基于GIS技术的地下水重金属污染综合风险评价研究
摘要
地下水是水环境不可分割且十分重要的一部分。据估算,全世界的地下水总量多达1.5亿立方公里,几乎占地球总水量的十分之一,比整个大西洋的水量还要多!在我国,2006年全国矿化度≤2g/L地区的地下水资源量为7643亿m3,其中平原区地下水资源量为1668亿m3,山丘区地下水资源量为6284亿m3,平原区与山丘区之间的地下水资源重复计算量为309亿m3。随着经济建设的发展,片面追求经济利益最大化而忽视对环境的负面影响导致了地下水污染有逐年加重的趋势,这种现象在中小城镇等不发达地区尤其重要。
随着全球经济的迅速发展,重金属通过矿山开采、金属冶炼加工、化工废水的排放、农药化肥的滥用,生活垃圾的弃置等人为污染及地质侵蚀、风化等天然源形式进入水中,而重金属污染又具有易被生物富集、并有生物放大效应、且毒性大等特点,因此重金属污染不仅污染了水环境,也严重危害了人类及各类生物的生存。目前,我国有关地下水污染治理的研究、实践和管理工作大大滞后于其污染的速度。而这种滞后,不仅直接导致了环境的恶化,更是引发了许多社会问题,严重的甚至危机到了社会安定。
基于以上的诸多问题,本文以黄兴镇硫酸锰制造企业引起的地下水重金属严重污染为切入点,利用GIS技术对地下水环境污染的现状进行空间分析,并利用DRSASTIC模型对其污染因子评分。研究对黄兴镇的地下水重金属污染做出定量的风险评价,并给出评价因子的叠加图,最后提出地下水有效的综合治理方法。
Groundwater is an important and indiscerptible part of the whole water environment. The world's total groundwater up to 150 million km 3, accounting for almost one-tenth of Earth's total water, the water than the Atlantic more. In China, 2006 National salinity≤2 g / L of groundwater resources in the region to 764.3 billion m3, including groundwater resources in the plain area of 166.8 billion m3, in Hilly Areas of groundwater resources for 628.4 billion m3, plain and between in Hilly Areas The double counting of groundwater resources to 30.9 billion m3.With the development of economic construction many people、organization and even government sometimes only pursue the partial maximum profit but ignore the negative influence on the environment. So the contamination of groundwater becomes more and more serious with the passing of year. What's more, this phenomenon is especially severe in many small towns and undeveloped areas.
With the rapid global economic development, the heavy metal entries in the water through the artificial pollution、the geology corrodes and decency, such as mine mining、the metal smelting processing、the chemical waste emissions、the abusiveness of agricultural chemicals fertilizer and so on. But the heavy metal pollution is easily concentrated by the biology and it has the biology scale-up effect and it is also greatly toxic. Therefore the heavy metal not only has polluted the water environment, but also severely endangers the survival of humanity and each kinds of living things. Now in our country many work concerning research, practice and management of groundwater contamination lag behind the speed of groundwater pollution greatly. All of these not only lead to deterioration of environment but also arouse many social problems and even endanger social stability.
Based on these problems the paper carries out investigations on groundwater pollution by heavy metal and take groundwater contamination in the town of Huangxing as the real example. It carries on the spatial analysis of the GIS technology to the actuality of the groundwater environmental pollution and grades its pollution factors through DRASTIC model. The paper makes the quantitative risk value to groundwater contamination of heavy metal of Huangxing town. Then it carries out the effective measures.
