宁夏青铜峡灌区地下水资源评价与地下水位调控研究
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摘要
宁夏青铜峡灌区是我国大型灌区之一，已有两千多年的引黄灌溉历史，是我国重要的粮食、能源及重化工基地。灌区尚有连片大面积的宜开垦地，但是水资源极为紧缺且利用率低下，供需水矛盾十分突出，灌区地下水埋深较浅，土壤盐碱化严重。灌区经过几十年的发展和改造，现已成为宁夏农业和工业经济中心，但长期以来水资源的问题还没有得到完全解决。灌区的发展受到严重制约。随着西部大开发和灌区节水改造工程的实施，水资源的问题，已成为影响灌区经济可持续发展的最大障碍。
论文通过应用地下水资源变值理论系统对灌区地下水资源和可开采量进行评价，同时对暗管排水这一地下水位调控实用技术的适应性进行研究。为灌区提供一套最新的的水资源评价成果和系统的地下水资源评价量化指标。
论文从灌区的地下水资源及其可开采量评价分析方面入手，在对两个主要的水文地质参数即降雨入渗补给系数、灌溉入渗补给系数确定方法研究的基础上，对灌区的地下水资源状况进行分析，依据灌区的灌溉、降雨、排水条件及各种现状因素，建立了地下水资源量计算的数学模型，
西安理工大学工程硕士专业学位论文
计算得到青铜峡灌区地下水的最大补给量和可开采量;另外对在开发利
用地下水资源过程中的地下水位的调控进行了初步的探讨，在银北灌区
开展对暗管排水调控地下水位的试验研究。对暗管排水的适应性进行分
析，提出了灌区地下水调控标准，与明沟排水和竖井排灌相比较，对暗
管排水典型区调控地下水位的效果进行深入的分析研究，以确定这一排
水技术的效果。
Qingtongxia irrigation district, a large irrigation district in China, is an important base for crops, energy, and heavy chemical industry. It has been channeling the Yellow-river water for irrigation for more than 2000 years. There is still an extensive arable land left unused due to the acute conflict of supply and demand resulting from the great shortage and low efficiency of water resources. Furthermore because of low water table, the high salinity of the field is now serious. After years of development and renovation, it is now a center for agriculture, industry, and economy in Ningxia province. However, the problems related to water resources are still left unsolved, and this has been the biggest barrier to the sustainable economic development of this irrigation district.
This paper evaluates the underground water resources and its safe levels of miming, and then studies the availability of molepipe drainage, a kind of practical underground water regulation technique.
Starting with the elevation of underground water resources and a safe level of mining through variable system theory, this paper analyzes the conditions of underground water resources based on the well-studied determination method of determining the two hydrographical coefficients: rainfall infiltration replenishment rate and irrigation replenishment rate. Then considering irrigation, rainfall, drainage and other related factors, a mathematical model is set up for the calculation of underground water storage,
exploitation on water regulation. After analyzing the adaptability of molepipe drainage, an underground water table regulation is given out. Finally, the efficiency of the drainage technique is determined after its comparison with gutter drainage and vertical drainage, and deep research on the effect of molepipe drainage on water table in a typically selected area.
论文通过应用地下水资源变值理论系统对灌区地下水资源和可开采量进行评价，同时对暗管排水这一地下水位调控实用技术的适应性进行研究。为灌区提供一套最新的的水资源评价成果和系统的地下水资源评价量化指标。
论文从灌区的地下水资源及其可开采量评价分析方面入手，在对两个主要的水文地质参数即降雨入渗补给系数、灌溉入渗补给系数确定方法研究的基础上，对灌区的地下水资源状况进行分析，依据灌区的灌溉、降雨、排水条件及各种现状因素，建立了地下水资源量计算的数学模型，
西安理工大学工程硕士专业学位论文
计算得到青铜峡灌区地下水的最大补给量和可开采量;另外对在开发利
用地下水资源过程中的地下水位的调控进行了初步的探讨，在银北灌区
开展对暗管排水调控地下水位的试验研究。对暗管排水的适应性进行分
析，提出了灌区地下水调控标准，与明沟排水和竖井排灌相比较，对暗
管排水典型区调控地下水位的效果进行深入的分析研究，以确定这一排
水技术的效果。
Qingtongxia irrigation district, a large irrigation district in China, is an important base for crops, energy, and heavy chemical industry. It has been channeling the Yellow-river water for irrigation for more than 2000 years. There is still an extensive arable land left unused due to the acute conflict of supply and demand resulting from the great shortage and low efficiency of water resources. Furthermore because of low water table, the high salinity of the field is now serious. After years of development and renovation, it is now a center for agriculture, industry, and economy in Ningxia province. However, the problems related to water resources are still left unsolved, and this has been the biggest barrier to the sustainable economic development of this irrigation district.
