松嫩沙地固定沙丘土壤动物群落特征及其在凋落物分解中的作用研究
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摘要
土壤动物群落特征是土壤动物生态学研究的基础内容。主要包括土壤动物的生态分布、多样性和随时间的变化等。虽然已经在很多地区开展了土壤动物群落特征研究,但是多数集中在森林生态系统,而干旱和半干旱生态系统的研究则相对较缺乏。因此,研究松嫩沙地固定沙丘土壤动物的群落特征可以为半干旱生态系统提供土壤动物学理论基础。
土壤动物是生态系统重要的组成部分,其对加速有机质分解和养分转化有重要的功能作用。尽管多数分解是土壤微生物(真菌和细菌)和凋落物本身资源分解代谢的结果,但是土壤无脊椎动物能改变微生物活动和凋落物分解条件。土壤动物主要通过破碎凋落物、消化和刺激微生物活动控制分解过程。土壤动物对凋落物分解的贡献机理包括基底消化、通过破碎增加表面积和加速微生物向凋落物的移植。土壤动物有多种营养作用。
特定体型土壤动物类群的排除能显示土壤动物群落组成对凋落物分解速率控制的重要性。随着全球环境变化,土壤动物群落组成发生变化,进而影响分解作用和养分新陈代谢。因此需要了解大型土壤动物、中小型土壤动物和微生物对凋落物分解的影响。研究区选定在吉林省长岭县腰井子羊草草原自然保护区内的松嫩沙地固定沙丘,在固定沙丘阳坡的顶部、中部和底部设置3个生境。
根据研究内容的不同,本文主要采用两种实验方法。对于土壤动物群落特征研究,采用国际上通用的土壤动物研究方法——综合定位研究法,即在野外定点进行土壤动物调查。大型土壤动物采用野外就地手捡法获得。中小型土壤动物采用室内Tullgren法分离获得。同时采集样地土壤样品测定土壤含水率及其他土壤理化性质(土壤pH值、有机质、总N和总P含量)。
对于土壤动物在凋落物分解中作用的研究,采用另一种国际上通用的研究方法——凋落物袋法。根据土壤动物的一般划分方法,选取3种孔径凋落物袋进行研究:4.7 mm(允许大型和中小型土壤动物及微生物作用)、2 mm(允许中小型土壤动物和微生物作用)和0.01 mm(仅允许微生物作用)。选取松嫩沙地优势植物种贝加尔针茅、燕麦芨芨草、兴安胡枝子和冰草地上部分的凋落物进行研究。将凋落物袋进行野外布设,随后定期取回,用Tullgren法分离4.7 mm和2 mm孔径凋落物袋内的土壤动物,测定凋落物的质量损失速率,分析凋落物分解与土壤动物群落特征的关系。
研究结果显示,研究期内共获得土壤动物61类,平均密度为2238.95个/m2。土壤动物构成上具有明显的半干旱地区的特点,即鞘翅目昆虫数量较多。从水平分布来看,土壤动物的密度排序是固定沙丘底部>中部>顶部,类群数量排序是固定沙丘中部>底部>顶部。从土壤动物群落动态特征来看,土壤动物密度的总体趋势是第一年(2007年)明显低于第二年(2008年),但是个别生境略有差异;土壤动物类群数量在两年相同的取样月份,第一年数值均高于第二年。从土壤动物群落多样性特征来看,3个生境Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margalef丰富度指数的时间动态特征一致,而Pielou均匀度指数和Simpson优势度指数动态特征则正好相反。固定沙丘顶部土壤密度和类群数与土壤理化性质均无关,而中部和底部土壤动物密度与某些土壤性质表现出了一定的相关性。
研究期内,4种凋落物的分解速率随时间的变化表现出了一定的规律性。尤其是贝加尔针茅和冰草凋落物分解过程可以明显分为两个阶段,首先是快速分解阶段,凋落物质量损失较快,随后很快进入稳定分解阶段,质量损失速率比较平稳。从3种孔径凋落物袋分解速率来看,总体规律是4.7 mm > 2 mm > 0.01 mm,可见土壤动物加速了凋落物分解过程。
从凋落物袋内土壤动物特征来看,4.7 mm和2 mm孔径凋落物袋表现出了一致的特征,个体数量和类群数量最多的均是贝加尔针茅凋落物,最少的则分别是燕麦芨芨草凋落物和兴安胡枝子凋落物。
从土壤动物对凋落物分解的贡献率来看,不同种凋落物间存在一定的差异性,随时间的变化规律也不同。除兴安胡枝子凋落物外,土壤动物对其他三种凋落物分解的贡献率基本随时间逐渐降低,显示土壤动物的作用越来越小。另外,生境间土壤动物的贡献率也存在一定的差异性,主要是由于地形分异造成的。
Community characteristics of soil fauna are fundamental of research of soil fauna ecology. Ecological distribution, biodiversity and dynamic of soil fauna are included. Although some researches have been conducted in some regions, most of them are focused in forest ecosystem, while research in arid and semiarid ecosystems is still lack. Therefor, study on community characteristics of soil fauna in Songnen sandy lands is very important.