随着全球经济的迅速发展,重金属通过矿山开采、金属冶炼加工、化工废水的排放、农药化肥的滥用,生活垃圾的弃置等人为污染及地质侵蚀、风化等天然源形式进入水中,而重金属污染又具有易被生物富集、并有生物放大效应、且毒性大等特点,因此重金属污染不仅污染了水环境,也严重危害了人类及各类生物的生存。目前,我国有关地下水污染治理的研究、实践和管理工作大大滞后于其污染的速度。而这种滞后,不仅直接导致了环境的恶化,更是引发了许多社会问题,严重的甚至危机到了社会安定。
基于以上的诸多问题,本文以黄兴镇硫酸锰制造企业引起的地下水重金属严重污染为切入点,利用GIS技术对地下水环境污染的现状进行空间分析,并利用DRSASTIC模型对其污染因子评分。研究对黄兴镇的地下水重金属污染做出定量的风险评价,并给出评价因子的叠加图,最后提出地下水有效的综合治理方法。
Groundwater is an important and indiscerptible part of the whole water environment. The world's total groundwater up to 150 million km 3, accounting for almost one-tenth of Earth's total water, the water than the Atlantic more. In China, 2006 National salinity≤2 g / L of groundwater resources in the region to 764.3 billion m3, including groundwater resources in the plain area of 166.8 billion m3, in Hilly Areas of groundwater resources for 628.4 billion m3, plain and between in Hilly Areas The double counting of groundwater resources to 30.9 billion m3.With the development of economic construction many people、organization and even government sometimes only pursue the partial maximum profit but ignore the negative influence on the environment. So the contamination of groundwater becomes more and more serious with the passing of year. What's more, this phenomenon is especially severe in many small towns and undeveloped areas.
With the rapid global economic development, the heavy metal entries in the water through the artificial pollution、the geology corrodes and decency, such as mine mining、the metal smelting processing、the chemical waste emissions、the abusiveness of agricultural chemicals fertilizer and so on. But the heavy metal pollution is easily concentrated by the biology and it has the biology scale-up effect and it is also greatly toxic. Therefore the heavy metal not only has polluted the water environment, but also severely endangers the survival of humanity and each kinds of living things. Now in our country many work concerning research, practice and management of groundwater contamination lag behind the speed of groundwater pollution greatly. All of these not only lead to deterioration of environment but also arouse many social problems and even endanger social stability.
Based on these problems the paper carries out investigations on groundwater pollution by heavy metal and take groundwater contamination in the town of Huangxing as the real example. It carries on the spatial analysis of the GIS technology to the actuality of the groundwater environmental pollution and grades its pollution factors through DRASTIC model. The paper makes the quantitative risk value to groundwater contamination of heavy metal of Huangxing town. Then it carries out the effective measures.
引文
[1]徐小清,邓冠强.长江三峡库区江段沉积物的重金属污染特征[J].水生生物学报,1999,23(1):1-91.
[2]Weber J.Wastewater Trearnent[J].Metal Finishing,1999,97(1):801-802,806,810,812,814,816,8181.
[3]帅红,等.中小城镇水环境污染控制规划研究[J].环境保护,2002,3:17-19.
[4]EL-Kadi A I,Oloufa A A,Eltahan A A,Malik H U.Use of a Geographic Information System in Site Specific Groundwater Modeling[J].Groundwater,1994,32(4):617-625.
[5]张久川,等.基于G IS的地下水资源可持续性评价[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(8):35-39.
[6]Tang-Changyuan,Kondoh-Akihiko.Regional groundwater model with GIS[C].30th International Geological Congress,Beijing,China.Abstracts-Congres Geologique International,Resumes.30,1996:1-471.
[7]武强,邹德禹,董东林,等.塔里木盆地水资源开发管理的地理信息系统(GIS)[J].中国矿业大学学报,1999,28(1):78-81.
[8]宫辉力.博士后出站报告[D].北京大学,1999.
[9]马明,等.GIS技术在地下水资源评价研究中的应用[J].灌溉排水学报,2006,25(5):85-88.
[10]杨庆,栾茂田.地下水易污性评价方法——DRASTIC指标体系[J].水文地质工程地质,1999,26(2):4-9.
[11]张保祥,等.DRASTIC地下水脆弱性评价方法及其应用——以泰国清迈盆地为例[J].水资源保护,2007,23(2):38-42.
[12]孙丰英,等.DRASTIC指标体系法在滹滏平原地下水脆弱性评价中的应用[J].地下水,2006,28(2):39-42.
[13]袁笑一,等.GIS技术及其在地下水领域的应用[J].仪器仪表学报,2005,26(8):859-861.
[14]朱少霞,等.基于GIS的地下水空间分析系统的设计[J].首都师范大学学报,2005,26(1):108-112.
[15]倪淑洁.浅谈地理信息系统技术及其发展趋势[J].网络与信息,2007,6:73.
[16]魏加华,等.GIS在地下水研究中的应用进展[J].水文地质工程地质,2003,2:94-98.
