欧盟对外援助与欧洲一体化
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摘要
援助政策是欧共体/欧盟对外政策的重要组成部分,也是欧洲一体化发展进程的产物,带有深刻的欧洲一体化理念的印记。欧洲联合的思想,在欧洲已经存在了几个世纪:从查理曼帝国到哈布斯堡王朝,从拿破仑到希特勒,无数人梦想用武力和军事征服的手段实现欧洲大陆的统一。从圣西门的“欧洲合众国”方案,到边沁、雨果对欧洲统一的设想,无数思想家主张欧洲各国的合作发展,从而结束欧洲数百年来的战乱频仍。二战后,随着欧洲一体化自身的发展变化,以及外部国际环境的转变,欧洲一体化理念更是经历了深刻的调整和变化。这种变化也反映在欧共体/欧盟的对外援助政策中,并产生决定性的影响,这一点从欧盟不同时期的对外援助政策中即可发现。除此之外,欧洲一体化成员国的变化、内部机制的深化也都会对援助政策产生重要影响。
同时,欧盟对外援助并不是单方面地受到欧洲一体化的影响,它也在很多方面推动了欧洲一体化的扩大与深化。最重要的是援助作为欧洲一体化对外部世界的一个反应,是开展与发展中国家关系的重要工具,也是在世界范围内推广其价值理念和社会模式的重要途径,并因此成为欧盟国际形象的重要组成部分。因此,分析欧洲一体化进程中的欧盟对外援助政策,对于更好地理解欧洲一体化有重要意义。
本文在借鉴现有研究成果的基础上,尝试将“欧盟对外援助”这一欧盟对外政策工具与欧洲一体化的内在理念和发展进程联系起来。与现有的研究相比,本文不仅将欧盟作为一个多边援助方来分析它的援助政策,还将做下列尝试:第一,作为欧洲一体化的产物,欧盟对外援助与欧洲一体化的理念、发展进程等有哪些内在联系;第二,分析欧盟对外援助政策作为欧盟重要的对外政策工具,在欧盟对外关系中发挥了怎样的独特性作用;第三,欧盟对外援助的发展体现了哪些欧洲一体化理论;第四,欧盟对外援助对欧洲一体化的发展有哪些影响。
本文通过对现有材料的梳理,在相对有限的研究成果基础之上,拟通过欧盟对外援助这一新的研究视角和路径来分析欧洲一体化的理念和发展进程,通过分析二者之间的关系来加强对欧洲一体化的理解。欧洲一体化理念一直在发展变化,它在不同历史阶段表现的特征,以及它对欧盟内外政策的影响,是个有意义且探讨不尽的课题。本文因篇幅有限,仅以欧盟对外援助作为切入点,以期对欧洲一体化有更加深刻的理解。
Foreign aid policy is an important part of EU’s foreign policies, as the product of European integration and the useful tool of developing foreign relations. The idea of European integration has existed for centuries: from Charlemagne to the Habsburg Empire, from Napoleon to Hitler, many people dreamed of conquest by force to unify of the European continent. From Saint-Simon's“United States of Europe”program, to Bentham and Hugo’s blueprint of European unity, many philosophers advocated the European cooperation to win the peace in Europe. Since World War II, with the development of European integration and changes in the external international environment, the idea of European integration philosophy has changed profoundly, that could be found from the foreign aid policies in different times.
On the other side, EU’s aid policy is not affected by the European integration passively, and it also promotes the development of the European integration in many ways. For example, the foreign aid policy could promote the EU’s enlargement, intensification and the development of the concept of European integration. More important, aid policy, as the reaction to the outside world for the European integration, is the important way of promoting its values, ideas and social models worldwidly, particularly in those developing countries and new emerging ones, including the Central and Eastern Europe countries. It also constructs the core of EU’s international image, and enhances the“Identification”of European Union both in domestic and external world. In that case, the analysis of EU’s aid policy is quite significant for understanding the European integration process deeply.
The dissertation will try to link EU’s aid policy, as a foreign policy, with the inner idea and process of European integration, in order to have a better understanding of the integration. Comparing to the existing studies, the paper does not only regard the EU as a multilateral donor, but also tries to make the following attempts: first, as a product of European integration, exposing the links between EU's foreign aid policy and the idea, process of European integration; second, as an important EU foreign policy tool, analyzing the unique role of EU's foreign aid policy in EU’s external relations; third, the European integration theories could be found through the development of EU's foreign aid policy; Fourth, the impact brought by EU foreign aid for the development of European integration.
This paper will adopt the new research perspectives of EU’s foreign aid policy to analyze the idea and process of European integration on the basis of the existing studies. The idea of European integration has been always changing, and it has different characteristics during many historical periods, whose impacts on EU’s domestic and foreign policies is a meaningful and endless topic. Because of the space limitations, the paper only adopts the EU’s foreign aid as a starting point, hoping to have a more profound understanding of European integration.
同时,欧盟对外援助并不是单方面地受到欧洲一体化的影响,它也在很多方面推动了欧洲一体化的扩大与深化。最重要的是援助作为欧洲一体化对外部世界的一个反应,是开展与发展中国家关系的重要工具,也是在世界范围内推广其价值理念和社会模式的重要途径,并因此成为欧盟国际形象的重要组成部分。因此,分析欧洲一体化进程中的欧盟对外援助政策,对于更好地理解欧洲一体化有重要意义。
本文在借鉴现有研究成果的基础上,尝试将“欧盟对外援助”这一欧盟对外政策工具与欧洲一体化的内在理念和发展进程联系起来。与现有的研究相比,本文不仅将欧盟作为一个多边援助方来分析它的援助政策,还将做下列尝试:第一,作为欧洲一体化的产物,欧盟对外援助与欧洲一体化的理念、发展进程等有哪些内在联系;第二,分析欧盟对外援助政策作为欧盟重要的对外政策工具,在欧盟对外关系中发挥了怎样的独特性作用;第三,欧盟对外援助的发展体现了哪些欧洲一体化理论;第四,欧盟对外援助对欧洲一体化的发展有哪些影响。
本文通过对现有材料的梳理,在相对有限的研究成果基础之上,拟通过欧盟对外援助这一新的研究视角和路径来分析欧洲一体化的理念和发展进程,通过分析二者之间的关系来加强对欧洲一体化的理解。欧洲一体化理念一直在发展变化,它在不同历史阶段表现的特征,以及它对欧盟内外政策的影响,是个有意义且探讨不尽的课题。本文因篇幅有限,仅以欧盟对外援助作为切入点,以期对欧洲一体化有更加深刻的理解。
Foreign aid policy is an important part of EU’s foreign policies, as the product of European integration and the useful tool of developing foreign relations. The idea of European integration has existed for centuries: from Charlemagne to the Habsburg Empire, from Napoleon to Hitler, many people dreamed of conquest by force to unify of the European continent. From Saint-Simon's“United States of Europe”program, to Bentham and Hugo’s blueprint of European unity, many philosophers advocated the European cooperation to win the peace in Europe. Since World War II, with the development of European integration and changes in the external international environment, the idea of European integration philosophy has changed profoundly, that could be found from the foreign aid policies in different times.
On the other side, EU’s aid policy is not affected by the European integration passively, and it also promotes the development of the European integration in many ways. For example, the foreign aid policy could promote the EU’s enlargement, intensification and the development of the concept of European integration. More important, aid policy, as the reaction to the outside world for the European integration, is the important way of promoting its values, ideas and social models worldwidly, particularly in those developing countries and new emerging ones, including the Central and Eastern Europe countries. It also constructs the core of EU’s international image, and enhances the“Identification”of European Union both in domestic and external world. In that case, the analysis of EU’s aid policy is quite significant for understanding the European integration process deeply.
The dissertation will try to link EU’s aid policy, as a foreign policy, with the inner idea and process of European integration, in order to have a better understanding of the integration. Comparing to the existing studies, the paper does not only regard the EU as a multilateral donor, but also tries to make the following attempts: first, as a product of European integration, exposing the links between EU's foreign aid policy and the idea, process of European integration; second, as an important EU foreign policy tool, analyzing the unique role of EU's foreign aid policy in EU’s external relations; third, the European integration theories could be found through the development of EU's foreign aid policy; Fourth, the impact brought by EU foreign aid for the development of European integration.
This paper will adopt the new research perspectives of EU’s foreign aid policy to analyze the idea and process of European integration on the basis of the existing studies. The idea of European integration has been always changing, and it has different characteristics during many historical periods, whose impacts on EU’s domestic and foreign policies is a meaningful and endless topic. Because of the space limitations, the paper only adopts the EU’s foreign aid as a starting point, hoping to have a more profound understanding of European integration.
引文
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23、史世伟:《欧洲联盟条约对发展政策的职权调整及其对成员国发展政策的影响》,《国际论坛》,2001年10月。
24、张旭鹏:《文化认同理论与欧洲一体化》,《欧洲研究》,2004年第4期。
25、刘丽云:《国际政治学理论视角下的对外援助》,《教学与研究》,2005年第10期。
26、李明明:《建构主义的欧洲一体化理论探析》,《欧洲研究》,2003年第3期。
27、王学东:《新制度主义的欧洲一体化理论述评》,《欧洲研究》,2003年第5期。
28、朱立群:《欧洲一体化理论:研究问题、路径与特点》,《国际政治研究》,2008年第4期。
29、扈大威:《欧盟对西巴尔干地区政策评析》,《国际问题研究》,2006年第2期。
1.Barnett, M.“Humanitarianism Transformed”, Perspectives on Politics 3:4, 723-740, 2005.
