南水北调中线总干渠两侧地下水风险源特征分析及保护
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摘要
本文以南水北调中线总干渠地下水水质保护为主线，以野外现场调查、室内试验和数值模拟为手段，开展中线总干渠风险源、地下水污染特征和水源保护区划的应用基础研究工作，获得的成果包括：
（1）通过现场调查分析，确定了在南水北调中线总干渠两侧存在有大量风险源，以此为基础，构建了地下水风险源数据库，实现了对风险源信息编辑、查询和统计分析等自动化管理。
（2）对中线总干渠焦作段的地下水13项污染因子进行主成分分析，得出9项为主要污染因子，按污染贡献率排序为硝酸盐＞溶解性总固体＞硫酸盐＞硬度＞六价铬＞氟化物＞镍离子＞氨氮＞氯化物。
（3）河北磁县境内糠醛厂附近地下水污染特征研究表明：无机组分中总硬度、氯离子和溶解性总固体超过生活饮用水卫生标准(GB5749-2006)，超标倍数分别为1.79～2.53、2.37～2.47、1.26～2.05；有机物检出以卤代烃和多环芳烃为主，但均未超标。
（4）焦作大家作区域处于高度的碱性和氧化环境下，Cr~(3+)易转化为Cr~(6+)，因此，该区域地下水污染呈现以Cr~(6+)为主的特征，而且浅层地下水Cr~(6+)污染日趋严重。
（5）磁县糠醛厂地下水风险源模拟表明：处于总干渠左岸（西侧）的地下水易对总干渠水质造成影响；总干渠不排水或排水较小的情况下，处于总干渠右岸（东侧）的地下水不易对总干渠水质造成影响，在最大可能水位差4m的情况下该渠段含水层渗透系数为20m/d，排水段连续分布500m，排水的影响范围约180m，接近付生糠醛厂最西侧厂墙位置，存在一定风险。
（6）对大家作区域不同情景模拟结果可以看出：①不抽水的情况下，Cr~(6+)污染羽在运移20年后到达总干渠，30年后Cr~(6+)污染羽到达总干渠的浓度值将达到0.06mg/L。②以每天5300m3/d的量抽水时，水力截获区有效控制了Cr~(6+)污染羽的运移速度，60年时Cr~(6+)污染羽则被截获在水力截获带，不在沿着水流流场向前运移。
（7）鉴于南水北调中线工程输水用途，应按照饮用水源水质标准要求划定南水北调中线干渠两侧水源保护区，其中非明渠段和明渠段应分别划定一级及二级水源保护区。
This study was an applied basic research on risk sources of the Main Canal of theMiddle Route Project, characteristics of groundwater pollution, and the delimitation ofwater conservation districts, served as theme for the groundwater quality protection ofthe Main Canal of the Middle Route Project in South-to-North Water Transfer and as ameans of the field survey, indoor experiment, and numerical simulation; the results werepresented as followings.
(1) Determine existence of many risk resources on both sides of the Main Canal ofthe Middle Route Project in South-to-North Water Transfer through the field survey andanalyses; and built on this, a database of groundwater risk sources was constructed toachieve functions of the automated management for information editing, queries, andstatistical analyses.
(2) A principal component analysis was used to analyze13pollutants inunderground water from the Jiaozuo’s section of the Main Canal of the Middle RouteProject, and results demonstrated that nine out of13pollutants were main pollutionfactors; the order of contribution to the pollution of underground water was nitrate, totaldissolved solid, sulphate, degree of hardness, hexavalent chrome, fluoride, nickel ion,ammonia n, and chloride.
(3) Results from the study on pollution characteristics of the underground water nearthe furfural plant in Cixian county, Hebei province showed that total degree of hardnessin inorganic components, chloride ion, and dissolved total solid exceeded sanitarystandards of the water for living and drink (GB5749-2006),1.79～2.53times,2.37～2.47times, and1.26～2.05times higher than their standards, respectively; halogenatedhydrocarbon and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon were primarily detectable organiccomponents, but both concentrations were under their sanitary standards.
(4) Area of Dajia Zuo in Jiaozuo was located in an environment of highly alkalineand oxidizing, changing from Cr~(3+)to Cr~(6+)was easier; therefore, the pollution ofunderground water was appeared as Cr~(6+)contamination in this area, and Cr~(6+) contamination in phreatic water became worse and worse.
(5) Risk sources’ simulation conducted in the furfural plant of Cixian county, Hebeiprovince illustrated that underground water on the left bank of the Main Canal (in thewest) was inclined to pollute the water quality of the Main Canal; under no drainage orless drainage in the Main Canal underground water on the right bank (in the east) was notinclined to pollute the water quality of the Main Canal; for the site of the most west plantwall near the Fusheng Furfural Plant, certain risks existed when the maximum possiblewater-head of4m and the aquifer permeability coefficient of20m/d in the segment of thecanal, as well as continuous distribution of500m and range of influence of about180mfor the water supply and drainage.
(6) Simulating results under different scenarios in the area of Dajia Zuodemonstrated①under no pump water, Cr~(6+)pollution plume would arrive in the MainCanal of the Middle Route Project in South-to-North Water Transfer after20years ofmigration; after30years the concentration would be0.06mg/L when Cr~(6+)pollutionplume could reach the Main Canal;②with pump water quantity of5300m3/d, hydraulicintercept and capture section effectively controlled the migration velocity of Cr~(6+)pollution plume, and Cr~(6+)pollution plume would be captured on the hydraulic interceptand capture section60years later and no longer could migrate along flow field forward.