Soil fauna are important components in ecosystems, due to their functional role in acceleration of organic matter decomposition and nutrient transformation. Although most decomposition is ultimately the result of catabolic activities of soil microbes (fungi and bacteria) associated with litter resources, soil invertebrates can alter microbial activity and the condition of decomposing litter. Soil fauna largely control decomposition process through breakdown of litter, digestion and stimulation of microbial activities. Mechanisms of soil faunal contribution to litter decomposition include digestion of substrates, increase of surface area through fragmentation and acceleration of microbial inoculation to litter. Soil fauna represent multiple trophic functions. Exclusion of soil fauna groups with special size indicates the significance of soil fauna community composition to control the litter decomposition rate. Soil fauna community composition changes affect litter decomposition and nutrient metabolism through global environmental changes. Consequently, knowledge on effects of macro-, mesofauna and microbial to litter decomposition is necessary.
Research region was selected in Songnen sandy land in Jilin Province. Top, middle and bottom of sun slope of fixed dune were chosen. According to different purposes, two methods were taken in this experiment. Sampling of soil fauna in habitats was conducted in field. Soil macrofauna were picked up by hands in field and soil meso-microfauna were extracted by Tullgren method in laboratory. At the same time, soil samples of three habitats were collected to determine soil physical and chemical properties (pH, organic matter content, total nitrogen and total phosphor).
Litterbags were selected to research the role of soil fauna in litter decomposition. According to classification to soil fauna, three types of nylon mesh size litterbags (15 cm×20 cm) were chosen: 0.01 mm (only microbe), 2 mm (include microbe and mesofauna) and 4.7 mm (include microbe, mesofauna and macrofauna). Dominant plant species litter of S. baicalensis, A. avinoides, L. davurica and A. cristatum were collected as decomposition materials during the peak litter fall period in October of 2006. Soil macrofauna were collected by hand from the litterbag first, then the materials of litterbags (4.7 mm and 2 mm) were placed in Tullgren extractors to remove the litter mesofauna.
Results showed that 61 groups of soil fauna, average density was 2238.95 ind/m2, were obtained during two years. Significant characteristic of semiarid region has shown in soil fauna composition, which meant that there were more Coleoptera. For horizontal distribution, density of soil fauna showed bottom > middle > top of fixed dune and group numbers of soil fauna showed middle > bottom > top of fixed dune. Densities of soil fauna in 2007 were significant lower than in 2008; but, group numbers of soil fauna were in the opposition.
Dynamic characteristics of Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index and Margalef Richness Index were same, while Pielou Evenness Index and Simpson Dominance Index were in the opposition. There was no significant relation between density and group number of soil fauna and soil physical and chemical properties in top of fixed dune, but there were some significant relation between them in middle and bottom of fixed dune.
Some regularity was shown in dynamic of litter decomposition rate during two years. Process of decomposition of S. baicalensis and A. cristatum could be separated into two stages. First was the rapid decomposition stage and litter decomposition rate was very fast. Followed was the stable decomposition stage and mass loss of litter was relatively stable. Decomposition rates of three mesh size litterbags were 4.7 mm > 2 mm > 0.01 mm. Thus, decomposition rates were accelerated by soil fauna.
For the community characteristics of soil fauna in litterbags, the same characteristics were shown in 4.7 mm and 2 mm mesh size litterbags. The highest individual number and group number of soil fauna were both in litterbags of S. baicalensis and the lowest were in litterbags of A. avinoides and L. davurica, respectively.
