大区域地下水数值模拟
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摘要
由于水资源短缺，地下水大量超采形成大面积的漏斗，引起地面沉降、海水入侵以及区域生态退化等问题，严重影响了区域经济与社会可持续发展。目前，华北平原地下水环境问题已经从点发展到面，导致了区域性地下水环境灾害。因此，从大区域角度研究华北平原地下水，对合理开发、利用、保护地下水资源，具有十分重要的意义。
本文在广泛了解有关地下水系统模拟研究进展的基础上，结合中国华北平原滏阳河平原区实际资料，首先通过实验，对地下水补给过程进行探讨，然后结合DEM提出修正的Residual Kriging(RK)法对大区域地下水初始水位进行推定，最后利用迦辽金有限元方法进行数值模拟，应用到研究区域。主要研究内容包括以下四个部分：
第一部分，概述了目前水资源特别是地下水资源的情势和危机，介绍了地下水数值模拟技术的发展，总结了传统模型的特点和局限性，指出了进行大区域地下水数值模拟的必要性。
第二部分，从水文学、土壤物理学相结合的角度出发，针对华北平原地下水漏斗问题，通过室内实验，研究大埋深情况下入渗水分运动的变化特点。为正确率定大区域地下水数值模拟的水文地质参数、建立合理的计算模型做准备。
第三部分，针对大区域地下水数值模拟的初始条件，提出了一种与GIS相结合的Kriging方法——修正的Residual Kriging(RK)法，利用DEM作为辅助信息推定大区域地下水的初始流场。总的来说，修正RK法在很大程度上提高了初始水位的推定精度。
第四部分，在比较精确的推定初始水位的基础上，采用迦辽金有限元方法进行大区域地下水二维稳定流数值模拟，通过模型的识别和验证，对不同参数进行反复调节和识别，得到了较为理想的拟合流场。
In North China, for lack of water resources, the large area funnel has been formed for the overdraft of ground water and it leads to many problems such as the ground sedimentation, the sea-water encroachment, the regional ecological degeneration and so on which have badly affected the sustainable development of the regional economy and the society. At present, the problem of ground water environment has been developed from point to surface, which has leads to the regional ground water environment disaster. So, in order to reasonably exploit, utilize and protect the ground water resources, it is important to study the ground water in North China within a large-scale domain.
Based on fully realizing the evolvement of the groundwater system, connecting with the practical data and problems in Fu Yang River plain in North China, the supply of the ground water was discussed in this paper through the experiment and the initial level of the large-area ground water was deduced using the modified Residual Kriging(RK) which is modified with DEM. Finally this paper adopts the Galerkin finite element method to make numerical simulation and applies it in the study area.
The main works are summarized as follows:
In the first part, the regime and crisis of the water resource especially the groundwater resource was summarized. And the development of the groundwater numerical simulation technology has been introduced. The characterist and the limited of the traditional model was also summarized and the large-scale ground water numerical simulation was pointed out necessary.
In the second part, aiming at the ground water funnel in the North China Plain, and from the combination of hydrology and soil-physics, the variety characteristic of the infiltration moisture movement was studied through the inside experiment, which makes prepare to properly determine the hydrogeologic parameters of the large-scale ground water numerical simulation and establish the reasonable groundwater models.
In the third part, aiming at the initial condition of the groundwater numerical simulation, a Kriging method connected with GIS: the modified Residual Kriging(RK) was brought forward. This method deduced the initial flow field of the large-scale ground water using DEM as auxiliary information. Generally speaking, the deduced precision of the initial water level was improved at a great extent.
In the fourth part, based on the foundation of the more accurate deduce of the initial water level, the Galerkin finite element method was adopted to put on the steady flow numerical simulation of the large-scale ground water. Through the identification and validate, the different parameters were adjusted and identified again and again, and finally, a relatively ideal flow field of fit was received.