This paper evaluates the underground water resources and its safe levels of miming, and then studies the availability of molepipe drainage, a kind of practical underground water regulation technique.
Starting with the elevation of underground water resources and a safe level of mining through variable system theory, this paper analyzes the conditions of underground water resources based on the well-studied determination method of determining the two hydrographical coefficients: rainfall infiltration replenishment rate and irrigation replenishment rate. Then considering irrigation, rainfall, drainage and other related factors, a mathematical model is set up for the calculation of underground water storage,
exploitation on water regulation. After analyzing the adaptability of molepipe drainage, an underground water table regulation is given out. Finally, the efficiency of the drainage technique is determined after its comparison with gutter drainage and vertical drainage, and deep research on the effect of molepipe drainage on water table in a typically selected area.
引文
[1] 宁夏统计年鉴．中国统计出版社，1995～2002
[2] 宁夏水利志．宁夏人民出版社，1992
[3] 宁夏水利统计资料．水利厅规划计划处，1995～2002
[4] 宁夏水资源公报．宁夏回族自治区水利厅，1995～2002
[5] 节水农业技术发展综述[J]．节水灌溉．水利部科技司，1997．4～1997．10第2、3、4期
[6] 姜文来．水资源价值论．北京科技出版社，1998
[7] 水土资源评价与节水灌溉规划，水利部农水司，中国灌排技术开发培训中心编．中国水利水电出版社，1998
[8] Ward, etal., Analysis of water and solute transport away from a surface point source. Irri and Dain, 1995.
[9] "Water" R.P.Ambroggi. "Scientific American".1982.
[10] Sandra Postal.Dividing the Waters. Sept.1996, World Wactch Paper132.
[11] GIcnn, B.P., and Barbour, E., "A Guide to Using Interest Factors inEconomic Analysis of Water Projects, " Bureau of Reclamation, A Water Resources Technical Publication, December 1970.
[12] "Drainage Principles and Applications, " International Institute forLand Reclamation and Improvement, Wagcningen. The Netherlands, Publication 16, vol. 1, May 1972.
[13] Merriam, John.L., "Irrigation System Evaluation and Improvement, "California State Polytechnic College,Blake Printery, San Luis Obispo, Calif. 1968.
[14] "Manual of Photographic Interpretation, " American Society of
Pho-tograminctry, 1960
[15] "Manual of Photographic Interpretation, "American Society of Pho-tograminctry,1960.
[16] "Use of Water," Series of Reports, Bureau of Reclamation, 1962-1971.
[17] Pair, Claude H., "Water Distribution Under Sprinkler Irrigation,"Paper presented at the American Society of Agricultural Engineers Winter Meeting, Detroit, Mien., 1967.
[18] "Design of Small Dams," second edition, Bureau of Reclamation, p. 117, 1973.
[19] Soil Color, "chapter in Soil Survey Manual^V.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Handbook No. 18, p. 189, August 1951.
[20] Haywaid, H.E., and.Wadleigh. C.H., "Plant Growth on Saline and Alkali Soils, "Advances in Agronomy, vol. 1, pp. 1-38,1949.
[21] Bouwer, H., "Salt Balance, Irrigation Efficiency, and Drainage Design, "Proceedings of the ASCE, Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage Division, vol. 95, No. 141, pp. 153-170, March 1969.
[22] "Rainfall Frequency Atlas of the United States," U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Weather Bureau, Technical Paper No. 40, May 1961.
[23] "Precipitation-Frequency Atlas of the Western United States," U.S.'Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,. National Weather Service, J^OAAAtlas 2, 11 volumes, 1973.
[24] "Salinity Survey Progress Report for 1963, " State of Israel, Ministry of Agriculture, Water Commissioner's Office, Tel Aviv, p. 37, May 1964.