[17]向速林,等.地下水资源管理的GIS系统研究[J].北华大学学报,2007,8(4):376-378.
[18]李云先,等.地理信息系统在地下水环境质量评价中的应用[J].北京工业职业技术学院学报,2005,4(2):39-42.
[19]姜哲,等.GIS技术在长春市地下水水质评价中的应用[J].地下水,2006,28(6):34-36.
[20]卢永华.GIS空间分析在农用地定级中的应用研究[D].武汉:武汉大学,2004.
[21]陈浩,等.ArcGIS空间分析技术在地下水评价中的应用[J].水文地质工程地质,2007,4:112-115.
[22]姜志群,等.地下水污染敏感性评价中DRASTIC法的应用[J].河海大学学报,2001,29(2):100-103.
[23]韩建秀,王炳均,等.南阳市城区地下水系统划分及供水意义[J].地下水,2004,26(1):14-16.
[24]SL/T 183-96,地下水监测规范[S].
[25]楚文海,等.基于GIS应用DRASTIC模型评价贵阳市地下水污染风险[J].地下水,2007,29(1):88-105.
[26]Benvenuti M et al.Mine waste dumps and heavy metai pollution in abandoned mining district of Boccheggiano(Southern Tuscany,ltaly)[J].Environ.Geol.1997,30(3/4):238-243.
[27]李其林,等.重庆市蔬菜基地土壤中重金属含量及污染特征[J].土壤与环境,2000,9(4):270-273.
[28]庞奖励,等.西安污灌区土壤重金属含量及对西红柿影响研究[J].土壤与环境,2001,10(2):94-97.
[29]张勇,等.辽宁省部分县土壤及玉米中重金属污染状况评价[J].辽宁农业职业技术学院学报,2001,(1):14-17.
[30]孙全庆,等.我国地下水除铁、除锰技术发展状况[J].湿法冶金,2004,23(4):169-175.
[31]刘中国,等.锰污染区儿章神经行为调查研究[J].中国预防医学杂志,2007,8(4):348-350.
[32]路青艳,等.我国地下水污染状况[J].中华劳动卫生职业病杂志,2006,24(5):317-320.
[33]李立,等.固体废物中重金属对土壤及地下水污染的研究[D].天津:南开大学,2004.
[34]刁维萍,等.水环境重金属污染的现状及其评价[J].广东微量元素科学,2004,11(3):1-5.
[35]葛俊森,等.水中重金属危害现状及处理方法[J].广州化工,2007,35(5):69,70,80.
[36]雷万荣,等.浅谈地下水中铁_锰质的迁移与富集规律[J].江西科学,2006,24(1):80-82.
[37]蔡固平,黄兴镇硫酸锰企业污染调查与评价[J].中国环境监测,2003,19(4):56-59.
[38]马理,乡镇企业需要渐进的软着陆变革模式——黄兴镇化工业兴衰的案例分析[J].乡镇企业研究,2003,03:41-43.
[39]董云,等.中小型农村企业的产业升级和渐进式变革——以黄兴镇化工业的兴衰为例[J].湖南农业大学学报,2003,4(3):43-45.
[40]章继业,“光皮”辣椒声名扬“绿色”蔬菜铸辉煌——黄兴镇利用良种蔬菜致富纪实[J].农产品市场周刊,2004,04:18-19.
[41]王勇,基于GIS对祁县东观地下水资源脆弱性评价[D].太原:太原理工大学,2006.
[42]SL 219-98,水环境监测规范[S].
[43]薛罡,等.地下水除铁除锰技术新进展[J].给水排水,2002,28(7):26-29.
[44]李圭白,刘超.地下水除铁除锰.第二版.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1989.
[45]王九思,陈学民,肖举强,等.水处理化学.北京:化学工业出版社,2002:274.
[46]张杰.生物固锰除锰技术的确立[J].给水排水,1996,22(11):5-10.
[47]张杰,戴镇生.地下水除铁除锰现代观[J].给水排水,1996,22(10):13-16.
[48]刘德明,徐爱军.地下水除锰机理研究.给水与废水国际会议论文集.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1994:142-150.
[49]吴正淮.地下水除铁除锰机理的革新与应用[J].给水排水,1994,20(1):3-14.
