城市地价与凸壳识别的城市用地空间扩展类型关系研究
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摘要
城市化是一个国家经济发展、社会进步的重要标志,城市扩展是衡量城市化水平的一个重要指标,是城市化在空间上的表现。随着我国城市化进程的加快,城市扩展必然导致耕地的大量减少,引起土地利用及土地覆被的巨大变化,因此城市用地空间扩展逐渐成为国内外学者关注的热点。随着土地市场的完善,地价作为反映土地市场供求和市场变化的“晴雨表”,对于调节城市土地利用空间扩展发挥着重要作用。将城市地价与城市用地空间扩展联系起来,深入研究二者间的内在关系和作用机理,有利于充分发挥城市地价的调控机制,优化土地利用结构与空间布局,提高城市土地集约利用水平,实现城市的科学、合理发展。
本文依托国家自然科学基金项目“基于地价水平时空变化的城市合理用地规模研究”(编号：40871053),以石家庄市为研究区,在城市地价和城市土地利用相关理论的基础上,以2000年为基期,测算2000～2009年石家庄市地价指数并分析其变化趋势及原因。通过引入凸壳原理,依据凸壳算法,利用ArcGIS软件,构建2000年石家庄市建成区用地轮廓的凸壳,并判别2000～2009年历年石家庄市建成区用地空间扩展类型。在此基础上,借助SPSS统计分析软件,对地价与城市用地空间扩展类型进行了相关分析及曲线拟合,揭示地价与城市用地空间扩展类型内在的联系,进而为充分发挥地价在城市土地利用中的调节作用提供科学依据。
研究结果表明：
(1)石家庄市城市地价水平一直处于攀升的态势。综合地价、商业地价、居住地价、工业地价逐年增长,分别从2000年的901元/m2、1314元/m2、919元/m2、470元/m2提高到2009年的1258元/m2、1746元/m2、1330元/m2、667元/m2。
(2)石家庄市城市地价指数总体呈上升趋势。各分用途地价指数均在2000～2005年变化比较平缓,2006年开始地价指数增长幅度迅速提高,尤其是工业地价指数增长幅度最大。综合地价指数、商业地价指数和居住地价指数变化趋势极其相似。
(3)石家庄市城市用地空间扩展类型表现为先填充后外延,以填充为主。2000～2007年空间扩展过程表现为填充类型,2008、2009年为外延类型。2000～2005年,填充面积远大于外延面积,填充-外延的面积虽然逐年增长,但其增长率却是在不断下降的。从2006年开始,填充-外延的面积减小,填充面积和外延面积基本趋于平衡,2006～2009年,填充-外延的面积逐年下降,直到2008年填充小于外延,此时扩展类型转为外延。
(4)居住地价与城市用地扩展类型关系最为密切。居住地价指数和外延占扩展的比例两者的相关系数最高,为0.924。在0=0.01的置信水平下,建立了居住地价指数与城市用地空间扩展类型的耦合模型：Y=-0.04X2+10.911X-697.80。
随着居住地价指数的增长,外延占扩展的比例也呈增长的态势,增长到一定程度后转而开始下降,城市用地扩展表现为由填充——外延——填充这样循环反复的一个过程。居住地价水平的变化情况对城市用地空间扩展类型具有重要的调控作用。
Urbanization is the important indicator of national economic development and social progress, urban expansion is an important index of the urbanization level and the urbanization performance in space. Along with the accelerated process of our country urbanization, the urban expansion will inevitably lead to lots of arable land reduce, cause the land utilization and the land covering immense changes, therefore the urban land spatial expansion gradually becomes the hot spot which the domestic and foreign scholars pay attention. With the land market's consummation, as "the barometer" of supply-demand and changes of land market, land price is playing a significant role in affecting the spatial expansion of urban land. Further study on the internal relationship and the mechanism of urban land price with the urban land expansion, it would give full play to regulation of price level, optimize the land use structure and spatial arrangement, improve the level of intensive utilization of urban land and maximize utilizing efficiency of urban land to achieve the scientific and rational development of the city.
This article relies on the State Natural Sciences Foundation Project "Research on rational urban land-use scale based on the spatial and temporal variation of urban land price level" (NO.40871053). The research area is within Shijiazhuang, on the basis of urban land price and land use related theory, taking 2000 as the base period, Shijiazhuang land prices index in 2000-2009 is estimated and its change tendency and the reason are analyzed By introducing convex hull principle, in accordance with the convex hull algorithm, using the ArcGIS software, the convex hull of the 2000 year's built-up district outline of the Shijiazhuang is constructed, and the types of urban land spatial expansion of 2000-2009 year are distinguished. On this basis, with the help of SPSS statistical analysis software to establish coupled model between urban land price and the types of urban land spatial expansion, reveals the interior between the urban land price and the types of urban land spatial expansion, which provides the basis for land price to play its role during expansion of land space.
