硫磺与磷矿粉配合施用的肥效研究
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摘要
本文通过土壤培养和框栽试验，探讨了硫磺与磷矿粉配合施用肥效方面的问题。并从“可持续发展”角度看待我国磷肥资源，在发展高效复合磷肥的同时，根据我国的磷矿资源和土壤条件，生产、推广一部分硫磺—磷矿粉混合肥直接施用，为农业生产提供更多的磷素资源。同时也可以减少环境污染，改善土壤生态条件，提高作物品质。结果如下：
硫磺与磷矿粉配合施用，不论在低硫还是高硫水平，硫磺的加入都有利于磷矿粉中难溶态磷向有效态磷转化。硫磺与磷矿粉配合施用能够明显地提高土壤速效磷含量，土壤pH也有了明显的降低。硫氧化细菌的加入对土壤速效磷、土壤pH、无机磷各组分含量、大豆产量、大豆蛋白质和大豆全磷量均有影响，但效果并不明显，而土壤磷素活化剂的加入，效果则比较明显，并且两者同时加入的效果更佳。
采用蒋柏藩、顾益初土壤无机磷分级法将黑土的无机磷分成六组，在四个取样时期土壤无机磷各组分均以Ca-P为主。在整个生育期内，土壤中无机磷各组分的变化为Ca2-P、Cas-P、AI-P和O-P呈降低趋势，Calo-P与Fe-P呈升高趋势。
黑土无机磷各组分中Ca2-P的有效性最高，是大豆可直接吸收利用的磷素营养，A1-P也可直接转化为有效磷，而Cas-P和Fe-P也是重要的有效磷源，可转化为Cae-P或A1-P而影响土壤有效磷，Ca_(10)-P和O-P则是潜在的磷源，主要转化为Ca_(8)-P而间接影响有效磷，但对有效磷的贡献较小。
Soil culture experiment and frame experiment were carried out to study effects of application of elemental sulfur and phosphate rock. According to phosphate rocks resource and soil condition of China, from sustainable development and developing highly-effective complex fertilizer we were to produce and spread a part of mixed fertilizer on sulfur and phosphate rocks that were applied directly and supplied more phosphorus resource for agricultural production. Thus we might reduce environmental pollution and improve ecological condition of soil and crop quality. The results showed as follows:
Whether low sulfur level or high sulfur level, the application of phosphate rock with sulfur could increase soil available P and decrease soil pH significantly. Applying S-oxidizing bacteria affected on soil available P, soil pH, the content of every fraction of inorganic phosphorus, soybean yield, soybean protein and total phosphorus of soybean, but affected insignificantly. Applying soil phosphorus activator affected on them significantly, and effects of application of S-oxidizing bacteria with soil phosphorus activator was the best.
Jiang Baifan and Gu Yichu's Fractionation of soil inorganic phosphorus was used to divide inorganic soil phosphorus of black soil into six parts. Among them, Ca-P was predominant in four growing periods. During the whole growing periods of soybean, the change of trends on fractions of soil inorganic P showed that Ca2-P, Cag-P, AI-P and O-P decreased, but Ca10-P and Fe-P increased.
Ca2-P was the most available to soybean in black soil. Al-P was also transformed into available P directly, Cag-P and Fe-P were important and available phosphorus and influenced soil available P by transforming into Ca2-P and Al-P, Cai0-P and O-P was potential phosphorus source and influenced available P indirectly by transforming into Cag-P, but had little contribution to available P.
