镭同位素示踪的近岸水体混合和海底地下水排泄
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摘要
近岸水体的混合(平流和扩散)是物质输送的重要过程,其认识对建立海水溶质输运模型、评估海洋的自净能力,以及研究海洋的稀释扩散系数等具有重要意义。本论文基于放射性镭同位素技术,利用物质输送的一维平流-扩散模型,研究了中国南黄海海域的物质扩散过程。揭示了这一过程对营养盐分布变化的影响,以及对海域初级生产力的贡献。
海底地下水排泄(submarine groundwater discharge,简称SGD)作为海岸带陆海物质交换的重要过程日益受到水文学和生物地球化学界的关注和重视,尤其是SGD输送的营养盐在生物地球化学循环中的作用。本论文对比研究了半封闭大陆架浅海——南黄海、半封闭热带潟湖/河口——海南八门湾渴湖和万泉河口、以及美国阿拉巴马州小潟湖的SGD通量,定量评估SGD输送的营养盐通量,分析其对当地生态环境产生的潜在影响,有助于认识不同地质地貌环境中的SGD过程。
(一)南黄海陆架区涡动扩散过程的研究(月尺度)。基于2009年6月南黄海223,224,226,228Ra含量实测数据,建立水平的一维平流-扩散模型,估算了夏季该海域的水平涡动扩散系数,由此计算出从近岸往外海方向营养盐的水平输送通量。结果显示,该海区初级生产力所需的14%的N和2%的P来自此通量。通过建立垂向的一维对流-扩散模型,估算了温盐跃层以下水体(即黄海冷水团内部)由底部向上的垂直涡动扩散系数以及相应的营养盐输送通量。结果显示,初级生产力所需的52%的N和40%的P由底部贡献。因此,黄海冷水团内部水体的垂向涡动扩散在营养盐输送中起着重要作用。
(二)南黄海陆架区SGD通量的估算及对营养盐的贡献。2009年2月、3月和6月,以南黄海春季水华为背景,通过建立核素226Ra和228Ra质量平衡的箱式模型,估算输入黄海的SGD通量为6.4±4.1L m-2d-1(226Ra模型)和10.4±6.7Lm-2d-1(228Ra模型),平均值8.4±3.9Lm-2d-1。SGD通量的大小对地下水端元中Ra的含量、水体滞留时间、沉积物释放Ra的通量以及黄海与黑潮水体的交换很敏感,由此造成的SGD不确定度最大可达65%。另外,估算了由SGD排放入海的营养盐通量,结合已报道的黄海地区营养盐的来源,对输入黄海的营养盐通量做了重新评估。研究发现,SGD是溶解无机氮(DIN)和溶解硅(DSi)的重要来源,而溶解有机磷(DOP)向无机态的转化可能是溶解无机磷(DIP)的一个重要内源。
(三)海南岛八门湾与万泉河口SGD通量的估算及所携带的营养盐。2007和2008年8月,海南岛东部八门湾和万泉河口区SGD研究,通过建立河流、地下水和海水的三端元混合模型,估算得到八门湾地区的SGD通量为14.5±21.5Lm-2d-1、万泉河口为4.87±4.47L m-2d-1。在八门湾地区,由SGD输送的营养盐通量与营养盐的其他来源(如河流、大气、水产养殖污水和废水排放等)相比较,发现SGD在营养盐输送中起着重要作用,在进行营养盐收支平衡计算时需将其考虑在内。而在万泉河口区,相对于河流输入的营养盐来讲,SGD对营养盐的贡献不明显。由于存在富含营养盐和高N：P比值的地下水排放,可能会改变近岸海域水体的N：P比值以及水质情况,从而对当地生态环境产生影响。
(四)美国阿拉巴马州小潟湖SGD研究及对硅藻水华发生的启示。2010至2012年,分别利用镭(223,224,226,228Ra)和氡(222Rn)同位素计算了来自于浅层和深层含水层的SGD通量,以及总的SGD通量。基于226Ra质量平衡模型估算得到浅层含水层的SGD通量为1.22m3s-1(或10.0Lm-2d-1)、深层含水层为1.48m3s-1(或12.2Lm-2d-1)。根据2010-2012年全渴湖氡含量调查,研究了SGD的季节性变化,其与地下水位的变化趋势基本一致。由氡的质量平衡模型估算总的SGD通量变化范围为0.60-2.87m3s-1(或4.93-23.6L m-2d-1)。2010年4月的水华期和2011年3月的无水华期,都观察到营养盐与叶绿素a浓度有很好的相关性。2010年4月,226Ra与营养盐也有很好的相关性,而在2011年3月,这两个参数间却没有显著的相关性。通过对营养盐、叶绿素a、Ra同位素等环境因子进行主成分分析,探讨了SGD与有害藻类爆发的关系。研究发现,在SGD通量较大的2010年4月,地下水排泄带来的营养盐是藻类爆发的一个重要驱动力。
综上,镭同位素示踪法是研究海底地下水排泄和海洋水体混合的一个重要手段。建立镭同位素的质量平衡模型,定量评估海底地下水排泄通量,有助于加深对陆海相互作用过程的认识、正确评价SGD对海洋生态环境产生的影响。以一维平流-扩散模型为基础,定量认识海洋水体平流和扩散过程、评估其输送的营养盐通量,为海岸带及近海海域的科学管理提供依据。
Diffusion and advection are two important mechanisms of material transport in coastal and marine waters. They are significant in studying seawater solute transport, the assessment of self-purification capacity of the ocean, and the evaluation of eddy diffusion process in the ocean. This thesis focuses on the diffusion process in the southern Yellow Sea (SYS) using one-dimensional advection-diffusion model based on radium isotopes. The results reveal the effects of such process in changing the distribution of nutrient and its contribution to the primary productivity in the study area.