The results show that:
(1) The Shijiazhuang urban land price level is an upward trend. The integrated land price, commercial land price, residential land price and industrial land price are increasing year by year. The urban land price respectively increased from 901 yuan/m2,1314 yuan/m2,919 yuan/m2,470 yuan/m2 in 2000 to 1258 yuan/m2,1746 yuan/m2,1330 yuan/m2,667 yuan/m2 in 2009.
(2) The Shijiazhuang urban land price index is an upward trend. The urban land price index changed gently from 2000 to 2005. From 2006, the urban land price index increased rapidly, especially the industrial land price index growth is the biggest. The change tendency of the integrated land price, commercial land price and the residential land price were extremely similar.
(3) The types of urban land spatial expansion of Shijiazhuang first are infilling, then extension. The main is infilling. The types of urban land spatial expansion is the "infilling" type in 2000-2007 and the "extension" type in 2008 and 2009. The infilling area is much larger than the extension area in 2000-2005. Although the infilling area minus the extension area was increasing year by year, the rate of increase steadily sank down. From 2006, the infilling area minus the extension area reduced, the infilling area and extension area is balancing. The infilling area minus extension area declined year by year in 2006-2009. Until the infilling area was smaller than the extension area, the type of urban land expansion has tended to the extension type.
(4) Residential land price has the close relations of the types of urban land spatial expansion. The residential land price index and the extension were prominently in land expansion, is 0.924. Underθ=0.01 fiduciary level, residential land price and the urban land spatial expansion is establishes coupled model of the residential land price index and the types of urban land expansion:Y=-0.04Χ2+10.911Χ-697.80.
With the increase of residential land price index, the proportion between the extension and the expansion also shows the trend of growth. And then it will reduce after growing to some extent. The urban land spatial expansion is characterised by a recycling process of infilling-extension-infilling. The change of residential land price has an important regulative function on the types of urban land spatial expansion.
本文依托国家自然科学基金项目“基于地价水平时空变化的城市合理用地规模研究”(编号：40871053),以石家庄市为研究区,在城市地价和城市土地利用相关理论的基础上,以2000年为基期,测算2000～2009年石家庄市地价指数并分析其变化趋势及原因。通过引入凸壳原理,依据凸壳算法,利用ArcGIS软件,构建2000年石家庄市建成区用地轮廓的凸壳,并判别2000～2009年历年石家庄市建成区用地空间扩展类型。在此基础上,借助SPSS统计分析软件,对地价与城市用地空间扩展类型进行了相关分析及曲线拟合,揭示地价与城市用地空间扩展类型内在的联系,进而为充分发挥地价在城市土地利用中的调节作用提供科学依据。
研究结果表明：
(1)石家庄市城市地价水平一直处于攀升的态势。综合地价、商业地价、居住地价、工业地价逐年增长,分别从2000年的901元/m2、1314元/m2、919元/m2、470元/m2提高到2009年的1258元/m2、1746元/m2、1330元/m2、667元/m2。
(2)石家庄市城市地价指数总体呈上升趋势。各分用途地价指数均在2000～2005年变化比较平缓,2006年开始地价指数增长幅度迅速提高,尤其是工业地价指数增长幅度最大。综合地价指数、商业地价指数和居住地价指数变化趋势极其相似。
(3)石家庄市城市用地空间扩展类型表现为先填充后外延,以填充为主。2000～2007年空间扩展过程表现为填充类型,2008、2009年为外延类型。2000～2005年,填充面积远大于外延面积,填充-外延的面积虽然逐年增长,但其增长率却是在不断下降的。从2006年开始,填充-外延的面积减小,填充面积和外延面积基本趋于平衡,2006～2009年,填充-外延的面积逐年下降,直到2008年填充小于外延,此时扩展类型转为外延。
(4)居住地价与城市用地扩展类型关系最为密切。居住地价指数和外延占扩展的比例两者的相关系数最高,为0.924。在0=0.01的置信水平下,建立了居住地价指数与城市用地空间扩展类型的耦合模型：Y=-0.04X2+10.911X-697.80。
随着居住地价指数的增长,外延占扩展的比例也呈增长的态势,增长到一定程度后转而开始下降,城市用地扩展表现为由填充——外延——填充这样循环反复的一个过程。居住地价水平的变化情况对城市用地空间扩展类型具有重要的调控作用。
Urbanization is the important indicator of national economic development and social progress, urban expansion is an important index of the urbanization level and the urbanization performance in space. Along with the accelerated process of our country urbanization, the urban expansion will inevitably lead to lots of arable land reduce, cause the land utilization and the land covering immense changes, therefore the urban land spatial expansion gradually becomes the hot spot which the domestic and foreign scholars pay attention. With the land market's consummation, as "the barometer" of supply-demand and changes of land market, land price is playing a significant role in affecting the spatial expansion of urban land. Further study on the internal relationship and the mechanism of urban land price with the urban land expansion, it would give full play to regulation of price level, optimize the land use structure and spatial arrangement, improve the level of intensive utilization of urban land and maximize utilizing efficiency of urban land to achieve the scientific and rational development of the city.