2.Bulmer, S.“Domestic Politics and European Community Policy Making”, Journal of Common Market Studies, 21(4) 1983.
3.Burnside, C. and David Dollar,“Aid, Policies, and Growth”, American Economic Review, 90, 4, pp. 847-868.
4.Dang, Hai-Anh, Steve Knack and Halsey Rogers,“International Aid and Financial Crisesin Donor Countries”, The World Bank Development Research Group, Human Development and Public Services Team, December 2009.
5.Elgstr m, O. and Magdalena Frennhoff Lars n,“Free to trade? Commission autonomy in the Economic Partnership Agreement negotiations”, Journal of European Public Policy, Volume 17, Issue 2 March 2010.
6.Ginsberg, Roy H.“Conceptualizing the European Union as an International Actor: Narrowing the Theoretical Capability-Expectations Gap”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 37, No. 3, September 1999.
7.Grilli, E. and M. Riess,“EC Aid to Associated Countries: Distribution and Determinants”, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, Vol. 128, No.2, 1992.
8.Hoffman, S.,“Obstinate or Obsolete? the Fate of the Nation State and the Case of Western Europe”, Daedalus, 95/3, 1966.
9.Holden, P.“The European Community’s MEDA Aid Programme: A Strategic Instrument of Civilian Power?”, The European Foreign Affairs Review, 8:3, 2003.
10.Keukeleire, S.“The European Union as a Diplomatic Actor”, Leicester University Discussion Paper 71, 2000.
11.Manners, I. and Richard Whitman,“The Difference Engine: Constructing and Representig the International Identity of the European Union”, Journal of European Public Policy, 10, 3:380-404.
12.Mckinlay, R. and D. R. Little,“A Foreign Police Model of U.S. Bilateral Aid Allocation”, World Politics, Vol. 30, No. 1, Oct. 1997, pp.58-86.
13.Morgenthau, H.“A Political Theory of Foreign Aid”, American Political Science Review 56, 2 (June 1962).
14.Morrissey, D.“Development Finds Its Feet in the New Council Configuration”, The Courier ACP-EU, No. 198, May-June, 2003.
15.Nielson, P.“A New Focus and a Better Organization for the European Communities”, Development Cooperation, Speech at a Conference on European Development Policy in Berlinon 12 April, SPEECH/00135.
16.Nye, J.“China and the Future of the Asia Pacific Region”, Plenary address at IISS Annual Conference, Singapore, September 14, 1997.
17.O’keefe, D.“Community and Member State Competence in External Relations Agreements of the EU”, European Foreign Affairs Review, Vol. 4(1999).
18.Orbie, J.“EU Development Policy Integration and the Monterrey Process: A Leading and Benevolent Identity?”, European Foreign Affairs Review 8:3, 395-415.2003.
19.Orbie, J. and Helen Versluys,“Recent Evolution in EU Development Aid: More Europe, More Aid, Less Development?”Studis Diplomotica, LIX: 4, pp.19-40. 2007.
20.Paxton, P. and Stephen Knack,“Individual and Country-Level Factors Affecting Support for Foreign Aid”, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4714, 2008.
21.Petiteville, F.“Les ONG et l’Action Humanitaire dans la Mise en Scene Internationale de l’union Europeenne”, paper presented at a colloquium on“ONG et Action Humanitaire: entre militantisme transnational et action publique”, La Rochelle, 12-13 April.
22.Schulten, T.“A European Solidaristic Wage Policy?”, European Journal of Industrial Relations 8, 2, 2002.
23.Short, C.“Aid That Doesn’t Help”, Financial Times, 23 June, 2000.
24.Slater, M.“Political Elites, Popular Indifference and Community Building”, Journal of Common Market Studies, 21(1,2) 1982.
25.Smith, M.“The EU and International Order: European and Global Aspects”, Paper presented at the EUSA Workshop“EU Foreign/Security/Defense Policy”, Washington DC, 3 April 2006.
26.Van Oudenaren, J.“Unipolar Versus Unilateral”, Policy Review, Apr. 26, 2004.
27.Zanger, Sabine C.“Good Governance and European Aid”, European Union Politics, Volume 1 (3), 2000, p. 296.
http://europa.eu/index_en.htm
http://www.oecd.org/home/
http://www.worldbank.org/
http://www.imf.org/external/index.htm
http://www.edf.fr/the-edf-offers/edf-fr-home-200420.html#Home
http://www.eib.org/
①K. Tomasevski, Development Aid and Human Rights Revisited, London: Pinter Publishers, 1993, p.52.
②DAC, Development Cooperation, 1991 Report, Paris: OECD, 1991, p.257.
①周弘:《对外援助与国际关系》,见周弘主编:《对外援助与国际关系》前言部分,中国社会科学出版社2002年版,第29页。
②Peter Burnell, Foreign Aid in a Changing World, USA: Open University Press, 1997, p. 1.
③文中所用数据部分为经合组织发布的统计数据,所指的对外援助无特殊说明均为官方发展援助(ODA),提及人道主义援助和紧急援助等其他援助形式时会有说明。
①参见【美】罗伯特·沃尔特斯著,陈源范坝译:《美苏援助对比分析》,商务印书馆1974年版,第6—8页。
②Mosley Paul, Foreign Aid: Its Defense and Reform, Lexington: The University Press of kentucky, 1987, p.23.
①王友才主编:《战后世界政治经济与国际关系》,黑龙江人民出版社1987年第1版,第242页。
②New York Times, 4 July, 1983.
①Janine Bowen, Foreign Aid and Economic Growth– A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation, England: Ashgate Publishing Company, 1998, p. 6.
①王孔祥:《西方国家的对外援助:理论与实践的分析》,《教学与研究》,2004年第11期,第49页。
②Olav Stokke ed., Aid and Political Conditionality, London: FRANK CASS CO. LTD, 1995, p.1.
③Jan Orbie and Helen Versluys,“The European Union’s International Development Policy: Leading and Benevolent?”, in Jan Orbie ed., Europe’s Global Role: External Policies of the European Union, England: Ashgate Publishing Limited., 2008, p.78.
①周弘:《对外援助与现代国际关系》,《欧洲》,2002年第3期,第7页。
②参见联合国主页http: // www.un.org/chinese/chintxt.htm,“千年发展目标”部分。
③丁韶彬阚道远:《对外援助的社会交换论阐释》,《国际政治研究》,2007年第3期,第39页。
①R. D. Mckinlay. R. Little,“A Foreign Police Model of U.S. Bilateral Aid Allocation”, World Politics, Vol. 30, No. 1, Oct. 1997, pp.58-86.
②关于对外援助的理论分析有很多研究成果,代表性的有:Hans Morgenthau,“A Political Theory of Foreign Aid”, American Political Science Review 56, 2. (June 1962), pp. 301-309; Teresa Hayter, Aid as Imperialism, Baltimore: Penguin, 1971; Denis Goulet Michael Hudson, The Myth of Foreign Aid: The Hidden Agenda of the Development Reports, New York: International Documentation North America, 1971; Steven W. Hook, National Internet and Foreign Aid, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc., 1995.
③激进主义理论对现存社会的组织和运作方式怀有强烈的不满,急切希望对世界秩序进行改造,或建立一种崭新的新秩序。③这一理论流派的主要代表有弗兰克、阿明等。弗兰克最重要的理论贡献是提出了“不发达的发展理论”(development of under-development)。他认为发达国家和不发达国家这两种结构的存在使
①经合组织(OECD)的发展援助委员会(DAC)给官方发展援助(ODA)下的定义是:官方发展援助是援助国官方机构(包括国家机构和地方合作机构)为促进发展中国家经济发展和改善生活水平,向发展中国家和国际多边机构提供的赠与或赠与成分(Grant Element)至少为25%的减让性(Concessional)贷款。DAC, Development Cooperation, 1991 Report, Paris: OECD, 1991, p.257.
②Development Assistance Committee, DAC Peer Review of the European Community, Paris: OECD, 2007.
③这里的欧盟成员国指的是欧盟15国,不包括2004年后入盟的12个成员国。
④European Commission,“Financing for Development-from Monterrey 2002 to Doha 2008. Progress Report 2007. Is the European Union on Track to Meet Its Commitments by 2010?”SEC (2007) 415, 4 April, 2007.
①Therese Brolin, The EU and its policies on Development Cooperation, Karlstad, Sweden: Swedish Agency for Development Evaluation, 2007, p. 21.
①Uniting Europe, 6 April 1998.
②European Commission, External Aid Programmers Financial Trends (1989一2002), April 2003.
③“The EU, Africa and China: Towards Trilateral Dialogue and Cooperation”, Commission of the European Communities, http: //ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/ COMM_PDF _COM _ 2008_0654_F_COMMUNICATION_en. pdf.
④Aurore Wanlin,“What Future for EU Development Policy?”, Working Paper, London: Center for European Reform (CER), May 2007, p.5.
①European Commission,“The European Consensus on Development”, June 2006, http:/ / ec. europa. eu /development /body/publica2tions/docs/ consensus - eu - total. pdf.
②Gross Bilateral ODA, 2005-06 Average, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/61/24/40040006.gif.
③Joint Declaration on Political Dialogue between the European Union and Mercosur, OJL 69/3 (1996), pp. 4-15.