(7) In light of the purpose of the transmission of water for the Main Canal of theMiddle Route Project in South-to-North Water Transfer, water conservation districtsought to be delimited according to the water standard for the source of drinking water; ofwhich, water conservation districts should be delimited for the non-open channel andopen channel, respectively.
（1）通过现场调查分析，确定了在南水北调中线总干渠两侧存在有大量风险源，以此为基础，构建了地下水风险源数据库，实现了对风险源信息编辑、查询和统计分析等自动化管理。
（2）对中线总干渠焦作段的地下水13项污染因子进行主成分分析，得出9项为主要污染因子，按污染贡献率排序为硝酸盐＞溶解性总固体＞硫酸盐＞硬度＞六价铬＞氟化物＞镍离子＞氨氮＞氯化物。
（3）河北磁县境内糠醛厂附近地下水污染特征研究表明：无机组分中总硬度、氯离子和溶解性总固体超过生活饮用水卫生标准(GB5749-2006)，超标倍数分别为1.79～2.53、2.37～2.47、1.26～2.05；有机物检出以卤代烃和多环芳烃为主，但均未超标。
（4）焦作大家作区域处于高度的碱性和氧化环境下，Cr~(3+)易转化为Cr~(6+)，因此，该区域地下水污染呈现以Cr~(6+)为主的特征，而且浅层地下水Cr~(6+)污染日趋严重。
（5）磁县糠醛厂地下水风险源模拟表明：处于总干渠左岸（西侧）的地下水易对总干渠水质造成影响；总干渠不排水或排水较小的情况下，处于总干渠右岸（东侧）的地下水不易对总干渠水质造成影响，在最大可能水位差4m的情况下该渠段含水层渗透系数为20m/d，排水段连续分布500m，排水的影响范围约180m，接近付生糠醛厂最西侧厂墙位置，存在一定风险。
（6）对大家作区域不同情景模拟结果可以看出：①不抽水的情况下，Cr~(6+)污染羽在运移20年后到达总干渠，30年后Cr~(6+)污染羽到达总干渠的浓度值将达到0.06mg/L。②以每天5300m3/d的量抽水时，水力截获区有效控制了Cr~(6+)污染羽的运移速度，60年时Cr~(6+)污染羽则被截获在水力截获带，不在沿着水流流场向前运移。
（7）鉴于南水北调中线工程输水用途，应按照饮用水源水质标准要求划定南水北调中线干渠两侧水源保护区，其中非明渠段和明渠段应分别划定一级及二级水源保护区。
This study was an applied basic research on risk sources of the Main Canal of theMiddle Route Project, characteristics of groundwater pollution, and the delimitation ofwater conservation districts, served as theme for the groundwater quality protection ofthe Main Canal of the Middle Route Project in South-to-North Water Transfer and as ameans of the field survey, indoor experiment, and numerical simulation; the results werepresented as followings.
(1) Determine existence of many risk resources on both sides of the Main Canal ofthe Middle Route Project in South-to-North Water Transfer through the field survey andanalyses; and built on this, a database of groundwater risk sources was constructed toachieve functions of the automated management for information editing, queries, andstatistical analyses.
(2) A principal component analysis was used to analyze13pollutants inunderground water from the Jiaozuo’s section of the Main Canal of the Middle RouteProject, and results demonstrated that nine out of13pollutants were main pollutionfactors; the order of contribution to the pollution of underground water was nitrate, totaldissolved solid, sulphate, degree of hardness, hexavalent chrome, fluoride, nickel ion,ammonia n, and chloride.
(3) Results from the study on pollution characteristics of the underground water nearthe furfural plant in Cixian county, Hebei province showed that total degree of hardnessin inorganic components, chloride ion, and dissolved total solid exceeded sanitarystandards of the water for living and drink (GB5749-2006),1.79～2.53times,2.37～2.47times, and1.26～2.05times higher than their standards, respectively; halogenatedhydrocarbon and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon were primarily detectable organiccomponents, but both concentrations were under their sanitary standards.
(4) Area of Dajia Zuo in Jiaozuo was located in an environment of highly alkalineand oxidizing, changing from Cr~(3+)to Cr~(6+)was easier; therefore, the pollution ofunderground water was appeared as Cr~(6+)contamination in this area, and Cr~(6+) contamination in phreatic water became worse and worse.
(5) Risk sources’ simulation conducted in the furfural plant of Cixian county, Hebeiprovince illustrated that underground water on the left bank of the Main Canal (in thewest) was inclined to pollute the water quality of the Main Canal; under no drainage orless drainage in the Main Canal underground water on the right bank (in the east) was notinclined to pollute the water quality of the Main Canal; for the site of the most west plantwall near the Fusheng Furfural Plant, certain risks existed when the maximum possiblewater-head of4m and the aquifer permeability coefficient of20m/d in the segment of thecanal, as well as continuous distribution of500m and range of influence of about180mfor the water supply and drainage.
(6) Simulating results under different scenarios in the area of Dajia Zuodemonstrated①under no pump water, Cr~(6+)pollution plume would arrive in the MainCanal of the Middle Route Project in South-to-North Water Transfer after20years ofmigration; after30years the concentration would be0.06mg/L when Cr~(6+)pollutionplume could reach the Main Canal;②with pump water quantity of5300m3/d, hydraulicintercept and capture section effectively controlled the migration velocity of Cr~(6+)pollution plume, and Cr~(6+)pollution plume would be captured on the hydraulic interceptand capture section60years later and no longer could migrate along flow field forward.
(7) In light of the purpose of the transmission of water for the Main Canal of theMiddle Route Project in South-to-North Water Transfer, water conservation districtsought to be delimited according to the water standard for the source of drinking water; ofwhich, water conservation districts should be delimited for the non-open channel andopen channel, respectively.
引文
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