Submaine groundwater discharge (SGD) is an important process for water and material exchange between land and ocean. It has been receiving wide academic attention in the study of hydrology and biogeochemistry, especially its role in driving nutrient transport in the biogeochemical cycles. This thesis investigates the SGD studies in the SYS, and two lagoons in the eastern coast of Hainan Island, China and Little Lagoon, Alabama, USA. The SGD-driven nutrient fluxes are quantitatively assessed to examine their impacts on the marine systems, which can help to understand the SGD processes in different geological and geomorphological environment.
(1) Eddy diffusion process in the SYS (monthly scale). In the SYS, we measure the223,224,226,228Ra activities in seawater in the summer of2009. By establishing the horizontal one-dimentional advection-diffusion model (with advection indicators), the horizontal eddy diffusion coefficients are estimated as well as the corresponding nutrient fluxes. It is further interpreted that the nutrient fluxes by this process account for14%of N and2%of P required by primary productivity in the study area. Similarly, based on a vertical one-dimentional advection-diffusion model (neglecting advection), the vertical eddy diffusion coefficients below the thermocline (within the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass, YSCWM) are estimated. The corresponding nutrient fluxes supply up to52%of N and40%of P to primary productivity. The results demonstrate that the vertical eddy diffusion process plays a significant role in supplying nutrient within the YSCWM.
(2) SGD flux in the SYS and the contribution to nutrient. During the spring bloom in Febuary, March and June2009, we estimate the mean SGD into the SYS as8.4±3.9Lm-2d-1(226Ra model:6.4±4.1Lm-2d-1;228Ra model:10.4±6.7Lm-2d-1) by establishing226Ra and228Ra mass balance model. Uncertainties analysis of SGD (up to65%) shows that SGD is sensitive to the radium activities in the groundwater end-member, residence time, radium releasing from bottom sediment and the intrusion of Kuroshio water. After calculating the SGD associated nutrient fluxes and including other nutrient sources, we re-evaluate the nutrient fluxes to the Yellow Sea. The results show the SGD as an important source of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved silicate (DSi), whereas the transfer of dissolved organic phosphorous (DOP) to inorganic forms may be a significant internal source of DIP.