①关于欧洲一体化思想的发展和演变可以参考李巍、王学玉编:《欧洲一体化理论与历史文献选读》,山东人民出版社2001年版。[意]玛丽娅.格拉齐娅.梅吉奥妮著,陈宝顺、沈亦缘译:《欧洲统一贤哲之梦(欧洲统一思想史)》,世界知识出版社2004年第1版。
②[德]康拉德·阿登纳:《阿登纳回忆录》(一),上海人民出版社1976年版,第294页。
③[英]安东尼·吉登斯著,赵旭东、方文译:《现代性与自我认同》,三联书店1998年版,第57-60页。
④Sonia Lucarelli,“Values, Principles, Identity and European Union Foreign Policy”, in Sonia Lucarelli and Ian Manners eds. Values and Principles in European Union Foreign Policy, London; New York: Routledge, 2006, p. 3.
①张浚:《欧盟的“软力量”:欧盟发挥国际影响的方式》,《欧洲研究》,2007年第3期,第76-77页。
②刘德斌主编:《国际关系史》,高等教育出版社2006年版,第356页。
③刘同舜、高文凡:《战后世界历史长编》(六),上海人民出版社1985年版,第201页。
①[德]康拉德·阿登纳:前引书,第233、375页。
②陈乐民:《战后西欧国际关系(1945——1984)》,中国社会科学出版社1987年版,第154页。
③参见金安:《欧洲一体化的政治分析》,学林出版社2004年版,第51页。
①Karin Arts and Anna K. Dickson,“EU Development Cooperation: from Model to Symbol?”, in Karin Arts and Anna K. Dickson, eds. EU Development Cooperation from Model to Symbol, Manchester; New York: Manchester University Press, 2004, p. 1.
②“The European Consensus on Development”, Joint statement by the Council and the representatives of the governments of the Member States meeting within the Council, the European Parliament and the Commission, 14820/05, Brussels, 22 November 2005.
③European Council,“A Secure Europe in a Better World: European Security Strategy”, Brussels, 12 December 2003, http://www.Consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/Docs/pressdata/EN/reports/78367. pdf.
①L. Van Langenhove and A. Costea,“The EU as A Global Actor and Emergence of‘Third-generation’Regionalism,”in P. Foradori, P. Rosa and R. Scartezzini eds., Managing Multilevel Foreign Policy, Lanham: Lexington Books, 2007, pp. 63-86.
①Karin Arts and Anna K. Dickson, ibid, pp. 4-5.
②Guy Martin,“Francophone Africa in the Context of Franco-African Relations”, in J. Harbeson and R. Rothchild eds. , Africa in the World Politics: Post-cold War Challenges, Boulder: Westview Press, 1995, pp.189-208.
①Marjorie Lister, The European Union and the South, London; New York: Routledge, 1997, p. 137.
②A. Cox, J. Chapman, The European Community External Cooperation Programmes: Policies, Management and Distribution, London; Brussels: Overseas Development Institute and European Commission, 1999, pp.2-4.
①Gorm Rye Olsen,“The European Union’s Development Policy: Shifting Priorities in a Rapidly Changing World”, in Poul Hoebink and Olav Stokke, eds., Perspectives on European Development Cooperation Policy and Performance of Individual Donor Countries and the EU, London; New York: Routledge, 2005, p. 576.
②Gorm Rye Olsen,“Changing European Concerns: Security and Complex Political Emergencies Instead of Development”, in K. Arts and A. K. Dickson eds., ibid, p.92.
①The European Community’s Development Policy, Statement by the Council and the Commission. COM (2000) 212.
②Commission, Legislative Summary, Website“development”, http:// europa.eu.int/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/rl2000.htm
③Andrea Goldstein and Fabio Petito,“Values in European Union Development Cooperation Policy, Federico Bonaglia”, in Sonia Lucarelli and Ian Manners eds., ibid, p.170.
④Michael Barnett,“Humanitarianism Transformed”, Perspectives on Politics 3:4, 723-740, 2005.
①Franck Petiteville,“Les ONG et l’Action Humanitaire dans la Mise en Scene Internationale de l’union Europeenne”, paper presented at a colloquium on“ONG et Action Humanitaire: entre militantisme transnational et action publique”, La Rochelle, 12-13 April, p.5.
②John Ravenhill, Collective Clientelism: the Lome Conventions and North-South Relations, New York: Columbia University Press, 1985, p.35.
③Gianluca Brusco,“Eurocentricism and Political Conditionality: the Case of the LoméConvention”, in Carol Cosgrove-sacks ed. Ibid, pp. 105-106.
①Gordon Crawford, Foreign Aid and Political Reform, New York: Palgrave, 2001, pp.163-165.
①Gordon Crawford, ibid, p.169.
②Olav Stokke ed., ibid, p.ⅷ.
①Council of Ministers, Communication to the Press, Res. No. 10107, Brussels, November 28 1991.
②Federico Bonaglia, Andrea Goldstein and Fabio Petito,“Values in European Union Development Cooperation Policy”, in Sonia Lucarelli and Ian Manners eds., ibid, p. 173.
③Karin Arts,“Changing Interests in EU Development Cooperation”, in K. Arts and A. K. Dickson eds., ibid, p. 103.
①Cotonou Convention, AnnexⅥ.
②Poul Hoebink and Olav Stokke eds., ibid, p.576.
E. Grilli, The European Community and the Developing Countries, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, p.237.
①Karin Atrs,“Changing Interests in EU Development Cooperation: the Impact of EU Membership and Advancing Integration”, in Karin Arts and Anna K. Dickson eds. ibid, p. 102.
②这21个国家是肯尼亚、乌干达、坦桑尼亚、博茨瓦纳、冈比亚、加纳、莱索托、马拉维、尼日利亚、塞拉利昂、赞比亚、斯威士兰、巴巴多斯、圭亚那、牙买加、巴哈马、特立尼达和多巴哥、格林纳达、斐济、西萨摩亚、汤加。
③王振华著:《英联邦兴衰》,中国社会科学出版社1991年版,第118页。
④田德文:《英国:对外援助与国际关系》,见周弘主编:前引书,第358页。
①Martin Holland, ibid, p.53.
②Enzo R. Grilli, ibid, p.235.
①Karin Atrs, ibid, p. 102.
②张家哲:《冷战后拉美国家外交的多元化》,载朱鸿博、江时学、蔡同昌主编:《国际新格局下的拉美研究》,复旦大学出版社2007年版,第196页。
③贺双荣:《2007年拉美外交形势》,载苏振兴主编:《拉丁美洲和加勒比发展报告(2007～2008)》,社会科学文献出版社2008年版,第44页。
①参见刘绯:《北欧:发展合作政策》,见周弘主编:前引书,第484页。
①Lennart Wohlgemuth,“Dialogue in Pursuit of Development: Interviews with Four Nordic Policy Makers in Development Cooperation”in Olsson, Jan and Lennart Wohlgemuth eds., Dialogue in Pursuit of Development, Stockholm: Expert Group on Development Issues, 2003, pp.52-60.
②Federico Bonaglia, Andrea Goldstein and Fabio Petito, ibid, p.178.
①Clare Short,“Aid that Doesn’t Help”, Financial Times, 23 June, 2000.
②European Commission, Europe Aid Cooperation Office, Brussels, Publications Office, 2004
①Jan Orbie and Helen Versluys, ibid, p.70.
①H. Wieczorek-zeul,“An Important Step Forward”, D + C, December, www.inwent.org, 2005.
②Martin Holland, ibid, p.100.
③Carla Santos,“European Union Support for Regional Integration Initiatives in Developing Countries”, in Carol Cosgrove-sacks ed., ibid, p. 29.
①王鹤主编:《欧洲一体化对外部世界的影响》,对外经济贸易大学出版社1999年版,第6页。
①相关论述参见[德]哈贝马斯著,曹卫东译:《后民族结构》,上海人民出版社2002年版,第75——77页。
②Jean-Marc Ferry,“European integration and the cosmopolitan way”, in Mario Telòed. ibid, p.330.
①Council of European Union, 10633/1/06 REV 1. Brussels, 17 July 2006.
②European Council,“A Secure Europe in a Better World: European Security Strategy”, Brussels, 12 December 2003. See http: // www.consilium. Europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/EN/reports/78367. pdf
③Carol Cosgrove-Sacks,“Globalization: the EU and Developing Countries”, in Carol Cosgrove-Sacks, ed., The European Union and Developing Countries: the Challenges of Globalization, New York: Palgrave, 1999, p. 357.
①European Council in Copenhagen, Conclusion of the Presidency, 21-22 JUNE 1993.
②Alain Guggenbühl and Margareta Theelen,“The Financial Assistance of the European Union to Its Eastern and Southern Neighbours: A Comparative Analysis”, in Marc Maresceau and Erwan Lannon, eds., The EU’s Enlargement and Mediterranean Strategies, New York: Palgrave, 2001, pp. 217-254.
①European Council in Copenhagen, Conclusion of the Presidency, 21-22 JUNE 1993.
②朱晓中:《以欧盟为主的西方国家对中东欧国家的援助》,见周弘主编:前引书,第586-587页。
③European Commission,“Agenda 2000”, the Challenge of Enlargement, Brussels 1997, COM (97) July, 2000.
①“New Policy Guidelines for the Phare Programme in the Framework of Pre-accession Assistance”, Information Note of the Commission, 26 March 1997.
②Fraser Cameron,“The European Union as a Global Actor: Far from Pushing Its Political Weight Around”, in Carolyn Rhodes ed., The European Union in the World Community, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. 1998, p. 24.
③Alain Guggenbühl and Margareta Theelen, ibid, pp.217-254.