Postgraduate: Yin Yunfeng Major: Soil Science Supervisor: Prof. Xu Jinggang
硫磺与磷矿粉配合施用，不论在低硫还是高硫水平，硫磺的加入都有利于磷矿粉中难溶态磷向有效态磷转化。硫磺与磷矿粉配合施用能够明显地提高土壤速效磷含量，土壤pH也有了明显的降低。硫氧化细菌的加入对土壤速效磷、土壤pH、无机磷各组分含量、大豆产量、大豆蛋白质和大豆全磷量均有影响，但效果并不明显，而土壤磷素活化剂的加入，效果则比较明显，并且两者同时加入的效果更佳。
采用蒋柏藩、顾益初土壤无机磷分级法将黑土的无机磷分成六组，在四个取样时期土壤无机磷各组分均以Ca-P为主。在整个生育期内，土壤中无机磷各组分的变化为Ca2-P、Cas-P、AI-P和O-P呈降低趋势，Calo-P与Fe-P呈升高趋势。
黑土无机磷各组分中Ca2-P的有效性最高，是大豆可直接吸收利用的磷素营养，A1-P也可直接转化为有效磷，而Cas-P和Fe-P也是重要的有效磷源，可转化为Cae-P或A1-P而影响土壤有效磷，Ca_(10)-P和O-P则是潜在的磷源，主要转化为Ca_(8)-P而间接影响有效磷，但对有效磷的贡献较小。
Soil culture experiment and frame experiment were carried out to study effects of application of elemental sulfur and phosphate rock. According to phosphate rocks resource and soil condition of China, from sustainable development and developing highly-effective complex fertilizer we were to produce and spread a part of mixed fertilizer on sulfur and phosphate rocks that were applied directly and supplied more phosphorus resource for agricultural production. Thus we might reduce environmental pollution and improve ecological condition of soil and crop quality. The results showed as follows:
Whether low sulfur level or high sulfur level, the application of phosphate rock with sulfur could increase soil available P and decrease soil pH significantly. Applying S-oxidizing bacteria affected on soil available P, soil pH, the content of every fraction of inorganic phosphorus, soybean yield, soybean protein and total phosphorus of soybean, but affected insignificantly. Applying soil phosphorus activator affected on them significantly, and effects of application of S-oxidizing bacteria with soil phosphorus activator was the best.
Jiang Baifan and Gu Yichu's Fractionation of soil inorganic phosphorus was used to divide inorganic soil phosphorus of black soil into six parts. Among them, Ca-P was predominant in four growing periods. During the whole growing periods of soybean, the change of trends on fractions of soil inorganic P showed that Ca2-P, Cag-P, AI-P and O-P decreased, but Ca10-P and Fe-P increased.
Ca2-P was the most available to soybean in black soil. Al-P was also transformed into available P directly, Cag-P and Fe-P were important and available phosphorus and influenced soil available P by transforming into Ca2-P and Al-P, Cai0-P and O-P was potential phosphorus source and influenced available P indirectly by transforming into Cag-P, but had little contribution to available P.
Postgraduate: Yin Yunfeng Major: Soil Science Supervisor: Prof. Xu Jinggang
引文
1．安卫红等，1991，石灰性土壤无机磷的分级及其有效性的研究，土壤学报，29(4)：365-369
2．成瑞喜等，1998，磷矿粉肥在黄棕壤上的持续效应与经济效益研究，土壤通报，29(5)：220-222
3．邓纯章，1994，我国南方部分地区农业中硫的状况及硫肥的效果，土壤肥料，(3)：25-28
4．付绍清 宋金玉，1982，土壤有效磷的测定方法及其与磷素形态关系的研究，土壤学报，19(3)：305-310
5．顾益初 蒋柏藩，1989，石灰性土壤无机磷分级体系的研究，中国农业科学，22(3)：58-66
6．顾益初 蒋柏藩，1990，石灰性土壤无机磷分级的测定方法，土壤，22(2)：101-102
7．顾益初等，1991，不同磷源在石灰性土壤中的供磷能力，土壤，23(6)：296-301
8．郭亚芬，1995，黑龙江省主要土壤硫的形态、有效性及肥效的研究，东北农业大学学报，26(1)：27-33
9．蒋柏藩 沈仁芳，1990，土壤无机磷分级的研究，土壤学进展，18(1)：1-8
10．李玉颖，1997，’黑龙江省黑土大豆施硫效果的研究，土壤肥料，(3)：23-25
11．廖星，1991，作物硫素营养的诊断和施肥，土壤通报，22(6)：274-276
12．林葆，1997，土壤与植物中S行为研究进展，土壤肥料，(5)：8-11
13．林葆，1998，作物缺硫诊断的研究进展与展望，土壤肥料，(3)：12-16
14．林葆等，2000，影响硫磺在土壤中氧化的因素，土壤肥料，(5)：3-8
15．刘崇群，1981，土壤硫素和硫肥施用问题，土壤学进展，9(4)：11-19
16．刘来福，1984，作物数量遗传，农业出版社
17．鲁如坤 史陶钧，1980，土壤磷素在利用过程中的消耗和积累，土壤通报，(5)：6-8
18．北京农业大学主编，1987，农业化学，农业出版社
19．王金陵，1982，大豆，黑龙江科技出版社，哈尔滨
20．王庆仁 林葆，1996，植物硫营养研究的现状与展望，土壤肥料，(3)：16-19
21．徐海岩 颜望明，1994，无机硫化合物的微生物氧化，微生物学报，21(3)：167-171
22．尹金来等，1989，磷肥在石灰性土壤中的形态转化及有效性，土壤通报，
(1)：25-30
23．张海军，2000，黑龙江省西部草地土壤无机磷素形态、转化及有效性，硕士学位论文
24．张彦才等，1998，酸性物质与磷肥配合施用对石灰性潮土供磷能力的影响，土壤肥料，(3)：36-38
25．张为政，1991，土壤磷组分的通径分析及其相对有效性，土壤学报，28(4)：417-424
26．陈国安，我国东北黑土地区农业中的硫素问题，中国农业通报，1994，(3)：36-38
27．朱荫湄等，1981，磷肥在土壤中形态转化，土壤，13(4)：130-133
28. Attoe O. J. and Olsen R. H. 1966, Factors affecting rate of oxidation of sulphur and that added in rock phosphate-sulphur fusions. Soil Sci. 101:317-324.