(3) SGD flux in the Bamen Bay and Wanquan river estuary of the Hainan Island and the associated nutrient. The SGD study is carried out in August2007and2008in the Bamen Bay (BB) and Wanquan river estuary (WQ) of the eastern Hainan Island. A three-end-member (river, groundwater and seawater end-members) mixing model based on water, salt and226Ra is applied to estimate the relative contribution of the Ra sources to two aquatic systems. The estimated SGD based on226Ra mass balance in the BB and WQ are14.5±21.5Lm-2d-1and4.87±4.47Lm-2d-1, respectively. In comparison with nutrient fluxes from the rivers, atmospheric deposition, aquaculture effluents and wastewater discharge, SGD-derived nutrient fluxes are an important nutrient supplier in the BB region. Such fluxes are non-negligiable in the calculation of nutrient budgets. In the WQ, nutrient fluxes from SGD are of the secondary importance. However, as groundwater is enriched with nutrient and high N:P ratios, the effects of groundwater discharging into lagoonal and coastal waters on water quality and eclology is worth considering.
(4) SGD flux in the Little Lagoon, Alabama, USA and the implication for algal bloom. Radium (223,224,226,228Ra) and radon (222Rn) isotopes are used as tracers to assess SGD from the shallow and deep aquifers as well as the total SGD into Little Lagoon from2010through2012. The estimated lagoon-wide SGD rates based on a radium mass balance and the mixing model are1.22and1.48m3s-1(or10.0and12.2Lm-2d-1) for the shallow and deep groundwater discharges, respectively. The total SGD rates based on a radon mass balance approach are found to vary from0.60to2.87m3s-1(or4.93to23.6Lm-2d-1). We observe well-defined relationships between the concentration of nutrients and chlorophyll-a in lagoon waters during a period when there is an intense diatom bloom in April2010and when no bloom exists in March2011. A good correlation is also found between radium (groundwater-derived) and nutrients during the April2010period, while there is no clear relationship between the same parameters in March2011. Multivariate analysis for chemical and environmental factors suggests that nutrient-rich inputs during high SGD into the lagoon are a significant driver of algal blooms in April2010.
In summary, this thesis presents the application of radium isotopes as tracers in quantifying submarine groundwater discharge and coastal water mixing processes. By establishing radium isotope mass balance model, we quantitatively assess the SGD flux. This helps to deepen the understanding of land-ocean interactions and to corretly evaluate the impacts of SGD on the marine ecological environment. Based on the one-dimensional advection-diffusion model, we quantitatively estimate the eddy diffusivity and the associated nutrient fluxes. The findings provide the basis for the scientific management in the coastal area.