④参见寉宏伟、姚勤华:《中东欧国家加入欧盟进程:战略选择与政策调整》,《东欧中亚研究》,2002年第2期,第74页。
①包括:马耳他、塞浦路斯、土耳其、摩洛哥、突尼斯、埃及、以色列、约旦、叙利亚和黎巴嫩。
②Haifaa A. Jawad,“Euro-Arab Relations: A Study in Collective Diplomacy”, Reading: Ithaca, 1992, pp. 20-35.
③Wolfgang Hager,“Europe and the Mediterranean”, in Max Kohnstamm and Wolfgang Hager eds., Nation Writ Large: Foreign Policy Problems before the European Community, London: Macmillan, 1973, p. 196.
①法新社戛纳1996年月27日英文电,参见杨光:《欧盟的南地中海战略及其对南地中海国家的影响》,《西亚非洲》,1997年第6期,第21页。
②Barcelona Declaration, adopted at the EU-Mediterranean Conference, November 27 and 28, 1995, http://ec. europa. eu/comm/ external relations/euromed/bd.htm
①European Commission,“Wider Europe– Neighbourhood: A New Framework for Relations with our Eastern and Southern Neighbours”, Com (2003) 104 final, Brussels, 11. 3. 2003.
②European Commission,“Paving the Way for a New Neighbourhood Instrument”, COM (2003) 393 final, 1. 7. 2003.
③纳入“欧盟——地中海地区伙伴关系”的阿尔及利亚、埃及、约旦、黎巴嫩、摩洛哥、叙利亚、突尼斯、土耳其、巴勒斯坦解放组织最高权力机构、塞浦路斯、马耳他、以色列(通称为“MED12”)都可以从区域性计划中受益,但塞浦路斯、马耳他和以色列不在MEDA的国家性援助计划之列。
④European Commission,“European Neighbourhood Policy Strategic Paper”, Com (2004) 373 final, Brussels, May, 12, 2004.
①朱贵昌:《欧盟——地中海伙伴关系:进展与问题》,《国际问题研究》,2006年第5期,第43页。
②Patrick Holden,“The European Community’s MEDA Aid Programme: A Strategic Instrument of Civilian Power?”, The European Foreign Affairs Review, 8:3, 2003, pp. 347-363.
①European Commission,“Barcelona Process: Union for the Mediterranean”, COM(2008) 319 (Final), Brussels, 20/05/08.
①陈沫:《欧盟新地中海政策述评》,《西亚非洲》,2007年第11期,第45页。
②参见杨鲁萍、林庆春编著:《突尼斯》,社会科学文献出版社2003年版,第74~79页。
③Annual Report 2006 on the European Community’s Development Policy and the Implementation of External Assistance in 2005, pp.57-58.
①张业亮:《科索沃危机与欧洲安全》,《世界经济与政治论坛》,1999年第3期,第55页。
①李丹琳:《<东南欧稳定公约>——新区域主义的一个积极尝试》,《东欧中亚研究》,2002年第2期,第80页。
②European Commission,“The Stabilisation and Association process for South East Europe Second Annual Report - Annex 1”, COM (2003) 139 final, Brussels, 26.3.2003.
③Council Regulation (EC) No 2666/2000 of 5 December 2000 (OJ L 306p1).
①European Commission,“The Stabilisation and Association process for South East Europe Second Annual Report - Annex 1”, COM (2003) 139 final, Brussels, 26.3.2003.
②European Commission,“European Neighbourhood Policy Strategic Paper”, Com (2004) 373 final, Brussels, 12. 5, 2004.
①参见孔田平:《欧盟的东南欧战略与东南欧的“欧洲化”》,《俄罗斯中亚东欧研究》,2003年第3期,第71页。
①Joseph A. Mcmahon, The Development Cooperation Policy of the EC, London: Kluwer Law International Ltd, 1998, p.207.
②Commission Memorandum on a Community Policy for Development Cooperation, [1971] 5 EC Bull, Supp. 15.
①欧共体官方出版局编苏明忠译:前引书,第61页。
②European Commission, Communication on“Policy Coherence for Development- Accelerating Progress towards Attaining the Millennium Development Goals”, COM (2005) 134 of April and May 2005.
③“EU Report on Policy Coherence for Development”, Commission Working Paper, COM (2007) 545 and Commission Staff Working Paper SEC (2007) 1202, COM (2007) 545 final, Brussels, 20.9.2007.
④European Commission, Policy Coherence for Development, Climate Change/Energy/Biofuels, Migration and Research, COM (2008) 177 final, SEC (2008) 434, Brussels, 9.4.2008.
①European Commission, Commission Memorandum on a Community Policy for Development Cooperation, 1982, p. 18.
②European Commission, Development Aid: Fresco of Community Action Tomorrow, 1974, point 1219.
①Joseph A. Mcmahon, ibid, p.218.
②European Commission, Commission Memorandum on a Community Policy for Development Cooperation, 1971, p.23.
③欧共体官方出版局编苏明忠译:前引书,第61页。
①Therese Brolin, ibid, 2007, p. 30.
②European Council, Proposal for a Council Decision Concerning the Conclusion of a Framework Cooperation Agreement between the EEC and the Andean Pact, COM(1992)52, Brussels.
③Joseph A. Mcmahon, ibid, p.226.
①Federico Bonaglia, Andrea Goldstein and Fabio Petito, ibid, p.164.
②European Commission,“EU Code of Conduct on Division of Labour in Development Policy”, COM (2007) 72 final, Brussels, 28.2.2007.
①European Commission, Europe Aid Cooperation Office, Brussels, Publications Office, 2006.
①西蒙·黑科斯(Simon Hix)认为欧盟是“一个政治系统,但不是国家”,因为它没有合法的强制性权力,因此不是传统意义上的“国家”。(Simon Hix, The political system of the European Union, New York: Palgrave, 1999.)希尔(Christopher Hill)和史密斯(Michael Smith)认为欧盟拥有超出一般政府间国际组织的巨大优势,但还没有形成一个成熟的欧洲“国家”。(Christopher Hill and Michael Smith, International Relations and the European Union, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.)
②Brian White, European Foreign Policy, Colorado: Westview Press, 2001, p. 1.
③Roy Ginsberg, The European Union in International Politics: Baptism by Fire, Boulder: Rowman and Littlefield, 2001, p. 3.
④Ben Tonra and Thomas Christiansen,“The Study of EU Foreign Policy: International Relations and European Studies”, in Ben Tonra and Thomas Christiansen, eds., Rethinking European Union Foreign Policy, Manchester; New York: Manchester University Press, 2004, p.1.
⑤冯仲平:《关于欧盟外交政策的几个问题》,《现代国际关系》,2006年第4期,第7页。
①Sonia Lucarelli, ibid, p.9.
①R. Pomfret, Mediterranean Policy of the European Community, London: Macmillan, 1986, p. 20.
②DG Dev (2006) http://www.eurocean.org/contents.phpaid=374
③DG External Relations (2006) http//ec.europa.eu/comm./external relations/index.htm
④DG Trade (2006) http//ec.europa.eu/trade /index en.htm
①Poul Hoebink and Olav Stokke, eds., ibid, p.602.
①Jan Orbie,“A Civilian Power in the World? Instruments and Objectives in European Union External Policies”, in Jan Orbie ed., ibid, p.1.
②崔宏伟:《“规范性强权”欧盟与中欧关系的和谐发展》,《社会科学》,2007年第11期,第55页。
①Javier Solana,“The EU Security Strategy Implications for Europe’s Role in a Changing World”, European Council,“A Secure Europe in a Better World: European Security Strategy”, Brussels, 12 December 2003. Http://www.Consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/Docs/pressdata/EN/reports/78367. pdf.
②European Council,“A Secure Europe in a Better World: European Security Strategy”, Brussels, 12 December 2003.
①European Council,“A Secure Europe in a Better World: European Security Strategy”, Brussels, 12 December 2003.
②“Treaty of Establishing A Constitution for European”, Official Journal of the European Union, C 310, Volume 47, 16.12.2004.
①Michel Smith,“The EU and International Order: European and Global Aspects”, Paper presented at the EUSA Workshop“EU Foreign/Security/Defense Policy”, Washington DC, 3 April 2006, p.11.
②Ian Manners and Richard Whitman,“The Difference Engine: Constructing and Representig the International Identity of the European Union”, Journal of European Public Policy, 10, 3:380-404.
①Federico Bonaglia, Andrea Goldstein and Fabio Petito, ibid, p. 164.
②Jan Orbie,“EU Development Policy Integration and the Monterrey Process: A Leading and BenevolentIdentity?”, European Foreign Affairs Review 8:3, 395-415.2003.
①Jean-Marc Ferry,“European integration and the cosmopolitan way”, in Mario Telòed., ibid, p. 338.
②龚峻岭储信艳:“欧盟外交:努力用一个声音说话”,参见光明网:http://www.gmw.cn/content/2007-03/26/content_578303.htm
③Nicole Gnesotto,“La sécuritédans un monde post-occidental”, Security in a Post-Western World, Esprit, May 2007, p.74.
①Overview of the EU’s relations with Eastern Europe & Central Asia, http: //ec. europa. eu.
②Joseph Nye,“China and the Future of the Asia Pacific Region”, Plenary address at IISS Annual Conference, Singapore, September 14, 1997.
①European Commission,“European Neighbourhood Policy Strategic Paper”, Com (2004) 373 final, Brussels, 12. 5. 2004.
②European Commission,“Wider Europe– Neighbourhood: A New Framework for Relations with our Eastern and Southern Neighbours”, Com (2003) 104 final, Brussels, 11. 3. 2003.
③Henry Kissinger, Does America Need a Foreign Policy: Towards a Diplomacy for the 21st Century, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001, pp.146-147.
