基于GIS对祁县东观地下水资源脆弱性评价
摘要
地下水脆弱性研究是保护地下水环境工作的基础。1968年法国人Margat在他的文章中首次提出“地下水脆弱性”这一术语。Margat与Albinet先后通过图件来描述地下水对污染的脆弱程度，以此唤醒人类社会对地下水污染问题危险性的认识。美国国家科学研究委员会于1993年给予地下水脆弱性如下定义：地下水脆弱性是污染物到达最上层含水层之上某特定位置的倾向性与可能性。
地理信息系统(GIS)技术可以对地理空间数据和信息实现输入、存储、管理、检索、处理和综合分析等功能，已经广泛地用于各个领域。由于GIS技术日趋成熟，具有了综合分析和进行空间建模的能力，而且可以随时修改与更新数据库，使评价过程变得简便、容易，为地下水脆弱性的研究提供了有力的支持，极大地推动了地下水脆弱性研究的发展，已开始广泛地应用于地下水脆弱性评价与制图中。
本文基于GIS平台，根据祁县东观镇地下水资源的大量的数据资料，应用DRASTIC方法对祁县东观镇地下水资源进行脆弱性评价。文中介绍了目前在地下水资源脆弱性评价方面的国内外发展现状，祁
The research of groundwater vulnerability is the basis of groundwater environment protection. In 1968, a French Margat first raised the term "groundwater vulnerability " in his article, and he and Albinet successively made descriptions through pictures of vulnerability degree of groundwater on pollution, so as to arouse the human society attention to the danger of groundwater pollution. In 1993, the American State Committee of Scientific Research gave groundwater vulnerability a definition: it is the tendency and possibility of pollutants reaching a certain position above the highest water-containing level.
GIS, which has the functions of the input, store, management, search, disposal, and synthetic analysis of geographical spatial data and information, has been widely used in every field. Since GIS is becoming more and more practical, which has the ability of synthetic analysis as well as spatial module construction, and to change and renew the data base at any time, the evaluation process is facilitated, strong support is given to groundwater vulnerability, and the development of the research on groundwater vulnerability is promoted, thus GIS has been widely applied in
地理信息系统(GIS)技术可以对地理空间数据和信息实现输入、存储、管理、检索、处理和综合分析等功能，已经广泛地用于各个领域。由于GIS技术日趋成熟，具有了综合分析和进行空间建模的能力，而且可以随时修改与更新数据库，使评价过程变得简便、容易，为地下水脆弱性的研究提供了有力的支持，极大地推动了地下水脆弱性研究的发展，已开始广泛地应用于地下水脆弱性评价与制图中。
本文基于GIS平台，根据祁县东观镇地下水资源的大量的数据资料，应用DRASTIC方法对祁县东观镇地下水资源进行脆弱性评价。文中介绍了目前在地下水资源脆弱性评价方面的国内外发展现状，祁
The research of groundwater vulnerability is the basis of groundwater environment protection. In 1968, a French Margat first raised the term "groundwater vulnerability " in his article, and he and Albinet successively made descriptions through pictures of vulnerability degree of groundwater on pollution, so as to arouse the human society attention to the danger of groundwater pollution. In 1993, the American State Committee of Scientific Research gave groundwater vulnerability a definition: it is the tendency and possibility of pollutants reaching a certain position above the highest water-containing level.
GIS, which has the functions of the input, store, management, search, disposal, and synthetic analysis of geographical spatial data and information, has been widely used in every field. Since GIS is becoming more and more practical, which has the ability of synthetic analysis as well as spatial module construction, and to change and renew the data base at any time, the evaluation process is facilitated, strong support is given to groundwater vulnerability, and the development of the research on groundwater vulnerability is promoted, thus GIS has been widely applied in
引文
[1] 杨晓婷，王文科，乔晓英等．关中盆地地下水脆弱性评价指标体系的探讨．西安土程学院学报，2001，23(2)：46-49
[2] 孙才志，潘俊．地下水脆弱性的概念、评价方法与研究前景．水科学进展，1999，10(4)：444-449
[3] 孙才志，林山杉．地下水脆弱性概念的发展过程与评价现状及研究前景．吉林地质，2000，19(1)：30-36
[4] 姜桂华．地下水脆弱性研究进展．世界地质，2002，21(1)：33-38