29. Chapman, M.1989. Oxidation of micronized sulphur in soil. Plant .116:69-76.
30. Clement L1978.Sulphur increases the availability of phosphorus on calcareous soils. Solph Agric. 2:9-12.
31. Fox, R.L, et al, 1964, Evaluating the sulfur status of soil by plant and soil tests. Soil Sci.17: 279-294.
32. Gupta, U. C. and Veinot R. L. 1974. Response of crops to sulfur under greenhouse conditions. Soil Sci Soc. Am. Proc. 38:785-788.
33. Gupta, V. V. S. R., Lawrence, J. R. and Cermida, J. J. 1988. Impact of elemental sulfur fertilization on agricultural soils. Ⅰ. Effects on microbial biomass and enzymes activities. Can. J. Soil Sci.68: 463-473.
34. Janzen, H. H. and Bettany, J. R. 1986.Release of available sulfur from fertilizer. Can. J. Soil. Sci.66: 91-103.
35. Janzen, H. H. and Bettany, J. R. 1987a. Oxidation of elemental sulfur under field conditions in central Saskatchewan. Can. J. Soil Sci.67:609-618.
36. Karamanos, R. E, and Janzen, H. H.1991. Crop response to elemental sulfur fertilizers in central Alberta. Can. J. Soil. Sci.71: 213-225.
37. Khasawneh F. E and Doll, E. C. 1978. The use of phosphate rock for direct application to soils. Advances in Agronomy.30:159-206.
38. Kittams H. A. and Attoe, O. J. 1965. Availability ofphosphaterus in rock phosphatesulphur fusions. Agron. J. 57:331-334.
39. Kowalenko, C. G. and Lowe, L. E.1975. Mineralization of sulphur from four soils and its relationship to soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. Can. J. Soil. Sci.55:9-14.
40. Liao, X. 1991, Diagnosis of sulfur nutrition in crops and sulfur fertilization. Chinese Journal of Soil Science. 22(6): 274-276.
41． Lipman JG, MClean HC 1916． The oxidation of sulfur in soils as a means of increasing the availability of mineral phosphates. Soil Sci.6: 533-539．
42． Lipman JG, Mclean H and Lint HC 1916． Sulphur oxidation in soils and its effect on the availability of mineral phosphates. Soil Sci.2: 499-538．
43． Mackay, A. D., and Syers, J. K.1986． Effect of phosphate, calcium and PH on the dissolution of a phosphate rock in soil. Fertilizer Research. 10:175-184．
44． Martel Y. A. and Zizka, J. 1977． Yield and puality of alfalfa as influenced by additions of S to P and K fertilizations under greenhouse conditions. Agron. J. 69:531-535．
45． Miyamoto, S., H. L. Bohn, and J. Renthal. 1973． Determining the acid titratable basicity of calcareous soils. Soil. Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 37:657-658．
46． Miyamoto, S., R. J. Prather, and J.L., Stroehlein. 1975． Sulfuric acid and leaching repuirement for reclaiming sodiumaffected calcareous soil. Plant Soil .43:573-585．
47． Neller, J. R., and Mutton, C. E. 1957． Comparison of surface and subsurface placement of superphosphate on growth and uptake of phosphorus by sodded grasses. Agron. 149:347-351．
48． Neller, J. R., 1955 Effect of sulfur and gypsum on availability of rock phosphate phosphorus on Leon fine sand. Soil Sci. 82: 129-134．
49． Pirela, H. J., and Tabatabai, M. A. 1988． Sulphur mineralization rates and potentials from soils. Biol. Fertile Soils. 6:26-32．