④European Commission,“Wider Europe– Neighbourhood: A New Framework for Relations with our Eastern and Southern Neighbours”, Com (2003) 104 final, Brussels, 11. 3. 2003.
①Europeaid evaluation unit 2000, Evaluation of TACIS Inter-State Energy and INOGATE Programmes and Related Actions Implemented in the Framework of National Programmes, Final Report: Volume 1.
②参见贾文华:《欧盟对中亚发展援助述论》,《俄罗斯研究》,2007年第4期,第56页。
①European Commission, European Community Regional Strategy Paper for Assistance to Central Asia for the period of 2007-2013, June, 2007.
①C. Alfredo Robles, The Political Economy of Interregional Relations: ASEAN and the EU, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004, p. 40.
②Peter J. Katzenstein, World of Regions: Asia and Europe in the American Empire, New York: Cornell University Press, 2005, p.17.
③Hazel Smith, ibid, p. 184.
①孙晓青:《欧盟与发展中国家的经济关系现状》,《国际资料信息》,2001年第6期,第8页。
②European Commission, Europe Aid Cooperation Office, Brussels, Publications Office, 2006.
①Sabine C. Zanger,“Good Governance and European Aid”, European Union Politics, Volume 1 (3), 2000, p. 296.
①Iciar de Chavarri Ureta,“The European Commission’s Institutional Framework for Development Policy”, in Carol Cosgrove-sacks ed., ibid, p.62.
①O. Babarinde,“The Lom Convention: An Aging Dinosaur in the European Union’s Foreign Policy Enterprise”, in C. Rhodes and S. Mazey ed., The State of European Union: Building a European Policy, Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1998, p. 496.
①Anders Berlin and Nils Resare, The European Community’s External Actions, Stockholm: Sida, 2005, p.67.
②Anders Berlin and Nils Resare, ibid, p.96.
①R. F. Meagher, An International Redistribution of Wealth and Power: A Study of the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States, New York: Pergamon, 1979, p. 14.
②Karen E. Smith,“The ACP in the European Union’s Network of Regional Relationships: Still Unique or just one in the Crowd?”, in Karin Arts and Anna K. Dickson, eds., ibid, p.62.
③Pamela Paxton and Stephen Knack,“Individual and Country-Level Factors Affecting Support for Foreign Aid”, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4714, 2008.
①R.F. Hopkins,“Political Economy of Foreign Aid”, in F. Tarp ed., Foreign Aid and Development: Lessons Learnt and Directions on the Future, London; New York: Routledge, 2000, p.423.
②P. Hjertholm and H. White,“Foreign Aid in Historical Perspective: Background and Trends”, in F. Tarp ed., ibid, pp.80-102.
①Jan Orbie and Helen Versluys,“Recent Evolution in EU Development Aid: More Europe, More Aid, Less Development?”Studis Diplomotica, LIX: 4, pp.19-40. 2007.
①Craig Burnside and David Dollar,“Aid, Policies, and Growth”, American Economic Review, 90, 4, pp. 847-868.
①Henri Vogt,“Coping with Historical Responsibility: Trends and Images of the EU’s Development Policy”, in H. Mayer and H. Vogt eds., A Responsible Europe? Ethical Foundations of EU External Affairs, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, p. 169.
②F. J. Cardoso, W. Khüne and J. B. Honwana, Reflection Paper. Priorities in EU Development Cooperation in Africa: Beyond 2000, Brussels: Council of Ministers, 2000, p.12.
①Iciar de Chavarri Ureta,“The European Commission’s Institutional Framework for Development Policy”, in Carol Cosgrove-sacks ed., ibid, pp.61-62.
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1、周弘:《对外援助与现代国际关系》,《欧洲》,2002年第3期。
2、王孔祥:《西方国家的对外援助:理论与实践的分析》,《教学与研究》,2004年第11期。
3、丁韶彬阚道远:《对外援助的社会交换论阐释》,《国际政治研究》,2007年第3期。
4、张浚:《欧盟的“软力量”:欧盟发挥国际影响的方式》,《欧洲研究》,2007年第3期。
5、寉宏伟、姚勤华:《中东欧国家加入欧盟进程:战略选择与政策调整》,《东欧中亚研究》,2002年第2期。
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7、朱贵昌:《欧盟——地中海伙伴关系:进展与问题》,《国际问题研究》,2006年第5期。
8、陈沫:《欧盟新地中海政策述评》,《西亚非洲》,2007年第11期。
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10、朱晓中:《从巴尔干到东南欧——冷战后巴尔干地缘政治变迁》,《东欧中亚研究》,1998年第3期。
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12、孔田平:《欧盟的东南欧战略与东南欧的“欧洲化”》,《俄罗斯中亚东欧研究》,2003年第3期。
13、冯仲平:《关于欧盟外交政策的几个问题》,《现代国际关系》,2006年第4期。
14、朱立群:《欧盟是个什么样的力量》,《世界经济与政治》,2008年第4期。
15、贾文华:《欧盟对中亚发展援助述论》,《俄罗斯研究》,2007年第4期。
16、孙晓青:《欧盟与发展中国家的经济关系现状》,《国际资料信息》,2001年第6期。
17、崔宏伟:《“规范性强权”欧盟与中欧关系的和谐发展》,《社会科学》,2007年第11期。
18、刘丽云:《试析欧盟发展政策的新特点、新取向和新功能》,《欧洲研究》,2009年第1期。
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20、单宁:《“欧盟对外援助”的国际政治学研究综述》,《高校社科动态》,2005年第10期。
21、张永蓬:《欧盟对非洲援助评析》,《西亚非洲》,2003年第6期。
22、刘丽云:《欧盟对外发展援助政策的变化及其原因探析》,《欧洲问题研究论坛》,2003年第2期。
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28、朱立群:《欧洲一体化理论:研究问题、路径与特点》,《国际政治研究》,2008年第4期。
29、扈大威:《欧盟对西巴尔干地区政策评析》,《国际问题研究》,2006年第2期。
1.Barnett, M.“Humanitarianism Transformed”, Perspectives on Politics 3:4, 723-740, 2005.
2.Bulmer, S.“Domestic Politics and European Community Policy Making”, Journal of Common Market Studies, 21(4) 1983.
3.Burnside, C. and David Dollar,“Aid, Policies, and Growth”, American Economic Review, 90, 4, pp. 847-868.
4.Dang, Hai-Anh, Steve Knack and Halsey Rogers,“International Aid and Financial Crisesin Donor Countries”, The World Bank Development Research Group, Human Development and Public Services Team, December 2009.
5.Elgstr m, O. and Magdalena Frennhoff Lars n,“Free to trade? Commission autonomy in the Economic Partnership Agreement negotiations”, Journal of European Public Policy, Volume 17, Issue 2 March 2010.
6.Ginsberg, Roy H.“Conceptualizing the European Union as an International Actor: Narrowing the Theoretical Capability-Expectations Gap”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 37, No. 3, September 1999.
7.Grilli, E. and M. Riess,“EC Aid to Associated Countries: Distribution and Determinants”, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, Vol. 128, No.2, 1992.
8.Hoffman, S.,“Obstinate or Obsolete? the Fate of the Nation State and the Case of Western Europe”, Daedalus, 95/3, 1966.
9.Holden, P.“The European Community’s MEDA Aid Programme: A Strategic Instrument of Civilian Power?”, The European Foreign Affairs Review, 8:3, 2003.
10.Keukeleire, S.“The European Union as a Diplomatic Actor”, Leicester University Discussion Paper 71, 2000.
11.Manners, I. and Richard Whitman,“The Difference Engine: Constructing and Representig the International Identity of the European Union”, Journal of European Public Policy, 10, 3:380-404.
12.Mckinlay, R. and D. R. Little,“A Foreign Police Model of U.S. Bilateral Aid Allocation”, World Politics, Vol. 30, No. 1, Oct. 1997, pp.58-86.
13.Morgenthau, H.“A Political Theory of Foreign Aid”, American Political Science Review 56, 2 (June 1962).
14.Morrissey, D.“Development Finds Its Feet in the New Council Configuration”, The Courier ACP-EU, No. 198, May-June, 2003.
15.Nielson, P.“A New Focus and a Better Organization for the European Communities”, Development Cooperation, Speech at a Conference on European Development Policy in Berlinon 12 April, SPEECH/00135.
16.Nye, J.“China and the Future of the Asia Pacific Region”, Plenary address at IISS Annual Conference, Singapore, September 14, 1997.
17.O’keefe, D.“Community and Member State Competence in External Relations Agreements of the EU”, European Foreign Affairs Review, Vol. 4(1999).
18.Orbie, J.“EU Development Policy Integration and the Monterrey Process: A Leading and Benevolent Identity?”, European Foreign Affairs Review 8:3, 395-415.2003.
19.Orbie, J. and Helen Versluys,“Recent Evolution in EU Development Aid: More Europe, More Aid, Less Development?”Studis Diplomotica, LIX: 4, pp.19-40. 2007.
20.Paxton, P. and Stephen Knack,“Individual and Country-Level Factors Affecting Support for Foreign Aid”, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4714, 2008.
21.Petiteville, F.“Les ONG et l’Action Humanitaire dans la Mise en Scene Internationale de l’union Europeenne”, paper presented at a colloquium on“ONG et Action Humanitaire: entre militantisme transnational et action publique”, La Rochelle, 12-13 April.
22.Schulten, T.“A European Solidaristic Wage Policy?”, European Journal of Industrial Relations 8, 2, 2002.
23.Short, C.“Aid That Doesn’t Help”, Financial Times, 23 June, 2000.