[50]刘灿生,黄毅轩.关于地下水除铁除锰机理的讨论[J].给水排水,1996,22(10):17-20.
[51]许建华,杨人隽,王嘉宝.水的特种处理.上海:同济大学出版社,1989,65-75.
[52]同济大学主编.给水工程.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1980,90-95.
[53]毛大庆.生物法除铁除锰的实验研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨建筑大学,1998.
[54]许京骐,陈培康.给水排水新技术.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1988.
[55]薛罡,等.地下水除铁除锰生物处理工艺实验研究[J].给水排水,2000,26(12):8-12.
[56]Moucher P.From conventional to biological removal of iron and manganese in France.AWWA,1992,84(4):158-166.
[57]Linda M,Abriola,Pinder G F.A multiphase approach to the modeling of porous media contamination by organic compounds.l.Equation development.Water resourse,1985,21(1):1-18.
[58]HUFFMAN G J,ADLER R F,MORRISSEY M M,Globalprecipitation at 1 degree daily resolution from multi-satellite observations[J].Journal of Hydrometeorology,2000,2(1);36-50.
[59]ZHOU J.Wavelet transform method to merge land sat TM and SPOT panchromatic dats[J].Remote Sensing,1998,19(4):143-157.
[60]YESOU H.Merging SEASAT and SPOT study of geologic structive in a temperate agriculture region[J].Remote Sensing and Environment,1993,43:165-180
[61]都金康,黄永胜,冯学智,等。SPOT卫星影像的水体提取方法及分类研究[J]。遥感学报,2001,5(3):114-119
[62]王学军。空间分析技术与地理信息系统的结合[J]。地理研究,1997(3):70-73
[63]何延波,杨琨。遥感和地理信息系统在水文模型中的应用[J]。地质地球化学,1999,21(2):99-103
[64]龚健雅。地理信息系统基础[M]。北京:科学出版社,2001
[65]张景康,魏嘉等。浅谈地下水环境自动化监测[J]。科技信息,2008,4
[66]陈锋,王业耀等。重金属污染土壤和地下水电动修复技术研究[J]。中国资源综合利用,2008,2
[67]郝华,我国城市地下水污染状况与对策研究[J]。水利发展研究,2004(3):23-25
[68]Reddy K,Chinthamreddy S.[J].Waste Manage,1999,19(4),:269-282
[69]U S EPA.Available information on assessment exposure from pesticides in food[R].Washington D C:office of Pesticide Programs USEPA,2008
[70]杨旭东,孙建平,魏玉梅。地下水脆弱性评价探索[J]。安全与环境工程,2006,13(1):1-4
[71]Gogu R C,Dassargues A.Current trends and future challenges in gvound water vulnerability assessment using overlay and index:mettcods[J].Environmental Geology.2000,34(6):549-559
[72]Aller LT,DRASTIC:Standardized systcm for evaluating ground water pollution potential using hydrogeologic setting[M].[s.1.]:office of Research Development,VSEPA.1985.
[73]付素蓉、王焰新、蔡鹤生、等。城市地下水污染敏感性分析[J]。地球科学——中国地质大学子报,2000,25(5):482-486
[74]Lobo-Fewera JP.Drastic growndwater vulnerability mapping of portngul[c].proceedings.Congress of the Intamational Association of Hydraulic Research,IAH-R,1997,132-137
[75]周惠成,王国利,基于DRASTIC模糊含水层易污染性模糊综合评价[J].大连理工大学子报,2001,3:212-215
[76]贺新春,邵东国,陈南祥,等。把下水环境脆弱性分区研究[J],武汉大学学报(工学版)2005,38(1):73-78
[77]Lakcir,Lovetl A A,Hiscockkm,et al.Evaluating factor inofwencing gvoundwater vu Ineralility to nitrate pollution:Developing the potential of GIS[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2003(68):315-328.
[78]Zhou Huicheng,Wang Guoli,Yang Qing.A multic z okjective fuzzy recognition model for assessing groundwater vulnerahility based on the DRASTZC system[J].Hydrological Sciences,1999,44(4):611-618
[79]Sontter M,Musy A.coupling ID Monte-Carlo simulations and geo statistics to assess groundwater vulnerability to pesticide contamination on a regional scale[J]Journal of Contaminant Hydrokgy,1998(32):35-39
[80]贺新春,邵东国,几种评价地下水环境脆弱性方法之比较[J],长江科学院院报,2005,22(3):18-24
[81]Al-Adamant,R.A.N.,Foster,I.D.L.,Baban,S.M.J.,2003.