There were differences in dynamics and in contributions of soil fauna to litter decomposition among litter. Contributions of soil fauna to litter decomposition were declined with time, except L. davurica which shown role of soil fauna in litter decomposition were declined with time. There were also differences among habitats in contributions of soil fauna to litter decomposition which were resulted from landform differentiation.
土壤动物是生态系统重要的组成部分,其对加速有机质分解和养分转化有重要的功能作用。尽管多数分解是土壤微生物(真菌和细菌)和凋落物本身资源分解代谢的结果,但是土壤无脊椎动物能改变微生物活动和凋落物分解条件。土壤动物主要通过破碎凋落物、消化和刺激微生物活动控制分解过程。土壤动物对凋落物分解的贡献机理包括基底消化、通过破碎增加表面积和加速微生物向凋落物的移植。土壤动物有多种营养作用。
特定体型土壤动物类群的排除能显示土壤动物群落组成对凋落物分解速率控制的重要性。随着全球环境变化,土壤动物群落组成发生变化,进而影响分解作用和养分新陈代谢。因此需要了解大型土壤动物、中小型土壤动物和微生物对凋落物分解的影响。研究区选定在吉林省长岭县腰井子羊草草原自然保护区内的松嫩沙地固定沙丘,在固定沙丘阳坡的顶部、中部和底部设置3个生境。
根据研究内容的不同,本文主要采用两种实验方法。对于土壤动物群落特征研究,采用国际上通用的土壤动物研究方法——综合定位研究法,即在野外定点进行土壤动物调查。大型土壤动物采用野外就地手捡法获得。中小型土壤动物采用室内Tullgren法分离获得。同时采集样地土壤样品测定土壤含水率及其他土壤理化性质(土壤pH值、有机质、总N和总P含量)。
对于土壤动物在凋落物分解中作用的研究,采用另一种国际上通用的研究方法——凋落物袋法。根据土壤动物的一般划分方法,选取3种孔径凋落物袋进行研究:4.7 mm(允许大型和中小型土壤动物及微生物作用)、2 mm(允许中小型土壤动物和微生物作用)和0.01 mm(仅允许微生物作用)。选取松嫩沙地优势植物种贝加尔针茅、燕麦芨芨草、兴安胡枝子和冰草地上部分的凋落物进行研究。将凋落物袋进行野外布设,随后定期取回,用Tullgren法分离4.7 mm和2 mm孔径凋落物袋内的土壤动物,测定凋落物的质量损失速率,分析凋落物分解与土壤动物群落特征的关系。
研究结果显示,研究期内共获得土壤动物61类,平均密度为2238.95个/m2。土壤动物构成上具有明显的半干旱地区的特点,即鞘翅目昆虫数量较多。从水平分布来看,土壤动物的密度排序是固定沙丘底部>中部>顶部,类群数量排序是固定沙丘中部>底部>顶部。从土壤动物群落动态特征来看,土壤动物密度的总体趋势是第一年(2007年)明显低于第二年(2008年),但是个别生境略有差异;土壤动物类群数量在两年相同的取样月份,第一年数值均高于第二年。从土壤动物群落多样性特征来看,3个生境Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margalef丰富度指数的时间动态特征一致,而Pielou均匀度指数和Simpson优势度指数动态特征则正好相反。固定沙丘顶部土壤密度和类群数与土壤理化性质均无关,而中部和底部土壤动物密度与某些土壤性质表现出了一定的相关性。
研究期内,4种凋落物的分解速率随时间的变化表现出了一定的规律性。尤其是贝加尔针茅和冰草凋落物分解过程可以明显分为两个阶段,首先是快速分解阶段,凋落物质量损失较快,随后很快进入稳定分解阶段,质量损失速率比较平稳。从3种孔径凋落物袋分解速率来看,总体规律是4.7 mm > 2 mm > 0.01 mm,可见土壤动物加速了凋落物分解过程。
从凋落物袋内土壤动物特征来看,4.7 mm和2 mm孔径凋落物袋表现出了一致的特征,个体数量和类群数量最多的均是贝加尔针茅凋落物,最少的则分别是燕麦芨芨草凋落物和兴安胡枝子凋落物。
从土壤动物对凋落物分解的贡献率来看,不同种凋落物间存在一定的差异性,随时间的变化规律也不同。除兴安胡枝子凋落物外,土壤动物对其他三种凋落物分解的贡献率基本随时间逐渐降低,显示土壤动物的作用越来越小。另外,生境间土壤动物的贡献率也存在一定的差异性,主要是由于地形分异造成的。
Community characteristics of soil fauna are fundamental of research of soil fauna ecology. Ecological distribution, biodiversity and dynamic of soil fauna are included. Although some researches have been conducted in some regions, most of them are focused in forest ecosystem, while research in arid and semiarid ecosystems is still lack. Therefor, study on community characteristics of soil fauna in Songnen sandy lands is very important.