50． Prather, R. J. 1997． Sulfuric acid as an amendment for reclaiming soils high in boron. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 41:1098-1101．
51． Rajan, S. S. S., Watkinson, J. H., and Sinclair, A. G. 1996． Phosphate rocks for direct application to soils. Advances in Agronomy. 57:177-159．
52． Ryan J, Stroehline JL1979． Sulfuric acid treatment on calcareous soils Effects on phosphorus solubility, inorganic phosphorus to ryegrass forms, and plant growth. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 43: 731-735．
53． Ryan, J.S., S. Miyamoto, and J.L. Stroehlein. 1974． Solubility of manganese, iron, and zinc as affected by application of sulfuric acid to calcareous soils. Plant Soil. 40:421-427．
54． Smyth, T. J., and Sanchez, P. A. 1982． Phosphate rock dissolution and availability in cerrado soils as affected by phosphorus sorption capacity. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 46:339-345．
55． Tabatabai, M.a. and Bremner, J.m.1972, Form of sulfur, and carbon, nitrogen and suffer relationships, in Lowa soils. Soil Science. 114(5) : 380-386．
56． Watanabe FS and Olsen SR1965． Test of an ascorbic acid method for determining phosphorus in water and NaHCO3 extracts from soil. Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 29:677-678．
57． J.R. Neller and F. D. Bartlett 1956． Growth of forage crops on leon fine sand as affected by adding sulfur to rock phosphate. Soil Science. 88:331-335．
58． Sharpley, A.N., 1985． Phosphorus cycling in unfertilizered and fertilizered agricultural soils. Soil Sci Soc Am. J.49: 905-911．
59． Hieltjes, A. H. M. et al. 1980． Fractionation of inorganic phosphorus in calcareous sediments .J. Environ Qual. 9: 405-407．
60． Kanabo, I. A. K., and Gilkes, R. J. 1987． The role of PH in the dissolution of phosphate rock fertilizers. Fertilizer Research. 12:165-174．
2．成瑞喜等，1998，磷矿粉肥在黄棕壤上的持续效应与经济效益研究，土壤通报，29(5)：220-222
3．邓纯章，1994，我国南方部分地区农业中硫的状况及硫肥的效果，土壤肥料，(3)：25-28
4．付绍清 宋金玉，1982，土壤有效磷的测定方法及其与磷素形态关系的研究，土壤学报，19(3)：305-310
5．顾益初 蒋柏藩，1989，石灰性土壤无机磷分级体系的研究，中国农业科学，22(3)：58-66
6．顾益初 蒋柏藩，1990，石灰性土壤无机磷分级的测定方法，土壤，22(2)：101-102
7．顾益初等，1991，不同磷源在石灰性土壤中的供磷能力，土壤，23(6)：296-301
8．郭亚芬，1995，黑龙江省主要土壤硫的形态、有效性及肥效的研究，东北农业大学学报，26(1)：27-33
9．蒋柏藩 沈仁芳，1990，土壤无机磷分级的研究，土壤学进展，18(1)：1-8
10．李玉颖，1997，’黑龙江省黑土大豆施硫效果的研究，土壤肥料，(3)：23-25
11．廖星，1991，作物硫素营养的诊断和施肥，土壤通报，22(6)：274-276
12．林葆，1997，土壤与植物中S行为研究进展，土壤肥料，(5)：8-11
13．林葆，1998，作物缺硫诊断的研究进展与展望，土壤肥料，(3)：12-16
14．林葆等，2000，影响硫磺在土壤中氧化的因素，土壤肥料，(5)：3-8
15．刘崇群，1981，土壤硫素和硫肥施用问题，土壤学进展，9(4)：11-19
16．刘来福，1984，作物数量遗传，农业出版社
17．鲁如坤 史陶钧，1980，土壤磷素在利用过程中的消耗和积累，土壤通报，(5)：6-8
18．北京农业大学主编，1987，农业化学，农业出版社
19．王金陵，1982，大豆，黑龙江科技出版社，哈尔滨
20．王庆仁 林葆，1996，植物硫营养研究的现状与展望，土壤肥料，(3)：16-19
21．徐海岩 颜望明，1994，无机硫化合物的微生物氧化，微生物学报，21(3)：167-171
22．尹金来等，1989，磷肥在石灰性土壤中的形态转化及有效性，土壤通报，
(1)：25-30
23．张海军，2000，黑龙江省西部草地土壤无机磷素形态、转化及有效性，硕士学位论文
24．张彦才等，1998，酸性物质与磷肥配合施用对石灰性潮土供磷能力的影响，土壤肥料，(3)：36-38
25．张为政，1991，土壤磷组分的通径分析及其相对有效性，土壤学报，28(4)：417-424
26．陈国安，我国东北黑土地区农业中的硫素问题，中国农业通报，1994，(3)：36-38
27．朱荫湄等，1981，磷肥在土壤中形态转化，土壤，13(4)：130-133
28. Attoe O. J. and Olsen R. H. 1966, Factors affecting rate of oxidation of sulphur and that added in rock phosphate-sulphur fusions. Soil Sci. 101:317-324.