[25] 中国水资源评价[M]．水利电力部水文局．水利电力出版社，1987．12
[26] 王树谦，陈南祥．水资源评价与管理[M]．水利电力出版社，1995
[27] 刘诚明．新疆平原区水均衡现状分析及地下水可利用资源评估．新疆水利，1999．5
[28] 王东启，戴树声．水资源评价指标体系研究．水科学进展，1996．4
[29] 方生，陈秀玲．地下水资源开发利用与环境问题．全国地下水情报网会议论文，1997
[30] 汪家权．平原地区地下水资源评价与专家系统研究[J]．武汉水利电力大学博士学位论文，1995．3
[31] 张蔚榛．区域性大面积地下水资源评价的多年均衡法．水文地质与工程地质，1979．4
[32] 张蔚榛，张瑜芳．地下水的超采对农业灌溉和环境的影响及其对策．节水灌溉论坛论文，2002
[33] Mohan Munasinghe and Jeffret Mcneely. Key Concepts and Terminology of Sustainable Development, Defining And Measuring Sustainability, The Biogeophysical Foundations, 1996, New York, 19-56
[34] Murtagh B.A.and Saunders M.A.Mathematical.Programming 14. 1978. 41-72
[35] Y.YHaimes, Hierarchical. Analyses of water Resources Sytemts.McGraw Hill, 1997
[36] W.W-G Yeh, Reservoir Management and Operations Models, A State-of- the art Review. Water Resources Research, 1985, (12)
[37] Anne shepherd etc, Water-Supply System Operations, Critiquing Expert System Approach Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 1996
[38] 薛禹群．地下水动力学[M]．地质出版社，1997．9
[39] 刘花台，郭占荣等．西北地区地下水可利用量及开采潜力分析．水文，2000．4
[40] 宁夏节水灌溉实用技术．宁夏回族自治区科学技术厅．水利厅，2003．2
[41] 赵文骏．宁夏河套灌区引用黄河水量研究．1999
[42] 宁夏回族自治区水资源保护、水功能区划、水环境监测站网建设规划报告．宁夏回族自治区水利厅，宁夏回族自治区水文水资源局，宁夏回族自治区水环境测中心，2001
[43] 引黄灌区回归水量勘察研究．宁夏水文水资源勘测局，1998年
[44] 宁夏银川平原浅层地下水资源和水盐调控研究．国家重点科技攻关项目96-912-06-01-02．西北地区水资源合理利用与生态环境保护研究(分报告)，1999．3
[45] 青铜峡灌区水盐均衡与盐渍化分析研究．宁夏水文水资源勘测局，2001
[46] 宁夏银北灌区水盐均衡及调控问题．宁夏水文总站，1995年
[47] 宁夏青铜峡灌区续建配套与节水改造规划．宁夏回族自治区水利水电勘测设计院，2000
[48] 李福祥，王少丽，方树星．宁夏银北干旱半干旱地区水盐动态和调控措施．灌溉排水，2001．20(3)：41～44
[49] 沈荣开，张蔚缜．我国北方半干旱半湿润地区实施节水的几点意见．科学技术部农村与社会发展司、水利部国际合作与科技司编，中国节水农业问题论文集，中国水利水电出版社，1999．77～92
[50] 翁文斌，蔡喜明．京京津塘水资源决策支持系统研究[J]．水利科学进展，1992．3
[51] 王光远．论综合判断几种数学模型的实质及应用[M]．模糊数学，1984．4
[52] 陈介福．黄河三角洲水土资源的评价与开发前景的探讨．土壤废料，1991．5
[53] 李雪静．泾惠渠灌区地下水合理开发利用分析研究．地下水，2000．4
[54] 薛松，丁跃元．农田地下水调控作用的研究，地下水开发利用与管理．成都电子科技大学出版社，1995：82～87
[2] 宁夏水利志．宁夏人民出版社，1992
[3] 宁夏水利统计资料．水利厅规划计划处，1995～2002
[4] 宁夏水资源公报．宁夏回族自治区水利厅，1995～2002
[5] 节水农业技术发展综述[J]．节水灌溉．水利部科技司，1997．4～1997．10第2、3、4期
[6] 姜文来．水资源价值论．北京科技出版社，1998
[7] 水土资源评价与节水灌溉规划，水利部农水司，中国灌排技术开发培训中心编．中国水利水电出版社，1998
[8] Ward, etal., Analysis of water and solute transport away from a surface point source. Irri and Dain, 1995.
[9] "Water" R.P.Ambroggi. "Scientific American".1982.
[10] Sandra Postal.Dividing the Waters. Sept.1996, World Wactch Paper132.
[11] GIcnn, B.P., and Barbour, E., "A Guide to Using Interest Factors inEconomic Analysis of Water Projects, " Bureau of Reclamation, A Water Resources Technical Publication, December 1970.
[12] "Drainage Principles and Applications, " International Institute forLand Reclamation and Improvement, Wagcningen. The Netherlands, Publication 16, vol. 1, May 1972.
[13] Merriam, John.L., "Irrigation System Evaluation and Improvement, "California State Polytechnic College,Blake Printery, San Luis Obispo, Calif. 1968.
[14] "Manual of Photographic Interpretation, " American Society of
Pho-tograminctry, 1960
[15] "Manual of Photographic Interpretation, "American Society of Pho-tograminctry,1960.
[16] "Use of Water," Series of Reports, Bureau of Reclamation, 1962-1971.
[17] Pair, Claude H., "Water Distribution Under Sprinkler Irrigation,"Paper presented at the American Society of Agricultural Engineers Winter Meeting, Detroit, Mien., 1967.
[18] "Design of Small Dams," second edition, Bureau of Reclamation, p. 117, 1973.