This article relies on the State Natural Sciences Foundation Project "Research on rational urban land-use scale based on the spatial and temporal variation of urban land price level" (NO.40871053). The research area is within Shijiazhuang, on the basis of urban land price and land use related theory, taking 2000 as the base period, Shijiazhuang land prices index in 2000-2009 is estimated and its change tendency and the reason are analyzed By introducing convex hull principle, in accordance with the convex hull algorithm, using the ArcGIS software, the convex hull of the 2000 year's built-up district outline of the Shijiazhuang is constructed, and the types of urban land spatial expansion of 2000-2009 year are distinguished. On this basis, with the help of SPSS statistical analysis software to establish coupled model between urban land price and the types of urban land spatial expansion, reveals the interior between the urban land price and the types of urban land spatial expansion, which provides the basis for land price to play its role during expansion of land space.
The results show that:
(1) The Shijiazhuang urban land price level is an upward trend. The integrated land price, commercial land price, residential land price and industrial land price are increasing year by year. The urban land price respectively increased from 901 yuan/m2,1314 yuan/m2,919 yuan/m2,470 yuan/m2 in 2000 to 1258 yuan/m2,1746 yuan/m2,1330 yuan/m2,667 yuan/m2 in 2009.
(2) The Shijiazhuang urban land price index is an upward trend. The urban land price index changed gently from 2000 to 2005. From 2006, the urban land price index increased rapidly, especially the industrial land price index growth is the biggest. The change tendency of the integrated land price, commercial land price and the residential land price were extremely similar.
(3) The types of urban land spatial expansion of Shijiazhuang first are infilling, then extension. The main is infilling. The types of urban land spatial expansion is the "infilling" type in 2000-2007 and the "extension" type in 2008 and 2009. The infilling area is much larger than the extension area in 2000-2005. Although the infilling area minus the extension area was increasing year by year, the rate of increase steadily sank down. From 2006, the infilling area minus the extension area reduced, the infilling area and extension area is balancing. The infilling area minus extension area declined year by year in 2006-2009. Until the infilling area was smaller than the extension area, the type of urban land expansion has tended to the extension type.
(4) Residential land price has the close relations of the types of urban land spatial expansion. The residential land price index and the extension were prominently in land expansion, is 0.924. Underθ=0.01 fiduciary level, residential land price and the urban land spatial expansion is establishes coupled model of the residential land price index and the types of urban land expansion:Y=-0.04Χ2+10.911Χ-697.80.
With the increase of residential land price index, the proportion between the extension and the expansion also shows the trend of growth. And then it will reduce after growing to some extent. The urban land spatial expansion is characterised by a recycling process of infilling-extension-infilling. The change of residential land price has an important regulative function on the types of urban land spatial expansion.
引文
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[2]龚义,吴小平,欧阳安蛟.城市土地集约利用内涵界定及评价指标体系设计[J].浙江国土资源,2002(1)：46-49.
[3]杨晓娟.1949～2005年中国大城市空间扩张与用地结构转化研究[D].兰州市：兰州大学,2008.
[4]金文广.城市土地利用与土地价格影响因素分析[D].呼和浩特市：内蒙古农业大学,2008.
[5]贠小苏.充分发挥地价调控作用推进土地资源节约集约利用[J].国土资源通讯,2006(4)：32-34.
[6]关小克.郑州市工业地价时空变化及用地对策研究[D].郑州市：河南农业大学,2008.
[7]张居峰.城市地价合理性变动的实证研究[D].哈尔滨：东北农业大学,2007.
[8]欧阳安蛟,陈立定.风景区开发项目用地基准地价评估方法初步研究[J].浙江大学学报(理学版),2002,29(4)：476-480.
[9]华楠.城市地价指数及其近似测算[J].基建优化,1995,16(1)：28-31.
[10]王茂春.论城市地价空间演化规律及其动因[J].热带地理,1997,17(4)：347-353.
[11]李玲,谷树忠,胡克林.都市地价空间分析方法及其应用——以北京市为例[J].2003,25(4)：85-92.
[12]张莉.城市发展中的地价空间结构研究[D].南京市：南京师范大学,2002.
[13]陈永慧.基于RS和GIS的天津市城市扩展时空特征及其影响因素研究[D].北京市：首都师范大学,2009.
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