[5] Thomas Anders Evans, B S M E, et al. M S E A spatial and statistical assessment of vulnerability of Texas groundwater to nitrate contamination http://civil.ce.utexas.edu/centers/crwr/reports/online.html
[6] Gogu R C, Dassargues A Current trends and future challenges in groundwater vulnerability assessment using overlay and index methods. Environmental Geology. 2000, 39(6): 549-559
[7] Lasserre F, Razack M Banton Q A GIS-linked model for the assessment of nitrate contamination in groundwater. Journal of Hydrology. 1999, 224: 81-90
[8] Michael R, Burkart, Dana W, Kolpin, et al. Assessing groundwater vulnerability to agrichemical contamination in the Midwest U.S. Wat. Sci. Tech 1999, 39(3): 103-112
[9] 蒋益平．一种新的水文地质图件——地下水易污性图简介．世界地质，1996，15(3)：71-73
[10] 杨庆，栗茂田．地下水易污性评价方法—DRASTIC指标体系．水文地质工程地??质, 1999, (2):4-9
[11] Todd G Fritch, Cleavy L Mcknight, Joe C Yelderman An aquifer vulnerability assessment of the Paluxy aquifer, central Texas, USA using GIS and modified DRASTIC approach. Environmental Management. 2000, 25(3):: 337-245
[12] Rupert MG Calibration of the DRASTIC grourd water vulnerability mapping method. Ground Water. 2001,39 (4) :625~630
[13] Tim U Sunday, Jain Dharmesh, Liao Hsiu-Huka. Interactive modeling of ground-water vulnerability within a geographic information system environment. Ground Water. 1996, 34(4):618-627
[14] Loague Keith, Bernknopf RL, Green RE, etal. Uncertainty of groundwater vulnerability assessment for agricultural regions in Hawaii: Review J. Environ. Qual. 1996,25 : 475-490
[15] Anthony J Tesoriero, Frank D Voss. Predicting the probability of elevated nitrate concentrations in the Puget Sound Basin : Implication for aquifer susceptibility and vulnerability. Ground Water. 1997,36 (5) :1029-1039
[16] Bates L E , Barber C and Otto C J. Aquifer vulnerability mapping using GIS and Bayesian Weights of Evidence: Review of applicationo In: Hydro GIS' 96. 1996. 7-14
[17] Albert L, De Amicis M , Masetti M , et al. Bayes' rule and GIS for evaluating sensitivity of groundwater to contamination. In: IAMG Annual Conference, 2001
[18] Soutter Marc, Musy Andre. Coupling 1D Monte-Carlo simulations and geostatistics to assess groundwater vulnerability to pesticides contamination on a regional scale. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology . 1998, 32: 25-39
[19] 杨庆，栗茂田，崇金著等．DRASTIC指标体系法在大连市地下水易污性评价中的应用．大连理工大学学报，1999，35(9)：684-688
[20] 姜志群，朱元生．地下水污染敏感性评价中DRASTIC法的应用．河海大学学报，2001，29(2)：100-103
[21] 薛强，王惠芸，刘建军．采煤矿区地下水脆弱性评价．辽宁工程技术大学学报，2005，24(1)：8-11
[22] 雷静，张思聪．唐山市平原区地下水脆弱性评价研究．环境科学学报，2003，23(1)：94-99
[23] 董亮，朱荫泥，胡勤海，等．应用DRASTIC模型评价西湖流域地下水污染风险．应用生态学报，2002，13(2)：217-220
[24] 付素蓉，王焰新，蔡鹤生等．城市地下水污染敏感性分析．地球科学——中国地质大学学报，2000，25(5)：482-486
[25] 刘淑芳，郭永海．区域地下水防污性能评价方法及其在河北平原的应用．河北地质学院学报，1996，19(1)：41-45
[26] 陈守煜，伏广涛，周惠成等．含水层脆弱性模糊分析评价模型与方法．水利学报，2002，(7)：23-30
[27] 王国利，周惠成，杨庆．基于DRASTIC的地下水易污染性多目标模糊模式识别模型．水科学进展，2002，11(2)：173-179
[28] 林山杉，武健强，张勃夫．地下水环境脆弱程度图编图方法研究．水文地质工程地质，2000，(3)：6-8
[29] 马金珠．塔里木盆地南缘地下水脆弱性评价．中国沙漠，2001，21(2)：170-174
[30] 朱忠林，单正军，华晓梅等．涕灭威农药污染地下水的影响因子分析．农村生态环境(学报)，1994，10(1)：25-28
[31] 蔡道基，朱忠林，单正军等．涕灭威对地下水污染敏感区的预测与区划试点．环境科学进展，1995，3(1)：11-37
[32] 陈南祥，董贵明，贺新春．基于AHP的地下水环境脆弱性模糊综合评价．华北水利水电学院学报，2005，26(3)：63-66[33] 董亮．GIS支持下西湖流域水环境非点源污染研究：[博士学位论文]．杭州：浙江大学，2001
[34] Aller L, Bennet T, Lehr J H, et al. DRASTIC: A standardised system for evaluating ground water pollution potential using hydrogeologic settings. USEPA Report 600/2-87/035, 1987
[2] 孙才志，潘俊．地下水脆弱性的概念、评价方法与研究前景．水科学进展，1999，10(4)：444-449
[3] 孙才志，林山杉．地下水脆弱性概念的发展过程与评价现状及研究前景．吉林地质，2000，19(1)：30-36