[82]Groundwater vulnerahility and risk mapping for the Basaltic aquifer of the Azraq basin of Jordan using GIS,Remote sensing and DRASTIC.Applied Geography 23,303-324
[83]Aller,L.,Bennetl,I.,Lehr,J.H.,Petty,R.J.,Hackett,G.,1987.DRAST le A standardized system for evalnating groundwater pollution polential using hydngeologic settings,US Environment Protection Agency,ada,Oklahoma,EPA/600/2-87/035
[84]Al-Zabet,T.,2002.Evaluation of aquifer vulnerability to contamination potential Using the DRASTICA method Environmental Geologg,43.203.208.
[85]EHS(Environment and Heritage Service).2000.Manging the water environment in Northern Ireland 2000.
[86]Evans,B.,& Mayers,W.,1990.A GIS-based approach to evaluating regional groundwater pollution potential with DRASTIC.Joural of soil and watr Conservetion,45,242-245.
[87]Good child M.,1993.The state of environ mental problem-solving,In:Environmental Modeling with GIS,(Good child,Parks &Steyaert eds.),Oxford University Press,PP.8-15
[88]McLay,C.,Dragten,R.,Sparling,G.,Selvare-jah,N.,2001.Prediiling ground water nitrate concentrations in a region of mixed agriwltual land use:a comparison of three approaches.Environ.Pollution,115,191-204
[89]姜志群,地下水污染敏感性评价中DRASTIC法的应用[J]。河海大学学报,2001,29127
[90]杨庆,栾茂田,等.DRASTIC指标体系法在大连市地下水易污性评价中的应用[J]。大连理工大学学报,1999,39157
[91]James W M.GIS-based ground uater pollution hazard assessment:a critical review of the DRASTIC model[J].Photogram metric Engineering &Remote Sening,1994,60(9).618-627.
[92]Ray I A,.Odell P W.Diversity:a new method for evaluationg sensitizing of groundwater to contamination[J].Environmental Geology,1993,227:344-352
[93]王国利,周惠成.张文国。含水层易污染性评价的模糊优选方法[J].水利学报,2000(12)72-76.
[94]Water Science and Technology Board,National Research Council.Groundwater vulnerability assessment-contamination Potential uneler conditions of uncertainty[M].Washington C:National Academy Press,1993.
[95]JAROSLAV V,ALEXAMDER Z.International association of hydrogeologists:guidehonnk on mapping groundwater vulnerability[R].International Contributions to Hydroheoldogy,Hannover:Heise,1994,16.
[96]徐灵,王成瑞,姚岚.重金属废水处理技术分析与优选[J]。广州化工,2006,6157;44-46.
[97]Long E R,MecDoneld D D,National statues and trends program approach[A].In:O.S.Environ mental Protection Agency.Sediment class if iction methods compendium[C].EPA823-R-92-006,Chaptev,1992
[2]Weber J.Wastewater Trearnent[J].Metal Finishing,1999,97(1):801-802,806,810,812,814,816,8181.
[3]帅红,等.中小城镇水环境污染控制规划研究[J].环境保护,2002,3:17-19.
[4]EL-Kadi A I,Oloufa A A,Eltahan A A,Malik H U.Use of a Geographic Information System in Site Specific Groundwater Modeling[J].Groundwater,1994,32(4):617-625.
[5]张久川,等.基于G IS的地下水资源可持续性评价[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(8):35-39.
[6]Tang-Changyuan,Kondoh-Akihiko.Regional groundwater model with GIS[C].30th International Geological Congress,Beijing,China.Abstracts-Congres Geologique International,Resumes.30,1996:1-471.
[7]武强,邹德禹,董东林,等.塔里木盆地水资源开发管理的地理信息系统(GIS)[J].中国矿业大学学报,1999,28(1):78-81.
[8]宫辉力.博士后出站报告[D].北京大学,1999.