本文在广泛了解有关地下水系统模拟研究进展的基础上，结合中国华北平原滏阳河平原区实际资料，首先通过实验，对地下水补给过程进行探讨，然后结合DEM提出修正的Residual Kriging(RK)法对大区域地下水初始水位进行推定，最后利用迦辽金有限元方法进行数值模拟，应用到研究区域。主要研究内容包括以下四个部分：
第一部分，概述了目前水资源特别是地下水资源的情势和危机，介绍了地下水数值模拟技术的发展，总结了传统模型的特点和局限性，指出了进行大区域地下水数值模拟的必要性。
第二部分，从水文学、土壤物理学相结合的角度出发，针对华北平原地下水漏斗问题，通过室内实验，研究大埋深情况下入渗水分运动的变化特点。为正确率定大区域地下水数值模拟的水文地质参数、建立合理的计算模型做准备。
第三部分，针对大区域地下水数值模拟的初始条件，提出了一种与GIS相结合的Kriging方法——修正的Residual Kriging(RK)法，利用DEM作为辅助信息推定大区域地下水的初始流场。总的来说，修正RK法在很大程度上提高了初始水位的推定精度。
第四部分，在比较精确的推定初始水位的基础上，采用迦辽金有限元方法进行大区域地下水二维稳定流数值模拟，通过模型的识别和验证，对不同参数进行反复调节和识别，得到了较为理想的拟合流场。
In North China, for lack of water resources, the large area funnel has been formed for the overdraft of ground water and it leads to many problems such as the ground sedimentation, the sea-water encroachment, the regional ecological degeneration and so on which have badly affected the sustainable development of the regional economy and the society. At present, the problem of ground water environment has been developed from point to surface, which has leads to the regional ground water environment disaster. So, in order to reasonably exploit, utilize and protect the ground water resources, it is important to study the ground water in North China within a large-scale domain.
Based on fully realizing the evolvement of the groundwater system, connecting with the practical data and problems in Fu Yang River plain in North China, the supply of the ground water was discussed in this paper through the experiment and the initial level of the large-area ground water was deduced using the modified Residual Kriging(RK) which is modified with DEM. Finally this paper adopts the Galerkin finite element method to make numerical simulation and applies it in the study area.
The main works are summarized as follows:
In the first part, the regime and crisis of the water resource especially the groundwater resource was summarized. And the development of the groundwater numerical simulation technology has been introduced. The characterist and the limited of the traditional model was also summarized and the large-scale ground water numerical simulation was pointed out necessary.
In the second part, aiming at the ground water funnel in the North China Plain, and from the combination of hydrology and soil-physics, the variety characteristic of the infiltration moisture movement was studied through the inside experiment, which makes prepare to properly determine the hydrogeologic parameters of the large-scale ground water numerical simulation and establish the reasonable groundwater models.
In the third part, aiming at the initial condition of the groundwater numerical simulation, a Kriging method connected with GIS: the modified Residual Kriging(RK) was brought forward. This method deduced the initial flow field of the large-scale ground water using DEM as auxiliary information. Generally speaking, the deduced precision of the initial water level was improved at a great extent.
In the fourth part, based on the foundation of the more accurate deduce of the initial water level, the Galerkin finite element method was adopted to put on the steady flow numerical simulation of the large-scale ground water. Through the identification and validate, the different parameters were adjusted and identified again and again, and finally, a relatively ideal flow field of fit was received.
引文
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[2] ASCE American Society of Civil Engineering Task Committee on geostatistics techniques in geohydrolgy(1990): Review of geostatistics in geohydrology 1: Basic concepts; 2: Applications, ASCE J. Hydraul. Eng., 116(5), pp.612-658.
[3] Atwater J. (1994) Groundwater resources of British Columbia. BC Environment and Environment Canada: Vancouver.
[4] Braud, I., Fernandez, P. and Bouraoui, F. (1999). Study of the Rainfall-Runoff Process in the Andes Region Using a Continuous Distributed Model, Journal of Hydrology, 216: p155-171.
[5] Brown, Lester R.. Worsening Water Shortages Threaten China's Food Security. Earth Policy Institute. October 4, 2001
[6] Chen, B., Huang, G.H., Li., Y.F. (2003b). "A Distributed Nonpoint Source Simulation Model-Case Study in the Thames River Basin, Canada." Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China(In press)
[7] Chen, B., Li, Y.F., Huang, G.H., Huang, Y.F., and Li, Y.R. (2004). "PELM: An Integrated Pesticide Losses Model for Simulating Pesticide Pollution in a Watershed System." Journal of Environmental Science and Health-Part B, B39(4)
[8] Chen, B., Li, Y.F., Huang, G.H., Struger, J., Zhang, B.Y., and Wu, S.M. (2003a). "Estimation of Atrazine Loss through the Surface Runoff from Agricultural Land in Auglaize-Blanchard Watershed, the United States." Water Quality Research Journal of Canada, 38(4), 585-606.