[4] 姜桂华．地下水脆弱性研究进展．世界地质，2002，21(1)：33-38
[5] Thomas Anders Evans, B S M E, et al. M S E A spatial and statistical assessment of vulnerability of Texas groundwater to nitrate contamination http://civil.ce.utexas.edu/centers/crwr/reports/online.html
[6] Gogu R C, Dassargues A Current trends and future challenges in groundwater vulnerability assessment using overlay and index methods. Environmental Geology. 2000, 39(6): 549-559
[7] Lasserre F, Razack M Banton Q A GIS-linked model for the assessment of nitrate contamination in groundwater. Journal of Hydrology. 1999, 224: 81-90
[8] Michael R, Burkart, Dana W, Kolpin, et al. Assessing groundwater vulnerability to agrichemical contamination in the Midwest U.S. Wat. Sci. Tech 1999, 39(3): 103-112
[9] 蒋益平．一种新的水文地质图件——地下水易污性图简介．世界地质，1996，15(3)：71-73
[10] 杨庆，栗茂田．地下水易污性评价方法—DRASTIC指标体系．水文地质工程地??质, 1999, (2):4-9
[11] Todd G Fritch, Cleavy L Mcknight, Joe C Yelderman An aquifer vulnerability assessment of the Paluxy aquifer, central Texas, USA using GIS and modified DRASTIC approach. Environmental Management. 2000, 25(3):: 337-245
[12] Rupert MG Calibration of the DRASTIC grourd water vulnerability mapping method. Ground Water. 2001,39 (4) :625~630
[13] Tim U Sunday, Jain Dharmesh, Liao Hsiu-Huka. Interactive modeling of ground-water vulnerability within a geographic information system environment. Ground Water. 1996, 34(4):618-627
[14] Loague Keith, Bernknopf RL, Green RE, etal. Uncertainty of groundwater vulnerability assessment for agricultural regions in Hawaii: Review J. Environ. Qual. 1996,25 : 475-490
[15] Anthony J Tesoriero, Frank D Voss. Predicting the probability of elevated nitrate concentrations in the Puget Sound Basin : Implication for aquifer susceptibility and vulnerability. Ground Water. 1997,36 (5) :1029-1039
[16] Bates L E , Barber C and Otto C J. Aquifer vulnerability mapping using GIS and Bayesian Weights of Evidence: Review of applicationo In: Hydro GIS' 96. 1996. 7-14
[17] Albert L, De Amicis M , Masetti M , et al. Bayes' rule and GIS for evaluating sensitivity of groundwater to contamination. In: IAMG Annual Conference, 2001
[18] Soutter Marc, Musy Andre. Coupling 1D Monte-Carlo simulations and geostatistics to assess groundwater vulnerability to pesticides contamination on a regional scale. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology . 1998, 32: 25-39
[19] 杨庆，栗茂田，崇金著等．DRASTIC指标体系法在大连市地下水易污性评价中的应用．大连理工大学学报，1999，35(9)：684-688
[20] 姜志群，朱元生．地下水污染敏感性评价中DRASTIC法的应用．河海大学学报，2001，29(2)：100-103
[21] 薛强，王惠芸，刘建军．采煤矿区地下水脆弱性评价．辽宁工程技术大学学报，2005，24(1)：8-11
[22] 雷静，张思聪．唐山市平原区地下水脆弱性评价研究．环境科学学报，2003，23(1)：94-99
[23] 董亮，朱荫泥，胡勤海，等．应用DRASTIC模型评价西湖流域地下水污染风险．应用生态学报，2002，13(2)：217-220
[24] 付素蓉，王焰新，蔡鹤生等．城市地下水污染敏感性分析．地球科学——中国地质大学学报，2000，25(5)：482-486
[25] 刘淑芳，郭永海．区域地下水防污性能评价方法及其在河北平原的应用．河北地质学院学报，1996，19(1)：41-45
[26] 陈守煜，伏广涛，周惠成等．含水层脆弱性模糊分析评价模型与方法．水利学报，2002，(7)：23-30
[27] 王国利，周惠成，杨庆．基于DRASTIC的地下水易污染性多目标模糊模式识别模型．水科学进展，2002，11(2)：173-179
[28] 林山杉，武健强，张勃夫．地下水环境脆弱程度图编图方法研究．水文地质工程地质，2000，(3)：6-8
[29] 马金珠．塔里木盆地南缘地下水脆弱性评价．中国沙漠，2001，21(2)：170-174
[30] 朱忠林，单正军，华晓梅等．涕灭威农药污染地下水的影响因子分析．农村生态环境(学报)，1994，10(1)：25-28
[31] 蔡道基，朱忠林，单正军等．涕灭威对地下水污染敏感区的预测与区划试点．环境科学进展，1995，3(1)：11-37
[32] 陈南祥，董贵明，贺新春．基于AHP的地下水环境脆弱性模糊综合评价．华北水利水电学院学报，2005，26(3)：63-66[33] 董亮．GIS支持下西湖流域水环境非点源污染研究：[博士学位论文]．杭州：浙江大学，2001
[34] Aller L, Bennet T, Lehr J H, et al. DRASTIC: A standardised system for evaluating ground water pollution potential using hydrogeologic settings. USEPA Report 600/2-87/035, 1987