海底地下水排泄(submarine groundwater discharge,简称SGD)作为海岸带陆海物质交换的重要过程日益受到水文学和生物地球化学界的关注和重视,尤其是SGD输送的营养盐在生物地球化学循环中的作用。本论文对比研究了半封闭大陆架浅海——南黄海、半封闭热带潟湖/河口——海南八门湾渴湖和万泉河口、以及美国阿拉巴马州小潟湖的SGD通量,定量评估SGD输送的营养盐通量,分析其对当地生态环境产生的潜在影响,有助于认识不同地质地貌环境中的SGD过程。
(一)南黄海陆架区涡动扩散过程的研究(月尺度)。基于2009年6月南黄海223,224,226,228Ra含量实测数据,建立水平的一维平流-扩散模型,估算了夏季该海域的水平涡动扩散系数,由此计算出从近岸往外海方向营养盐的水平输送通量。结果显示,该海区初级生产力所需的14%的N和2%的P来自此通量。通过建立垂向的一维对流-扩散模型,估算了温盐跃层以下水体(即黄海冷水团内部)由底部向上的垂直涡动扩散系数以及相应的营养盐输送通量。结果显示,初级生产力所需的52%的N和40%的P由底部贡献。因此,黄海冷水团内部水体的垂向涡动扩散在营养盐输送中起着重要作用。
(二)南黄海陆架区SGD通量的估算及对营养盐的贡献。2009年2月、3月和6月,以南黄海春季水华为背景,通过建立核素226Ra和228Ra质量平衡的箱式模型,估算输入黄海的SGD通量为6.4±4.1L m-2d-1(226Ra模型)和10.4±6.7Lm-2d-1(228Ra模型),平均值8.4±3.9Lm-2d-1。SGD通量的大小对地下水端元中Ra的含量、水体滞留时间、沉积物释放Ra的通量以及黄海与黑潮水体的交换很敏感,由此造成的SGD不确定度最大可达65%。另外,估算了由SGD排放入海的营养盐通量,结合已报道的黄海地区营养盐的来源,对输入黄海的营养盐通量做了重新评估。研究发现,SGD是溶解无机氮(DIN)和溶解硅(DSi)的重要来源,而溶解有机磷(DOP)向无机态的转化可能是溶解无机磷(DIP)的一个重要内源。
(三)海南岛八门湾与万泉河口SGD通量的估算及所携带的营养盐。2007和2008年8月,海南岛东部八门湾和万泉河口区SGD研究,通过建立河流、地下水和海水的三端元混合模型,估算得到八门湾地区的SGD通量为14.5±21.5Lm-2d-1、万泉河口为4.87±4.47L m-2d-1。在八门湾地区,由SGD输送的营养盐通量与营养盐的其他来源(如河流、大气、水产养殖污水和废水排放等)相比较,发现SGD在营养盐输送中起着重要作用,在进行营养盐收支平衡计算时需将其考虑在内。而在万泉河口区,相对于河流输入的营养盐来讲,SGD对营养盐的贡献不明显。由于存在富含营养盐和高N：P比值的地下水排放,可能会改变近岸海域水体的N：P比值以及水质情况,从而对当地生态环境产生影响。
(四)美国阿拉巴马州小潟湖SGD研究及对硅藻水华发生的启示。2010至2012年,分别利用镭(223,224,226,228Ra)和氡(222Rn)同位素计算了来自于浅层和深层含水层的SGD通量,以及总的SGD通量。基于226Ra质量平衡模型估算得到浅层含水层的SGD通量为1.22m3s-1(或10.0Lm-2d-1)、深层含水层为1.48m3s-1(或12.2Lm-2d-1)。根据2010-2012年全渴湖氡含量调查,研究了SGD的季节性变化,其与地下水位的变化趋势基本一致。由氡的质量平衡模型估算总的SGD通量变化范围为0.60-2.87m3s-1(或4.93-23.6L m-2d-1)。2010年4月的水华期和2011年3月的无水华期,都观察到营养盐与叶绿素a浓度有很好的相关性。2010年4月,226Ra与营养盐也有很好的相关性,而在2011年3月,这两个参数间却没有显著的相关性。通过对营养盐、叶绿素a、Ra同位素等环境因子进行主成分分析,探讨了SGD与有害藻类爆发的关系。研究发现,在SGD通量较大的2010年4月,地下水排泄带来的营养盐是藻类爆发的一个重要驱动力。
综上,镭同位素示踪法是研究海底地下水排泄和海洋水体混合的一个重要手段。建立镭同位素的质量平衡模型,定量评估海底地下水排泄通量,有助于加深对陆海相互作用过程的认识、正确评价SGD对海洋生态环境产生的影响。以一维平流-扩散模型为基础,定量认识海洋水体平流和扩散过程、评估其输送的营养盐通量,为海岸带及近海海域的科学管理提供依据。
Diffusion and advection are two important mechanisms of material transport in coastal and marine waters. They are significant in studying seawater solute transport, the assessment of self-purification capacity of the ocean, and the evaluation of eddy diffusion process in the ocean. This thesis focuses on the diffusion process in the southern Yellow Sea (SYS) using one-dimensional advection-diffusion model based on radium isotopes. The results reveal the effects of such process in changing the distribution of nutrient and its contribution to the primary productivity in the study area.
Submaine groundwater discharge (SGD) is an important process for water and material exchange between land and ocean. It has been receiving wide academic attention in the study of hydrology and biogeochemistry, especially its role in driving nutrient transport in the biogeochemical cycles. This thesis investigates the SGD studies in the SYS, and two lagoons in the eastern coast of Hainan Island, China and Little Lagoon, Alabama, USA. The SGD-driven nutrient fluxes are quantitatively assessed to examine their impacts on the marine systems, which can help to understand the SGD processes in different geological and geomorphological environment.