[9]马明,等.GIS技术在地下水资源评价研究中的应用[J].灌溉排水学报,2006,25(5):85-88.
[10]杨庆,栾茂田.地下水易污性评价方法——DRASTIC指标体系[J].水文地质工程地质,1999,26(2):4-9.
[11]张保祥,等.DRASTIC地下水脆弱性评价方法及其应用——以泰国清迈盆地为例[J].水资源保护,2007,23(2):38-42.
[12]孙丰英,等.DRASTIC指标体系法在滹滏平原地下水脆弱性评价中的应用[J].地下水,2006,28(2):39-42.
[13]袁笑一,等.GIS技术及其在地下水领域的应用[J].仪器仪表学报,2005,26(8):859-861.
[14]朱少霞,等.基于GIS的地下水空间分析系统的设计[J].首都师范大学学报,2005,26(1):108-112.
[15]倪淑洁.浅谈地理信息系统技术及其发展趋势[J].网络与信息,2007,6:73.
[16]魏加华,等.GIS在地下水研究中的应用进展[J].水文地质工程地质,2003,2:94-98.
[17]向速林,等.地下水资源管理的GIS系统研究[J].北华大学学报,2007,8(4):376-378.
[18]李云先,等.地理信息系统在地下水环境质量评价中的应用[J].北京工业职业技术学院学报,2005,4(2):39-42.
[19]姜哲,等.GIS技术在长春市地下水水质评价中的应用[J].地下水,2006,28(6):34-36.
[20]卢永华.GIS空间分析在农用地定级中的应用研究[D].武汉:武汉大学,2004.
[21]陈浩,等.ArcGIS空间分析技术在地下水评价中的应用[J].水文地质工程地质,2007,4:112-115.
[22]姜志群,等.地下水污染敏感性评价中DRASTIC法的应用[J].河海大学学报,2001,29(2):100-103.
[23]韩建秀,王炳均,等.南阳市城区地下水系统划分及供水意义[J].地下水,2004,26(1):14-16.
[24]SL/T 183-96,地下水监测规范[S].
[25]楚文海,等.基于GIS应用DRASTIC模型评价贵阳市地下水污染风险[J].地下水,2007,29(1):88-105.
[26]Benvenuti M et al.Mine waste dumps and heavy metai pollution in abandoned mining district of Boccheggiano(Southern Tuscany,ltaly)[J].Environ.Geol.1997,30(3/4):238-243.
[27]李其林,等.重庆市蔬菜基地土壤中重金属含量及污染特征[J].土壤与环境,2000,9(4):270-273.
[28]庞奖励,等.西安污灌区土壤重金属含量及对西红柿影响研究[J].土壤与环境,2001,10(2):94-97.
[29]张勇,等.辽宁省部分县土壤及玉米中重金属污染状况评价[J].辽宁农业职业技术学院学报,2001,(1):14-17.
[30]孙全庆,等.我国地下水除铁、除锰技术发展状况[J].湿法冶金,2004,23(4):169-175.
[31]刘中国,等.锰污染区儿章神经行为调查研究[J].中国预防医学杂志,2007,8(4):348-350.
[32]路青艳,等.我国地下水污染状况[J].中华劳动卫生职业病杂志,2006,24(5):317-320.
[33]李立,等.固体废物中重金属对土壤及地下水污染的研究[D].天津:南开大学,2004.
[34]刁维萍,等.水环境重金属污染的现状及其评价[J].广东微量元素科学,2004,11(3):1-5.
[35]葛俊森,等.水中重金属危害现状及处理方法[J].广州化工,2007,35(5):69,70,80.
[36]雷万荣,等.浅谈地下水中铁_锰质的迁移与富集规律[J].江西科学,2006,24(1):80-82.
[37]蔡固平,黄兴镇硫酸锰企业污染调查与评价[J].中国环境监测,2003,19(4):56-59.
[38]马理,乡镇企业需要渐进的软着陆变革模式——黄兴镇化工业兴衰的案例分析[J].乡镇企业研究,2003,03:41-43.
[39]董云,等.中小型农村企业的产业升级和渐进式变革——以黄兴镇化工业的兴衰为例[J].湖南农业大学学报,2003,4(3):43-45.