[19] Soil Color, "chapter in Soil Survey Manual^V.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Handbook No. 18, p. 189, August 1951.
[20] Haywaid, H.E., and.Wadleigh. C.H., "Plant Growth on Saline and Alkali Soils, "Advances in Agronomy, vol. 1, pp. 1-38,1949.
[21] Bouwer, H., "Salt Balance, Irrigation Efficiency, and Drainage Design, "Proceedings of the ASCE, Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage Division, vol. 95, No. 141, pp. 153-170, March 1969.
[22] "Rainfall Frequency Atlas of the United States," U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Weather Bureau, Technical Paper No. 40, May 1961.
[23] "Precipitation-Frequency Atlas of the Western United States," U.S.'Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,. National Weather Service, J^OAAAtlas 2, 11 volumes, 1973.
[24] "Salinity Survey Progress Report for 1963, " State of Israel, Ministry of Agriculture, Water Commissioner's Office, Tel Aviv, p. 37, May 1964.
[25] 中国水资源评价[M]．水利电力部水文局．水利电力出版社，1987．12
[26] 王树谦，陈南祥．水资源评价与管理[M]．水利电力出版社，1995
[27] 刘诚明．新疆平原区水均衡现状分析及地下水可利用资源评估．新疆水利，1999．5
[28] 王东启，戴树声．水资源评价指标体系研究．水科学进展，1996．4
[29] 方生，陈秀玲．地下水资源开发利用与环境问题．全国地下水情报网会议论文，1997
[30] 汪家权．平原地区地下水资源评价与专家系统研究[J]．武汉水利电力大学博士学位论文，1995．3
[31] 张蔚榛．区域性大面积地下水资源评价的多年均衡法．水文地质与工程地质，1979．4
[32] 张蔚榛，张瑜芳．地下水的超采对农业灌溉和环境的影响及其对策．节水灌溉论坛论文，2002
[33] Mohan Munasinghe and Jeffret Mcneely. Key Concepts and Terminology of Sustainable Development, Defining And Measuring Sustainability, The Biogeophysical Foundations, 1996, New York, 19-56
[34] Murtagh B.A.and Saunders M.A.Mathematical.Programming 14. 1978. 41-72
[35] Y.YHaimes, Hierarchical. Analyses of water Resources Sytemts.McGraw Hill, 1997
[36] W.W-G Yeh, Reservoir Management and Operations Models, A State-of- the art Review. Water Resources Research, 1985, (12)
[37] Anne shepherd etc, Water-Supply System Operations, Critiquing Expert System Approach Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 1996
[38] 薛禹群．地下水动力学[M]．地质出版社，1997．9
[39] 刘花台，郭占荣等．西北地区地下水可利用量及开采潜力分析．水文，2000．4
[40] 宁夏节水灌溉实用技术．宁夏回族自治区科学技术厅．水利厅，2003．2
[41] 赵文骏．宁夏河套灌区引用黄河水量研究．1999
[42] 宁夏回族自治区水资源保护、水功能区划、水环境监测站网建设规划报告．宁夏回族自治区水利厅，宁夏回族自治区水文水资源局，宁夏回族自治区水环境测中心，2001
[43] 引黄灌区回归水量勘察研究．宁夏水文水资源勘测局，1998年
[44] 宁夏银川平原浅层地下水资源和水盐调控研究．国家重点科技攻关项目96-912-06-01-02．西北地区水资源合理利用与生态环境保护研究(分报告)，1999．3
[45] 青铜峡灌区水盐均衡与盐渍化分析研究．宁夏水文水资源勘测局，2001
[46] 宁夏银北灌区水盐均衡及调控问题．宁夏水文总站，1995年
[47] 宁夏青铜峡灌区续建配套与节水改造规划．宁夏回族自治区水利水电勘测设计院，2000
[48] 李福祥，王少丽，方树星．宁夏银北干旱半干旱地区水盐动态和调控措施．灌溉排水，2001．20(3)：41～44
[49] 沈荣开，张蔚缜．我国北方半干旱半湿润地区实施节水的几点意见．科学技术部农村与社会发展司、水利部国际合作与科技司编，中国节水农业问题论文集，中国水利水电出版社，1999．77～92
[50] 翁文斌，蔡喜明．京京津塘水资源决策支持系统研究[J]．水利科学进展，1992．3
[51] 王光远．论综合判断几种数学模型的实质及应用[M]．模糊数学，1984．4
[52] 陈介福．黄河三角洲水土资源的评价与开发前景的探讨．土壤废料，1991．5
[53] 李雪静．泾惠渠灌区地下水合理开发利用分析研究．地下水，2000．4
[54] 薛松，丁跃元．农田地下水调控作用的研究，地下水开发利用与管理．成都电子科技大学出版社，1995：82～87