(1) Eddy diffusion process in the SYS (monthly scale). In the SYS, we measure the223,224,226,228Ra activities in seawater in the summer of2009. By establishing the horizontal one-dimentional advection-diffusion model (with advection indicators), the horizontal eddy diffusion coefficients are estimated as well as the corresponding nutrient fluxes. It is further interpreted that the nutrient fluxes by this process account for14%of N and2%of P required by primary productivity in the study area. Similarly, based on a vertical one-dimentional advection-diffusion model (neglecting advection), the vertical eddy diffusion coefficients below the thermocline (within the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass, YSCWM) are estimated. The corresponding nutrient fluxes supply up to52%of N and40%of P to primary productivity. The results demonstrate that the vertical eddy diffusion process plays a significant role in supplying nutrient within the YSCWM.
(2) SGD flux in the SYS and the contribution to nutrient. During the spring bloom in Febuary, March and June2009, we estimate the mean SGD into the SYS as8.4±3.9Lm-2d-1(226Ra model:6.4±4.1Lm-2d-1;228Ra model:10.4±6.7Lm-2d-1) by establishing226Ra and228Ra mass balance model. Uncertainties analysis of SGD (up to65%) shows that SGD is sensitive to the radium activities in the groundwater end-member, residence time, radium releasing from bottom sediment and the intrusion of Kuroshio water. After calculating the SGD associated nutrient fluxes and including other nutrient sources, we re-evaluate the nutrient fluxes to the Yellow Sea. The results show the SGD as an important source of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved silicate (DSi), whereas the transfer of dissolved organic phosphorous (DOP) to inorganic forms may be a significant internal source of DIP.
(3) SGD flux in the Bamen Bay and Wanquan river estuary of the Hainan Island and the associated nutrient. The SGD study is carried out in August2007and2008in the Bamen Bay (BB) and Wanquan river estuary (WQ) of the eastern Hainan Island. A three-end-member (river, groundwater and seawater end-members) mixing model based on water, salt and226Ra is applied to estimate the relative contribution of the Ra sources to two aquatic systems. The estimated SGD based on226Ra mass balance in the BB and WQ are14.5±21.5Lm-2d-1and4.87±4.47Lm-2d-1, respectively. In comparison with nutrient fluxes from the rivers, atmospheric deposition, aquaculture effluents and wastewater discharge, SGD-derived nutrient fluxes are an important nutrient supplier in the BB region. Such fluxes are non-negligiable in the calculation of nutrient budgets. In the WQ, nutrient fluxes from SGD are of the secondary importance. However, as groundwater is enriched with nutrient and high N:P ratios, the effects of groundwater discharging into lagoonal and coastal waters on water quality and eclology is worth considering.
(4) SGD flux in the Little Lagoon, Alabama, USA and the implication for algal bloom. Radium (223,224,226,228Ra) and radon (222Rn) isotopes are used as tracers to assess SGD from the shallow and deep aquifers as well as the total SGD into Little Lagoon from2010through2012. The estimated lagoon-wide SGD rates based on a radium mass balance and the mixing model are1.22and1.48m3s-1(or10.0and12.2Lm-2d-1) for the shallow and deep groundwater discharges, respectively. The total SGD rates based on a radon mass balance approach are found to vary from0.60to2.87m3s-1(or4.93to23.6Lm-2d-1). We observe well-defined relationships between the concentration of nutrients and chlorophyll-a in lagoon waters during a period when there is an intense diatom bloom in April2010and when no bloom exists in March2011. A good correlation is also found between radium (groundwater-derived) and nutrients during the April2010period, while there is no clear relationship between the same parameters in March2011. Multivariate analysis for chemical and environmental factors suggests that nutrient-rich inputs during high SGD into the lagoon are a significant driver of algal blooms in April2010.
In summary, this thesis presents the application of radium isotopes as tracers in quantifying submarine groundwater discharge and coastal water mixing processes. By establishing radium isotope mass balance model, we quantitatively assess the SGD flux. This helps to deepen the understanding of land-ocean interactions and to corretly evaluate the impacts of SGD on the marine ecological environment. Based on the one-dimensional advection-diffusion model, we quantitatively estimate the eddy diffusivity and the associated nutrient fluxes. The findings provide the basis for the scientific management in the coastal area.
引文
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