24.Slater, M.“Political Elites, Popular Indifference and Community Building”, Journal of Common Market Studies, 21(1,2) 1982.
25.Smith, M.“The EU and International Order: European and Global Aspects”, Paper presented at the EUSA Workshop“EU Foreign/Security/Defense Policy”, Washington DC, 3 April 2006.
26.Van Oudenaren, J.“Unipolar Versus Unilateral”, Policy Review, Apr. 26, 2004.
27.Zanger, Sabine C.“Good Governance and European Aid”, European Union Politics, Volume 1 (3), 2000, p. 296.
http://europa.eu/index_en.htm
http://www.oecd.org/home/
http://www.worldbank.org/
http://www.imf.org/external/index.htm
http://www.edf.fr/the-edf-offers/edf-fr-home-200420.html#Home
http://www.eib.org/
①K. Tomasevski, Development Aid and Human Rights Revisited, London: Pinter Publishers, 1993, p.52.
②DAC, Development Cooperation, 1991 Report, Paris: OECD, 1991, p.257.
①周弘:《对外援助与国际关系》,见周弘主编:《对外援助与国际关系》前言部分,中国社会科学出版社2002年版,第29页。
②Peter Burnell, Foreign Aid in a Changing World, USA: Open University Press, 1997, p. 1.
③文中所用数据部分为经合组织发布的统计数据,所指的对外援助无特殊说明均为官方发展援助(ODA),提及人道主义援助和紧急援助等其他援助形式时会有说明。
①参见【美】罗伯特·沃尔特斯著,陈源范坝译:《美苏援助对比分析》,商务印书馆1974年版,第6—8页。
②Mosley Paul, Foreign Aid: Its Defense and Reform, Lexington: The University Press of kentucky, 1987, p.23.
①王友才主编:《战后世界政治经济与国际关系》,黑龙江人民出版社1987年第1版,第242页。
②New York Times, 4 July, 1983.
①Janine Bowen, Foreign Aid and Economic Growth– A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation, England: Ashgate Publishing Company, 1998, p. 6.
①王孔祥:《西方国家的对外援助:理论与实践的分析》,《教学与研究》,2004年第11期,第49页。
②Olav Stokke ed., Aid and Political Conditionality, London: FRANK CASS CO. LTD, 1995, p.1.
③Jan Orbie and Helen Versluys,“The European Union’s International Development Policy: Leading and Benevolent?”, in Jan Orbie ed., Europe’s Global Role: External Policies of the European Union, England: Ashgate Publishing Limited., 2008, p.78.
①周弘:《对外援助与现代国际关系》,《欧洲》,2002年第3期,第7页。
②参见联合国主页http: // www.un.org/chinese/chintxt.htm,“千年发展目标”部分。
③丁韶彬阚道远:《对外援助的社会交换论阐释》,《国际政治研究》,2007年第3期,第39页。
①R. D. Mckinlay. R. Little,“A Foreign Police Model of U.S. Bilateral Aid Allocation”, World Politics, Vol. 30, No. 1, Oct. 1997, pp.58-86.
②关于对外援助的理论分析有很多研究成果,代表性的有:Hans Morgenthau,“A Political Theory of Foreign Aid”, American Political Science Review 56, 2. (June 1962), pp. 301-309; Teresa Hayter, Aid as Imperialism, Baltimore: Penguin, 1971; Denis Goulet Michael Hudson, The Myth of Foreign Aid: The Hidden Agenda of the Development Reports, New York: International Documentation North America, 1971; Steven W. Hook, National Internet and Foreign Aid, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc., 1995.
③激进主义理论对现存社会的组织和运作方式怀有强烈的不满,急切希望对世界秩序进行改造,或建立一种崭新的新秩序。③这一理论流派的主要代表有弗兰克、阿明等。弗兰克最重要的理论贡献是提出了“不发达的发展理论”(development of under-development)。他认为发达国家和不发达国家这两种结构的存在使
①经合组织(OECD)的发展援助委员会(DAC)给官方发展援助(ODA)下的定义是:官方发展援助是援助国官方机构(包括国家机构和地方合作机构)为促进发展中国家经济发展和改善生活水平,向发展中国家和国际多边机构提供的赠与或赠与成分(Grant Element)至少为25%的减让性(Concessional)贷款。DAC, Development Cooperation, 1991 Report, Paris: OECD, 1991, p.257.
②Development Assistance Committee, DAC Peer Review of the European Community, Paris: OECD, 2007.
③这里的欧盟成员国指的是欧盟15国,不包括2004年后入盟的12个成员国。
④European Commission,“Financing for Development-from Monterrey 2002 to Doha 2008. Progress Report 2007. Is the European Union on Track to Meet Its Commitments by 2010?”SEC (2007) 415, 4 April, 2007.
①Therese Brolin, The EU and its policies on Development Cooperation, Karlstad, Sweden: Swedish Agency for Development Evaluation, 2007, p. 21.
①Uniting Europe, 6 April 1998.
②European Commission, External Aid Programmers Financial Trends (1989一2002), April 2003.
③“The EU, Africa and China: Towards Trilateral Dialogue and Cooperation”, Commission of the European Communities, http: //ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/repository/ COMM_PDF _COM _ 2008_0654_F_COMMUNICATION_en. pdf.
④Aurore Wanlin,“What Future for EU Development Policy?”, Working Paper, London: Center for European Reform (CER), May 2007, p.5.
①European Commission,“The European Consensus on Development”, June 2006, http:/ / ec. europa. eu /development /body/publica2tions/docs/ consensus - eu - total. pdf.
②Gross Bilateral ODA, 2005-06 Average, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/61/24/40040006.gif.
③Joint Declaration on Political Dialogue between the European Union and Mercosur, OJL 69/3 (1996), pp. 4-15.
①关于欧洲一体化思想的发展和演变可以参考李巍、王学玉编:《欧洲一体化理论与历史文献选读》,山东人民出版社2001年版。[意]玛丽娅.格拉齐娅.梅吉奥妮著,陈宝顺、沈亦缘译:《欧洲统一贤哲之梦(欧洲统一思想史)》,世界知识出版社2004年第1版。
②[德]康拉德·阿登纳:《阿登纳回忆录》(一),上海人民出版社1976年版,第294页。
③[英]安东尼·吉登斯著,赵旭东、方文译:《现代性与自我认同》,三联书店1998年版,第57-60页。
④Sonia Lucarelli,“Values, Principles, Identity and European Union Foreign Policy”, in Sonia Lucarelli and Ian Manners eds. Values and Principles in European Union Foreign Policy, London; New York: Routledge, 2006, p. 3.
①张浚:《欧盟的“软力量”:欧盟发挥国际影响的方式》,《欧洲研究》,2007年第3期,第76-77页。
②刘德斌主编:《国际关系史》,高等教育出版社2006年版,第356页。
③刘同舜、高文凡:《战后世界历史长编》(六),上海人民出版社1985年版,第201页。
①[德]康拉德·阿登纳:前引书,第233、375页。
②陈乐民:《战后西欧国际关系(1945——1984)》,中国社会科学出版社1987年版,第154页。
③参见金安:《欧洲一体化的政治分析》,学林出版社2004年版,第51页。
①Karin Arts and Anna K. Dickson,“EU Development Cooperation: from Model to Symbol?”, in Karin Arts and Anna K. Dickson, eds. EU Development Cooperation from Model to Symbol, Manchester; New York: Manchester University Press, 2004, p. 1.
②“The European Consensus on Development”, Joint statement by the Council and the representatives of the governments of the Member States meeting within the Council, the European Parliament and the Commission, 14820/05, Brussels, 22 November 2005.
③European Council,“A Secure Europe in a Better World: European Security Strategy”, Brussels, 12 December 2003, http://www.Consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/Docs/pressdata/EN/reports/78367. pdf.
①L. Van Langenhove and A. Costea,“The EU as A Global Actor and Emergence of‘Third-generation’Regionalism,”in P. Foradori, P. Rosa and R. Scartezzini eds., Managing Multilevel Foreign Policy, Lanham: Lexington Books, 2007, pp. 63-86.
①Karin Arts and Anna K. Dickson, ibid, pp. 4-5.
②Guy Martin,“Francophone Africa in the Context of Franco-African Relations”, in J. Harbeson and R. Rothchild eds. , Africa in the World Politics: Post-cold War Challenges, Boulder: Westview Press, 1995, pp.189-208.
①Marjorie Lister, The European Union and the South, London; New York: Routledge, 1997, p. 137.
②A. Cox, J. Chapman, The European Community External Cooperation Programmes: Policies, Management and Distribution, London; Brussels: Overseas Development Institute and European Commission, 1999, pp.2-4.
①Gorm Rye Olsen,“The European Union’s Development Policy: Shifting Priorities in a Rapidly Changing World”, in Poul Hoebink and Olav Stokke, eds., Perspectives on European Development Cooperation Policy and Performance of Individual Donor Countries and the EU, London; New York: Routledge, 2005, p. 576.
②Gorm Rye Olsen,“Changing European Concerns: Security and Complex Political Emergencies Instead of Development”, in K. Arts and A. K. Dickson eds., ibid, p.92.
①The European Community’s Development Policy, Statement by the Council and the Commission. COM (2000) 212.
②Commission, Legislative Summary, Website“development”, http:// europa.eu.int/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/rl2000.htm
③Andrea Goldstein and Fabio Petito,“Values in European Union Development Cooperation Policy, Federico Bonaglia”, in Sonia Lucarelli and Ian Manners eds., ibid, p.170.