[9] Chen, J. and Wang, H. (1998). Geostatistical Applications to estimate groundwater levels(in Chinese), J. Hydogeo. & Eng. Geo., No. 6, pp.7-11.
[10] Clark I. (1979). Practical Geostatistics. Elsevier: UK
[11] Clifton, P.M. and Neuman, S.P. (1982). Effects of kriging and inverse modeling on conditional simulation of the Avra Valley aquifer in southern Arizona, Water Resour. Res., 18(4), pp.1215-1234.
[12] Croke B., Cleridou N., Kolovos A., Vardavas I., and Papamastorakis J. (2000) Water resources in the desertification-threatened Messara Valley of Crete: estimation of the annual water budget using a rainfall-runoff model, Environmental Modeling and Software, 15(4): 387-402
[13] Desbarats, A.J., Logan, C.E., Hinton, M.J., and Sharpe, D.R. (2002) On the kriging of water table elevations using collateral information from a digital elevation model. J. Hydrol. 255(1-4): 25-38.
[14] Hoeksema, R.J., Clapp, R.B., Thomas, A.L., Hunley, A.E., Farrow, N.D., Dearstone, K.C. (1989). Cokriging model for estimation of water table elevation. Water Resour. Res. 25(3), 429-438.
[15] Holland K., Overton I., Jolly I., and Walker G. (2004) An Analytical Model to Predict Regional Groundwater Discharge Pattems on the Floodplains of a Semi-Arid Lowland River. CSIRO Land and Water Technical Report No., CSIRO Land and Water, Atherton, Australia.
[16] Khazaei E., Spink A.E.F., and Warner,J.W. (2003)A catchment water balance model for estimating groundwater recharge in arid and semiarid regions of south-east Iran. Hydrogeology Journal, 11(3): 333-342.
[17] Kuchment, L.S., Demidov, V.N., Naden, P.S., Cooper, D.M. and Broadhurst, P. (1996). Rainfall-Runoff Modeling of the Ouse Basin, North Yorkshire: an Application of a Physically Based Distributed Model, Journal of Hydrology, 181: p323-342.
[18] Li, Y.F., Li, Y.R., Huang, G.H., Struger, J., Wang, X., Chen, B., and Li, J.B. (2003). "Development of a decision support system for managing pesticide losses in agricultural watersheds." International Journal of Sediment Research, 18(1), 1-14.
[19] Libiszewski S. (1995) Water Disputes in the Jordan Basin Region and their Role in the Resolution of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. ENCOP Occasional Paper No. 13., Swiss Peace Foundation: Wasserwerkgasse.
[20] Liu Changming, Yu Jingjie, Eloise Kendy(2001). Groundwater exploitation and its impacts on the environment in the North China Plain. Water International. 26(2):265-272
[21] Ma Tain-Shing, M. Sophocleous, and Yu, Yun-Sheng (1999): Geostatistical applications in groundwater modeling in South-Central Kansas, ASCE J. hydraul. Eng., 4(1), pp.57-64.
[22] Mahé G., Olivry J.C., Dessouassi R., Orange D., Bamba F., and Servat E. (2000) Surface water and groundwater relationships in a tropical river of Mali., Series ⅡA-Earth and Planetary Science, 330(10): 689-692.
[23] Minasny B., A. B. McBratney(2002): The efficiency of various approaches to obtaining estimates of soil hydraulic properties, Geoderma, 107, pp.55-70.
[24] Moore, I. D., R. B. Grayson and A. R. Ladson, 1991, Digital Terrain Modelling: A Review of Hydrological, Geomorphological, and Biological Applications, Hydrological Processes, 5(1): 3-30
[25] Mousavi S.M., Shamsai A., El Naggar M.H., and Khamehchian M. (2001) A GPS-based monitoring program of land subsidence due to groundwater withdrawal in Iran. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 28(3): 452-464.
[26] Neuman, S.P. and E.A. Jacobson(1984). Analysis of nonintrinsic spatial variability by residual kriging with application to regional groundwater levels, Math. Geol, 16(5), pp.499-521.
[27] Nickum, James E. (1998). Is China Living on the Water Margin? In Richard Louis Edmonds(Ed.), Managing the Chinese Environment, pp.156-174. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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