[40]章继业,“光皮”辣椒声名扬“绿色”蔬菜铸辉煌——黄兴镇利用良种蔬菜致富纪实[J].农产品市场周刊,2004,04:18-19.
[41]王勇,基于GIS对祁县东观地下水资源脆弱性评价[D].太原:太原理工大学,2006.
[42]SL 219-98,水环境监测规范[S].
[43]薛罡,等.地下水除铁除锰技术新进展[J].给水排水,2002,28(7):26-29.
[44]李圭白,刘超.地下水除铁除锰.第二版.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1989.
[45]王九思,陈学民,肖举强,等.水处理化学.北京:化学工业出版社,2002:274.
[46]张杰.生物固锰除锰技术的确立[J].给水排水,1996,22(11):5-10.
[47]张杰,戴镇生.地下水除铁除锰现代观[J].给水排水,1996,22(10):13-16.
[48]刘德明,徐爱军.地下水除锰机理研究.给水与废水国际会议论文集.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1994:142-150.
[49]吴正淮.地下水除铁除锰机理的革新与应用[J].给水排水,1994,20(1):3-14.
[50]刘灿生,黄毅轩.关于地下水除铁除锰机理的讨论[J].给水排水,1996,22(10):17-20.
[51]许建华,杨人隽,王嘉宝.水的特种处理.上海:同济大学出版社,1989,65-75.
[52]同济大学主编.给水工程.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1980,90-95.
[53]毛大庆.生物法除铁除锰的实验研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨建筑大学,1998.
[54]许京骐,陈培康.给水排水新技术.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1988.
[55]薛罡,等.地下水除铁除锰生物处理工艺实验研究[J].给水排水,2000,26(12):8-12.
[56]Moucher P.From conventional to biological removal of iron and manganese in France.AWWA,1992,84(4):158-166.
[57]Linda M,Abriola,Pinder G F.A multiphase approach to the modeling of porous media contamination by organic compounds.l.Equation development.Water resourse,1985,21(1):1-18.
[58]HUFFMAN G J,ADLER R F,MORRISSEY M M,Globalprecipitation at 1 degree daily resolution from multi-satellite observations[J].Journal of Hydrometeorology,2000,2(1);36-50.
[59]ZHOU J.Wavelet transform method to merge land sat TM and SPOT panchromatic dats[J].Remote Sensing,1998,19(4):143-157.
[60]YESOU H.Merging SEASAT and SPOT study of geologic structive in a temperate agriculture region[J].Remote Sensing and Environment,1993,43:165-180
[61]都金康,黄永胜,冯学智,等。SPOT卫星影像的水体提取方法及分类研究[J]。遥感学报,2001,5(3):114-119
[62]王学军。空间分析技术与地理信息系统的结合[J]。地理研究,1997(3):70-73
[63]何延波,杨琨。遥感和地理信息系统在水文模型中的应用[J]。地质地球化学,1999,21(2):99-103
[64]龚健雅。地理信息系统基础[M]。北京:科学出版社,2001
[65]张景康,魏嘉等。浅谈地下水环境自动化监测[J]。科技信息,2008,4
[66]陈锋,王业耀等。重金属污染土壤和地下水电动修复技术研究[J]。中国资源综合利用,2008,2
[67]郝华,我国城市地下水污染状况与对策研究[J]。水利发展研究,2004(3):23-25
[68]Reddy K,Chinthamreddy S.[J].Waste Manage,1999,19(4),:269-282
[69]U S EPA.Available information on assessment exposure from pesticides in food[R].Washington D C:office of Pesticide Programs USEPA,2008
[70]杨旭东,孙建平,魏玉梅。地下水脆弱性评价探索[J]。安全与环境工程,2006,13(1):1-4
[71]Gogu R C,Dassargues A.Current trends and future challenges in gvound water vulnerability assessment using overlay and index:mettcods[J].Environmental Geology.2000,34(6):549-559
[72]Aller LT,DRASTIC:Standardized systcm for evaluating ground water pollution potential using hydrogeologic setting[M].[s.1.]:office of Research Development,VSEPA.1985.