④Michael Barnett,“Humanitarianism Transformed”, Perspectives on Politics 3:4, 723-740, 2005.
①Franck Petiteville,“Les ONG et l’Action Humanitaire dans la Mise en Scene Internationale de l’union Europeenne”, paper presented at a colloquium on“ONG et Action Humanitaire: entre militantisme transnational et action publique”, La Rochelle, 12-13 April, p.5.
②John Ravenhill, Collective Clientelism: the Lome Conventions and North-South Relations, New York: Columbia University Press, 1985, p.35.
③Gianluca Brusco,“Eurocentricism and Political Conditionality: the Case of the LoméConvention”, in Carol Cosgrove-sacks ed. Ibid, pp. 105-106.
①Gordon Crawford, Foreign Aid and Political Reform, New York: Palgrave, 2001, pp.163-165.
①Gordon Crawford, ibid, p.169.
②Olav Stokke ed., ibid, p.ⅷ.
①Council of Ministers, Communication to the Press, Res. No. 10107, Brussels, November 28 1991.
②Federico Bonaglia, Andrea Goldstein and Fabio Petito,“Values in European Union Development Cooperation Policy”, in Sonia Lucarelli and Ian Manners eds., ibid, p. 173.
③Karin Arts,“Changing Interests in EU Development Cooperation”, in K. Arts and A. K. Dickson eds., ibid, p. 103.
①Cotonou Convention, AnnexⅥ.
②Poul Hoebink and Olav Stokke eds., ibid, p.576.
E. Grilli, The European Community and the Developing Countries, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, p.237.
①Karin Atrs,“Changing Interests in EU Development Cooperation: the Impact of EU Membership and Advancing Integration”, in Karin Arts and Anna K. Dickson eds. ibid, p. 102.
②这21个国家是肯尼亚、乌干达、坦桑尼亚、博茨瓦纳、冈比亚、加纳、莱索托、马拉维、尼日利亚、塞拉利昂、赞比亚、斯威士兰、巴巴多斯、圭亚那、牙买加、巴哈马、特立尼达和多巴哥、格林纳达、斐济、西萨摩亚、汤加。
③王振华著:《英联邦兴衰》,中国社会科学出版社1991年版,第118页。
④田德文:《英国:对外援助与国际关系》,见周弘主编:前引书,第358页。
①Martin Holland, ibid, p.53.
②Enzo R. Grilli, ibid, p.235.
①Karin Atrs, ibid, p. 102.
②张家哲:《冷战后拉美国家外交的多元化》,载朱鸿博、江时学、蔡同昌主编:《国际新格局下的拉美研究》,复旦大学出版社2007年版,第196页。
③贺双荣:《2007年拉美外交形势》,载苏振兴主编:《拉丁美洲和加勒比发展报告(2007～2008)》,社会科学文献出版社2008年版,第44页。
①参见刘绯:《北欧:发展合作政策》,见周弘主编:前引书,第484页。
①Lennart Wohlgemuth,“Dialogue in Pursuit of Development: Interviews with Four Nordic Policy Makers in Development Cooperation”in Olsson, Jan and Lennart Wohlgemuth eds., Dialogue in Pursuit of Development, Stockholm: Expert Group on Development Issues, 2003, pp.52-60.
②Federico Bonaglia, Andrea Goldstein and Fabio Petito, ibid, p.178.
①Clare Short,“Aid that Doesn’t Help”, Financial Times, 23 June, 2000.
②European Commission, Europe Aid Cooperation Office, Brussels, Publications Office, 2004
①Jan Orbie and Helen Versluys, ibid, p.70.
①H. Wieczorek-zeul,“An Important Step Forward”, D + C, December, www.inwent.org, 2005.
②Martin Holland, ibid, p.100.
③Carla Santos,“European Union Support for Regional Integration Initiatives in Developing Countries”, in Carol Cosgrove-sacks ed., ibid, p. 29.
①王鹤主编:《欧洲一体化对外部世界的影响》,对外经济贸易大学出版社1999年版,第6页。
①相关论述参见[德]哈贝马斯著,曹卫东译:《后民族结构》,上海人民出版社2002年版,第75——77页。
②Jean-Marc Ferry,“European integration and the cosmopolitan way”, in Mario Telòed. ibid, p.330.
①Council of European Union, 10633/1/06 REV 1. Brussels, 17 July 2006.
②European Council,“A Secure Europe in a Better World: European Security Strategy”, Brussels, 12 December 2003. See http: // www.consilium. Europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/EN/reports/78367. pdf
③Carol Cosgrove-Sacks,“Globalization: the EU and Developing Countries”, in Carol Cosgrove-Sacks, ed., The European Union and Developing Countries: the Challenges of Globalization, New York: Palgrave, 1999, p. 357.
①European Council in Copenhagen, Conclusion of the Presidency, 21-22 JUNE 1993.
②Alain Guggenbühl and Margareta Theelen,“The Financial Assistance of the European Union to Its Eastern and Southern Neighbours: A Comparative Analysis”, in Marc Maresceau and Erwan Lannon, eds., The EU’s Enlargement and Mediterranean Strategies, New York: Palgrave, 2001, pp. 217-254.
①European Council in Copenhagen, Conclusion of the Presidency, 21-22 JUNE 1993.
②朱晓中:《以欧盟为主的西方国家对中东欧国家的援助》,见周弘主编:前引书,第586-587页。
③European Commission,“Agenda 2000”, the Challenge of Enlargement, Brussels 1997, COM (97) July, 2000.
①“New Policy Guidelines for the Phare Programme in the Framework of Pre-accession Assistance”, Information Note of the Commission, 26 March 1997.
②Fraser Cameron,“The European Union as a Global Actor: Far from Pushing Its Political Weight Around”, in Carolyn Rhodes ed., The European Union in the World Community, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. 1998, p. 24.
③Alain Guggenbühl and Margareta Theelen, ibid, pp.217-254.
④参见寉宏伟、姚勤华:《中东欧国家加入欧盟进程:战略选择与政策调整》,《东欧中亚研究》,2002年第2期,第74页。
①包括:马耳他、塞浦路斯、土耳其、摩洛哥、突尼斯、埃及、以色列、约旦、叙利亚和黎巴嫩。
②Haifaa A. Jawad,“Euro-Arab Relations: A Study in Collective Diplomacy”, Reading: Ithaca, 1992, pp. 20-35.
③Wolfgang Hager,“Europe and the Mediterranean”, in Max Kohnstamm and Wolfgang Hager eds., Nation Writ Large: Foreign Policy Problems before the European Community, London: Macmillan, 1973, p. 196.
①法新社戛纳1996年月27日英文电,参见杨光:《欧盟的南地中海战略及其对南地中海国家的影响》,《西亚非洲》,1997年第6期,第21页。
②Barcelona Declaration, adopted at the EU-Mediterranean Conference, November 27 and 28, 1995, http://ec. europa. eu/comm/ external relations/euromed/bd.htm
①European Commission,“Wider Europe– Neighbourhood: A New Framework for Relations with our Eastern and Southern Neighbours”, Com (2003) 104 final, Brussels, 11. 3. 2003.
②European Commission,“Paving the Way for a New Neighbourhood Instrument”, COM (2003) 393 final, 1. 7. 2003.
③纳入“欧盟——地中海地区伙伴关系”的阿尔及利亚、埃及、约旦、黎巴嫩、摩洛哥、叙利亚、突尼斯、土耳其、巴勒斯坦解放组织最高权力机构、塞浦路斯、马耳他、以色列(通称为“MED12”)都可以从区域性计划中受益,但塞浦路斯、马耳他和以色列不在MEDA的国家性援助计划之列。
④European Commission,“European Neighbourhood Policy Strategic Paper”, Com (2004) 373 final, Brussels, May, 12, 2004.
①朱贵昌:《欧盟——地中海伙伴关系:进展与问题》,《国际问题研究》,2006年第5期,第43页。
②Patrick Holden,“The European Community’s MEDA Aid Programme: A Strategic Instrument of Civilian Power?”, The European Foreign Affairs Review, 8:3, 2003, pp. 347-363.
①European Commission,“Barcelona Process: Union for the Mediterranean”, COM(2008) 319 (Final), Brussels, 20/05/08.
①陈沫:《欧盟新地中海政策述评》,《西亚非洲》,2007年第11期,第45页。
②参见杨鲁萍、林庆春编著:《突尼斯》,社会科学文献出版社2003年版,第74~79页。
③Annual Report 2006 on the European Community’s Development Policy and the Implementation of External Assistance in 2005, pp.57-58.
①张业亮:《科索沃危机与欧洲安全》,《世界经济与政治论坛》,1999年第3期,第55页。
①李丹琳:《<东南欧稳定公约>——新区域主义的一个积极尝试》,《东欧中亚研究》,2002年第2期,第80页。
②European Commission,“The Stabilisation and Association process for South East Europe Second Annual Report - Annex 1”, COM (2003) 139 final, Brussels, 26.3.2003.
③Council Regulation (EC) No 2666/2000 of 5 December 2000 (OJ L 306p1).
①European Commission,“The Stabilisation and Association process for South East Europe Second Annual Report - Annex 1”, COM (2003) 139 final, Brussels, 26.3.2003.
②European Commission,“European Neighbourhood Policy Strategic Paper”, Com (2004) 373 final, Brussels, 12. 5, 2004.
①参见孔田平:《欧盟的东南欧战略与东南欧的“欧洲化”》,《俄罗斯中亚东欧研究》,2003年第3期,第71页。
①Joseph A. Mcmahon, The Development Cooperation Policy of the EC, London: Kluwer Law International Ltd, 1998, p.207.