29. Chapman, M.1989. Oxidation of micronized sulphur in soil. Plant .116:69-76.
30. Clement L1978.Sulphur increases the availability of phosphorus on calcareous soils. Solph Agric. 2:9-12.
31. Fox, R.L, et al, 1964, Evaluating the sulfur status of soil by plant and soil tests. Soil Sci.17: 279-294.
32. Gupta, U. C. and Veinot R. L. 1974. Response of crops to sulfur under greenhouse conditions. Soil Sci Soc. Am. Proc. 38:785-788.
33. Gupta, V. V. S. R., Lawrence, J. R. and Cermida, J. J. 1988. Impact of elemental sulfur fertilization on agricultural soils. Ⅰ. Effects on microbial biomass and enzymes activities. Can. J. Soil Sci.68: 463-473.
34. Janzen, H. H. and Bettany, J. R. 1986.Release of available sulfur from fertilizer. Can. J. Soil. Sci.66: 91-103.
35. Janzen, H. H. and Bettany, J. R. 1987a. Oxidation of elemental sulfur under field conditions in central Saskatchewan. Can. J. Soil Sci.67:609-618.
36. Karamanos, R. E, and Janzen, H. H.1991. Crop response to elemental sulfur fertilizers in central Alberta. Can. J. Soil. Sci.71: 213-225.
37. Khasawneh F. E and Doll, E. C. 1978. The use of phosphate rock for direct application to soils. Advances in Agronomy.30:159-206.
38. Kittams H. A. and Attoe, O. J. 1965. Availability ofphosphaterus in rock phosphatesulphur fusions. Agron. J. 57:331-334.
39. Kowalenko, C. G. and Lowe, L. E.1975. Mineralization of sulphur from four soils and its relationship to soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. Can. J. Soil. Sci.55:9-14.
40. Liao, X. 1991, Diagnosis of sulfur nutrition in crops and sulfur fertilization. Chinese Journal of Soil Science. 22(6): 274-276.
41． Lipman JG, MClean HC 1916． The oxidation of sulfur in soils as a means of increasing the availability of mineral phosphates. Soil Sci.6: 533-539．
42． Lipman JG, Mclean H and Lint HC 1916． Sulphur oxidation in soils and its effect on the availability of mineral phosphates. Soil Sci.2: 499-538．
43． Mackay, A. D., and Syers, J. K.1986． Effect of phosphate, calcium and PH on the dissolution of a phosphate rock in soil. Fertilizer Research. 10:175-184．
44． Martel Y. A. and Zizka, J. 1977． Yield and puality of alfalfa as influenced by additions of S to P and K fertilizations under greenhouse conditions. Agron. J. 69:531-535．
45． Miyamoto, S., H. L. Bohn, and J. Renthal. 1973． Determining the acid titratable basicity of calcareous soils. Soil. Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 37:657-658．
46． Miyamoto, S., R. J. Prather, and J.L., Stroehlein. 1975． Sulfuric acid and leaching repuirement for reclaiming sodiumaffected calcareous soil. Plant Soil .43:573-585．
47． Neller, J. R., and Mutton, C. E. 1957． Comparison of surface and subsurface placement of superphosphate on growth and uptake of phosphorus by sodded grasses. Agron. 149:347-351．
48． Neller, J. R., 1955 Effect of sulfur and gypsum on availability of rock phosphate phosphorus on Leon fine sand. Soil Sci. 82: 129-134．
49． Pirela, H. J., and Tabatabai, M. A. 1988． Sulphur mineralization rates and potentials from soils. Biol. Fertile Soils. 6:26-32．
50． Prather, R. J. 1997． Sulfuric acid as an amendment for reclaiming soils high in boron. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 41:1098-1101．
51． Rajan, S. S. S., Watkinson, J. H., and Sinclair, A. G. 1996． Phosphate rocks for direct application to soils. Advances in Agronomy. 57:177-159．
52． Ryan J, Stroehline JL1979． Sulfuric acid treatment on calcareous soils Effects on phosphorus solubility, inorganic phosphorus to ryegrass forms, and plant growth. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 43: 731-735．
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