation, it was researched that the effects of different degree of mineralization and flow on water-salt distribution characteristics, and soil moisture and salinity characteristics as well as the wetting front in the convergence of overlapping interface. When a certain degree of mineralization is at 0 ~ 15cm layer, the same depth of wet, the emitter flow the greater, the moisture content of soil profiles greater, salinity is relatively smaller; between 15cm layer and the wetting front, the same depth of wetting front, the greater of the emitter flow, the smaller the soil profile water content, salt content is relatively greater. Wetting front of the convergence of soil water content, salinity and depth of moist soil are generally higher than the same distance and depth moisture content, salinity and depth of wetting. The use of brackish water can form a high moisture content and low salinity region near the drip irrigation emitter, which can provide a good crop of salt-water environment.
2. Selecting salinized land from the southern edge of Jogger Basin, the water-salt regulation and contro is studiedl in Test pit. The basic principle is: Horizontal direction, the more recent to the drip tipe with the higher moisture content, the lower the salt content; farther away from the drip tipe with lower moisture content, the higher the salt content; vertical direction, the changeable trend of soil moisture is first increased and then decreased. The salt content is first decreased and then increased.
3.There are four irrigation quotas(4500、5250、6000 and 6750m~3/hm~2) and one comparing treatments(4500m~3/hm~2). Different irrigation quotas control Different scale of soil moisture, irrigation quota for 5250m~3/hm~2 ranges from 12.7 ~ 15.92% of soil moisture at a critical growing period, which provides a good water environment for cotton. The suitable salt content of the cotton genotypes of Biao za in different development stage is: seedling stage less than 1%; at budding、flower and boll stage in the 1% ~ 1.5% for the normal cotton growth, the yield is higher, growth limited when the soil salinity in the scale of 1.5% ~ 2%, production is relatively low, cotton unable to grow while soil salinity is more than 2%.
4. The cotton entire period of water consumption is 506mm, 582mm, 625 and 679mm in turn.when the irrigation quota is 5250m~3/hm~2, the "three-peach" proportion is reasonable, the yield relative high ,and the water use efficiency is also high. In the end, we obtains irrigation regime of Drip Irrigation under Film in salinized land for cotton.
本研究以新疆自治区“十一五”科技攻关重大项目子课题“棉花膜下滴灌关键技术及棉区水盐调控技术开发与示范”和国家“十一五”科技支撑计划项目子课题“准噶尔盆地南缘水资源合理配置及高利用技术研究”为依托,较全面的总结了膜下滴灌水盐运移规律及灌溉制度的国内外研究现状,研究了微咸水滴灌水盐运移规律和盐碱地水盐调控技术。所做的主要工作和研究成果如下:
1.通过微咸水滴灌三维入渗水盐运移试验,研究了不同矿化度和流量对土壤水盐运移特征的影响,以及因湿润锋重叠所引起的交汇界面土壤含水率和含盐量变化特征。当矿化度一定时,在0～15cm层,相同湿润深度处,滴头流量越大,土壤剖面含水率较大,含盐量却相对越小;在15cm与湿润锋层,相同湿润锋深度处,滴头流量越大,土壤剖面含水率越小,含盐量却相对越大。得出了利用微咸水滴灌能在滴头附近形成一个较高含水率,且含盐量较低的区域(0～15cm),能为作物提供一个良好的水盐环境。
2.选取准噶尔盆地南缘盐碱土,在测坑中进行了膜下滴灌水盐调控研究,分析对比不同位置含水率和含盐量的动态变化,总结出了盐碱地棉花膜下滴灌水盐运移基本规律为:水平方向,距滴灌带越近含水率越高,含盐量越低;距滴灌带越远含水率越低,含盐量越高;垂直方向,土层含水率变化趋势:随着深度的增加呈先增大后减小;含盐量随深度增加先减小后增加趋势,15cm左右含盐量最低。
3.试验中共设置了4500、5250、6000和6750m~3/hm24个不同灌溉定额和4500 m~3/hm~21个对照处理。不同灌溉定额对土壤水分的调控范围不同,灌溉定额为5250m~3/hm~2,在关键生育期提供的土壤含水率范围为12.77～15.92%,为棉花生长提供了良好的水盐环境。标杂品种棉花各生育期适宜生长土壤含量范围为:苗期土壤含盐量应低于1%;关键生育期(蕾期和花铃期)棉花土壤含盐量在1%～1.5%棉花正常生长,产量较高;1.5%～2%范围棉花生长受到抑制,产量相对较低;2%以上,棉花将无法生长。
4.棉花全生育期植株耗水量依次为506mm、582mm、625和679mm;5250m~3/hm~2处理的“三桃”比例较合理,产量相对较高,灌溉水利用效率较高,初步得出盐碱地膜下滴灌灌溉制度。
With the increase of the world population and the shortage of water resources, it has become a hot issue at present for all over the world to develop rationally and utilize the Unconventional resources. Drip irrigation under plastic film that the drip is placed under the plastic film, which couples with the drip irrigation technology and the plastic film technology, also is a leap in drip irrigation technology. The emergence of drip irrigation under plastic film has provided new ideas and methods for the development and utilization of rich brackish water and increasing salinized land.