Soil fauna are important components in ecosystems, due to their functional role in acceleration of organic matter decomposition and nutrient transformation. Although most decomposition is ultimately the result of catabolic activities of soil microbes (fungi and bacteria) associated with litter resources, soil invertebrates can alter microbial activity and the condition of decomposing litter. Soil fauna largely control decomposition process through breakdown of litter, digestion and stimulation of microbial activities. Mechanisms of soil faunal contribution to litter decomposition include digestion of substrates, increase of surface area through fragmentation and acceleration of microbial inoculation to litter. Soil fauna represent multiple trophic functions. Exclusion of soil fauna groups with special size indicates the significance of soil fauna community composition to control the litter decomposition rate. Soil fauna community composition changes affect litter decomposition and nutrient metabolism through global environmental changes. Consequently, knowledge on effects of macro-, mesofauna and microbial to litter decomposition is necessary.
Research region was selected in Songnen sandy land in Jilin Province. Top, middle and bottom of sun slope of fixed dune were chosen. According to different purposes, two methods were taken in this experiment. Sampling of soil fauna in habitats was conducted in field. Soil macrofauna were picked up by hands in field and soil meso-microfauna were extracted by Tullgren method in laboratory. At the same time, soil samples of three habitats were collected to determine soil physical and chemical properties (pH, organic matter content, total nitrogen and total phosphor).
Litterbags were selected to research the role of soil fauna in litter decomposition. According to classification to soil fauna, three types of nylon mesh size litterbags (15 cm×20 cm) were chosen: 0.01 mm (only microbe), 2 mm (include microbe and mesofauna) and 4.7 mm (include microbe, mesofauna and macrofauna). Dominant plant species litter of S. baicalensis, A. avinoides, L. davurica and A. cristatum were collected as decomposition materials during the peak litter fall period in October of 2006. Soil macrofauna were collected by hand from the litterbag first, then the materials of litterbags (4.7 mm and 2 mm) were placed in Tullgren extractors to remove the litter mesofauna.
Results showed that 61 groups of soil fauna, average density was 2238.95 ind/m2, were obtained during two years. Significant characteristic of semiarid region has shown in soil fauna composition, which meant that there were more Coleoptera. For horizontal distribution, density of soil fauna showed bottom > middle > top of fixed dune and group numbers of soil fauna showed middle > bottom > top of fixed dune. Densities of soil fauna in 2007 were significant lower than in 2008; but, group numbers of soil fauna were in the opposition.
Dynamic characteristics of Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index and Margalef Richness Index were same, while Pielou Evenness Index and Simpson Dominance Index were in the opposition. There was no significant relation between density and group number of soil fauna and soil physical and chemical properties in top of fixed dune, but there were some significant relation between them in middle and bottom of fixed dune.
Some regularity was shown in dynamic of litter decomposition rate during two years. Process of decomposition of S. baicalensis and A. cristatum could be separated into two stages. First was the rapid decomposition stage and litter decomposition rate was very fast. Followed was the stable decomposition stage and mass loss of litter was relatively stable. Decomposition rates of three mesh size litterbags were 4.7 mm > 2 mm > 0.01 mm. Thus, decomposition rates were accelerated by soil fauna.
For the community characteristics of soil fauna in litterbags, the same characteristics were shown in 4.7 mm and 2 mm mesh size litterbags. The highest individual number and group number of soil fauna were both in litterbags of S. baicalensis and the lowest were in litterbags of A. avinoides and L. davurica, respectively.
There were differences in dynamics and in contributions of soil fauna to litter decomposition among litter. Contributions of soil fauna to litter decomposition were declined with time, except L. davurica which shown role of soil fauna in litter decomposition were declined with time. There were also differences among habitats in contributions of soil fauna to litter decomposition which were resulted from landform differentiation.
引文
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