②Commission Memorandum on a Community Policy for Development Cooperation, [1971] 5 EC Bull, Supp. 15.
①欧共体官方出版局编苏明忠译:前引书,第61页。
②European Commission, Communication on“Policy Coherence for Development- Accelerating Progress towards Attaining the Millennium Development Goals”, COM (2005) 134 of April and May 2005.
③“EU Report on Policy Coherence for Development”, Commission Working Paper, COM (2007) 545 and Commission Staff Working Paper SEC (2007) 1202, COM (2007) 545 final, Brussels, 20.9.2007.
④European Commission, Policy Coherence for Development, Climate Change/Energy/Biofuels, Migration and Research, COM (2008) 177 final, SEC (2008) 434, Brussels, 9.4.2008.
①European Commission, Commission Memorandum on a Community Policy for Development Cooperation, 1982, p. 18.
②European Commission, Development Aid: Fresco of Community Action Tomorrow, 1974, point 1219.
①Joseph A. Mcmahon, ibid, p.218.
②European Commission, Commission Memorandum on a Community Policy for Development Cooperation, 1971, p.23.
③欧共体官方出版局编苏明忠译:前引书,第61页。
①Therese Brolin, ibid, 2007, p. 30.
②European Council, Proposal for a Council Decision Concerning the Conclusion of a Framework Cooperation Agreement between the EEC and the Andean Pact, COM(1992)52, Brussels.
③Joseph A. Mcmahon, ibid, p.226.
①Federico Bonaglia, Andrea Goldstein and Fabio Petito, ibid, p.164.
②European Commission,“EU Code of Conduct on Division of Labour in Development Policy”, COM (2007) 72 final, Brussels, 28.2.2007.
①European Commission, Europe Aid Cooperation Office, Brussels, Publications Office, 2006.
①西蒙·黑科斯(Simon Hix)认为欧盟是“一个政治系统,但不是国家”,因为它没有合法的强制性权力,因此不是传统意义上的“国家”。(Simon Hix, The political system of the European Union, New York: Palgrave, 1999.)希尔(Christopher Hill)和史密斯(Michael Smith)认为欧盟拥有超出一般政府间国际组织的巨大优势,但还没有形成一个成熟的欧洲“国家”。(Christopher Hill and Michael Smith, International Relations and the European Union, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.)
②Brian White, European Foreign Policy, Colorado: Westview Press, 2001, p. 1.
③Roy Ginsberg, The European Union in International Politics: Baptism by Fire, Boulder: Rowman and Littlefield, 2001, p. 3.
④Ben Tonra and Thomas Christiansen,“The Study of EU Foreign Policy: International Relations and European Studies”, in Ben Tonra and Thomas Christiansen, eds., Rethinking European Union Foreign Policy, Manchester; New York: Manchester University Press, 2004, p.1.
⑤冯仲平:《关于欧盟外交政策的几个问题》,《现代国际关系》,2006年第4期,第7页。
①Sonia Lucarelli, ibid, p.9.
①R. Pomfret, Mediterranean Policy of the European Community, London: Macmillan, 1986, p. 20.
②DG Dev (2006) http://www.eurocean.org/contents.phpaid=374
③DG External Relations (2006) http//ec.europa.eu/comm./external relations/index.htm
④DG Trade (2006) http//ec.europa.eu/trade /index en.htm
①Poul Hoebink and Olav Stokke, eds., ibid, p.602.
①Jan Orbie,“A Civilian Power in the World? Instruments and Objectives in European Union External Policies”, in Jan Orbie ed., ibid, p.1.
②崔宏伟:《“规范性强权”欧盟与中欧关系的和谐发展》,《社会科学》,2007年第11期,第55页。
①Javier Solana,“The EU Security Strategy Implications for Europe’s Role in a Changing World”, European Council,“A Secure Europe in a Better World: European Security Strategy”, Brussels, 12 December 2003. Http://www.Consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/Docs/pressdata/EN/reports/78367. pdf.
②European Council,“A Secure Europe in a Better World: European Security Strategy”, Brussels, 12 December 2003.
①European Council,“A Secure Europe in a Better World: European Security Strategy”, Brussels, 12 December 2003.
②“Treaty of Establishing A Constitution for European”, Official Journal of the European Union, C 310, Volume 47, 16.12.2004.
①Michel Smith,“The EU and International Order: European and Global Aspects”, Paper presented at the EUSA Workshop“EU Foreign/Security/Defense Policy”, Washington DC, 3 April 2006, p.11.
②Ian Manners and Richard Whitman,“The Difference Engine: Constructing and Representig the International Identity of the European Union”, Journal of European Public Policy, 10, 3:380-404.
①Federico Bonaglia, Andrea Goldstein and Fabio Petito, ibid, p. 164.
②Jan Orbie,“EU Development Policy Integration and the Monterrey Process: A Leading and BenevolentIdentity?”, European Foreign Affairs Review 8:3, 395-415.2003.
①Jean-Marc Ferry,“European integration and the cosmopolitan way”, in Mario Telòed., ibid, p. 338.
②龚峻岭储信艳:“欧盟外交:努力用一个声音说话”,参见光明网:http://www.gmw.cn/content/2007-03/26/content_578303.htm
③Nicole Gnesotto,“La sécuritédans un monde post-occidental”, Security in a Post-Western World, Esprit, May 2007, p.74.
①Overview of the EU’s relations with Eastern Europe & Central Asia, http: //ec. europa. eu.
②Joseph Nye,“China and the Future of the Asia Pacific Region”, Plenary address at IISS Annual Conference, Singapore, September 14, 1997.
①European Commission,“European Neighbourhood Policy Strategic Paper”, Com (2004) 373 final, Brussels, 12. 5. 2004.
②European Commission,“Wider Europe– Neighbourhood: A New Framework for Relations with our Eastern and Southern Neighbours”, Com (2003) 104 final, Brussels, 11. 3. 2003.
③Henry Kissinger, Does America Need a Foreign Policy: Towards a Diplomacy for the 21st Century, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001, pp.146-147.
④European Commission,“Wider Europe– Neighbourhood: A New Framework for Relations with our Eastern and Southern Neighbours”, Com (2003) 104 final, Brussels, 11. 3. 2003.
①Europeaid evaluation unit 2000, Evaluation of TACIS Inter-State Energy and INOGATE Programmes and Related Actions Implemented in the Framework of National Programmes, Final Report: Volume 1.
②参见贾文华:《欧盟对中亚发展援助述论》,《俄罗斯研究》,2007年第4期,第56页。
①European Commission, European Community Regional Strategy Paper for Assistance to Central Asia for the period of 2007-2013, June, 2007.
①C. Alfredo Robles, The Political Economy of Interregional Relations: ASEAN and the EU, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004, p. 40.
②Peter J. Katzenstein, World of Regions: Asia and Europe in the American Empire, New York: Cornell University Press, 2005, p.17.
③Hazel Smith, ibid, p. 184.
①孙晓青:《欧盟与发展中国家的经济关系现状》,《国际资料信息》,2001年第6期,第8页。
②European Commission, Europe Aid Cooperation Office, Brussels, Publications Office, 2006.
①Sabine C. Zanger,“Good Governance and European Aid”, European Union Politics, Volume 1 (3), 2000, p. 296.
①Iciar de Chavarri Ureta,“The European Commission’s Institutional Framework for Development Policy”, in Carol Cosgrove-sacks ed., ibid, p.62.
①O. Babarinde,“The Lom Convention: An Aging Dinosaur in the European Union’s Foreign Policy Enterprise”, in C. Rhodes and S. Mazey ed., The State of European Union: Building a European Policy, Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1998, p. 496.
①Anders Berlin and Nils Resare, The European Community’s External Actions, Stockholm: Sida, 2005, p.67.
②Anders Berlin and Nils Resare, ibid, p.96.
①R. F. Meagher, An International Redistribution of Wealth and Power: A Study of the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States, New York: Pergamon, 1979, p. 14.
②Karen E. Smith,“The ACP in the European Union’s Network of Regional Relationships: Still Unique or just one in the Crowd?”, in Karin Arts and Anna K. Dickson, eds., ibid, p.62.
③Pamela Paxton and Stephen Knack,“Individual and Country-Level Factors Affecting Support for Foreign Aid”, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4714, 2008.
①R.F. Hopkins,“Political Economy of Foreign Aid”, in F. Tarp ed., Foreign Aid and Development: Lessons Learnt and Directions on the Future, London; New York: Routledge, 2000, p.423.
②P. Hjertholm and H. White,“Foreign Aid in Historical Perspective: Background and Trends”, in F. Tarp ed., ibid, pp.80-102.
①Jan Orbie and Helen Versluys,“Recent Evolution in EU Development Aid: More Europe, More Aid, Less Development?”Studis Diplomotica, LIX: 4, pp.19-40. 2007.
①Craig Burnside and David Dollar,“Aid, Policies, and Growth”, American Economic Review, 90, 4, pp. 847-868.
①Henri Vogt,“Coping with Historical Responsibility: Trends and Images of the EU’s Development Policy”, in H. Mayer and H. Vogt eds., A Responsible Europe? Ethical Foundations of EU External Affairs, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, p. 169.
②F. J. Cardoso, W. Khüne and J. B. Honwana, Reflection Paper. Priorities in EU Development Cooperation in Africa: Beyond 2000, Brussels: Council of Ministers, 2000, p.12.
①Iciar de Chavarri Ureta,“The European Commission’s Institutional Framework for Development Policy”, in Carol Cosgrove-sacks ed., ibid, pp.61-62.