This research was based on Xingjian, "Eleventh Five-Year" key scientific and technological issues of major sub-projects, "the key technology of Drip irrigation under plastic film and the development and demonstration of the water-salt regulation and control technology for cutton”and national "Eleventh Five-Year" project to support science and technology sub-topics "the southern edge of Jogger Basin, the rational allocation of water resources and high technology research," as the background. A more comprehensive summary of the research of the water and salt transport and system regime at home and abroad and study the Characteristics of Soil Water and Salt Movement in Brackish Water under Drip Irrigation and the water-salt regulation and control technology
1. By the three-dimensional infiltration of brackish water drip irrigation, it was researched that the effects of different degree of mineralization and flow on water-salt distribution characteristics, and soil moisture and salinity characteristics as well as the wetting front in the convergence of overlapping interface. When a certain degree of mineralization is at 0 ~ 15cm layer, the same depth of wet, the emitter flow the greater, the moisture content of soil profiles greater, salinity is relatively smaller; between 15cm layer and the wetting front, the same depth of wetting front, the greater of the emitter flow, the smaller the soil profile water content, salt content is relatively greater. Wetting front of the convergence of soil water content, salinity and depth of moist soil are generally higher than the same distance and depth moisture content, salinity and depth of wetting. The use of brackish water can form a high moisture content and low salinity region near the drip irrigation emitter, which can provide a good crop of salt-water environment.
2. Selecting salinized land from the southern edge of Jogger Basin, the water-salt regulation and contro is studiedl in Test pit. The basic principle is: Horizontal direction, the more recent to the drip tipe with the higher moisture content, the lower the salt content; farther away from the drip tipe with lower moisture content, the higher the salt content; vertical direction, the changeable trend of soil moisture is first increased and then decreased. The salt content is first decreased and then increased.
3.There are four irrigation quotas(4500、5250、6000 and 6750m~3/hm~2) and one comparing treatments(4500m~3/hm~2). Different irrigation quotas control Different scale of soil moisture, irrigation quota for 5250m~3/hm~2 ranges from 12.7 ~ 15.92% of soil moisture at a critical growing period, which provides a good water environment for cotton. The suitable salt content of the cotton genotypes of Biao za in different development stage is: seedling stage less than 1%; at budding、flower and boll stage in the 1% ~ 1.5% for the normal cotton growth, the yield is higher, growth limited when the soil salinity in the scale of 1.5% ~ 2%, production is relatively low, cotton unable to grow while soil salinity is more than 2%.
4. The cotton entire period of water consumption is 506mm, 582mm, 625 and 679mm in turn.when the irrigation quota is 5250m~3/hm~2, the "three-peach" proportion is reasonable, the yield relative high ,and the water use efficiency is also high. In the end, we obtains irrigation regime of Drip Irrigation under Film in salinized land for cotton.
引文
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