[73]付素蓉、王焰新、蔡鹤生、等。城市地下水污染敏感性分析[J]。地球科学——中国地质大学子报,2000,25(5):482-486
[74]Lobo-Fewera JP.Drastic growndwater vulnerability mapping of portngul[c].proceedings.Congress of the Intamational Association of Hydraulic Research,IAH-R,1997,132-137
[75]周惠成,王国利,基于DRASTIC模糊含水层易污染性模糊综合评价[J].大连理工大学子报,2001,3:212-215
[76]贺新春,邵东国,陈南祥,等。把下水环境脆弱性分区研究[J],武汉大学学报(工学版)2005,38(1):73-78
[77]Lakcir,Lovetl A A,Hiscockkm,et al.Evaluating factor inofwencing gvoundwater vu Ineralility to nitrate pollution:Developing the potential of GIS[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2003(68):315-328.
[78]Zhou Huicheng,Wang Guoli,Yang Qing.A multic z okjective fuzzy recognition model for assessing groundwater vulnerahility based on the DRASTZC system[J].Hydrological Sciences,1999,44(4):611-618
[79]Sontter M,Musy A.coupling ID Monte-Carlo simulations and geo statistics to assess groundwater vulnerability to pesticide contamination on a regional scale[J]Journal of Contaminant Hydrokgy,1998(32):35-39
[80]贺新春,邵东国,几种评价地下水环境脆弱性方法之比较[J],长江科学院院报,2005,22(3):18-24
[81]Al-Adamant,R.A.N.,Foster,I.D.L.,Baban,S.M.J.,2003.
[82]Groundwater vulnerahility and risk mapping for the Basaltic aquifer of the Azraq basin of Jordan using GIS,Remote sensing and DRASTIC.Applied Geography 23,303-324
[83]Aller,L.,Bennetl,I.,Lehr,J.H.,Petty,R.J.,Hackett,G.,1987.DRAST le A standardized system for evalnating groundwater pollution polential using hydngeologic settings,US Environment Protection Agency,ada,Oklahoma,EPA/600/2-87/035
[84]Al-Zabet,T.,2002.Evaluation of aquifer vulnerability to contamination potential Using the DRASTICA method Environmental Geologg,43.203.208.
[85]EHS(Environment and Heritage Service).2000.Manging the water environment in Northern Ireland 2000.
[86]Evans,B.,& Mayers,W.,1990.A GIS-based approach to evaluating regional groundwater pollution potential with DRASTIC.Joural of soil and watr Conservetion,45,242-245.
[87]Good child M.,1993.The state of environ mental problem-solving,In:Environmental Modeling with GIS,(Good child,Parks &Steyaert eds.),Oxford University Press,PP.8-15
[88]McLay,C.,Dragten,R.,Sparling,G.,Selvare-jah,N.,2001.Prediiling ground water nitrate concentrations in a region of mixed agriwltual land use:a comparison of three approaches.Environ.Pollution,115,191-204
[89]姜志群,地下水污染敏感性评价中DRASTIC法的应用[J]。河海大学学报,2001,29127
[90]杨庆,栾茂田,等.DRASTIC指标体系法在大连市地下水易污性评价中的应用[J]。大连理工大学学报,1999,39157
[91]James W M.GIS-based ground uater pollution hazard assessment:a critical review of the DRASTIC model[J].Photogram metric Engineering &Remote Sening,1994,60(9).618-627.
[92]Ray I A,.Odell P W.Diversity:a new method for evaluationg sensitizing of groundwater to contamination[J].Environmental Geology,1993,227:344-352
[93]王国利,周惠成.张文国。含水层易污染性评价的模糊优选方法[J].水利学报,2000(12)72-76.
[94]Water Science and Technology Board,National Research Council.Groundwater vulnerability assessment-contamination Potential uneler conditions of uncertainty[M].Washington C:National Academy Press,1993.
[95]JAROSLAV V,ALEXAMDER Z.International association of hydrogeologists:guidehonnk on mapping groundwater vulnerability[R].International Contributions to Hydroheoldogy,Hannover:Heise,1994,16.
[96]徐灵,王成瑞,姚岚.重金属废水处理技术分析与优选[J]。广州化工,2006,6157;44-46.
[97]Long E R,MecDoneld D D,National statues and trends program approach[A].In:O.S.Environ mental Protection Agency.Sediment class if iction methods compendium[C].EPA823-R-92-006,Chaptev,1992