康定机场中段高填筑体变形监测与预测研究
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摘要
随着我国西部大开发战略的实施,国家加快了机场,尤其是山区机场的建设。山区机场建设的一般特点是场道级别高,建设时间短,计划内投资少,但场地地形、地貌、地质条件复杂,深挖高填,土方工程量大。
康定机场位于青藏高原东缘、北西向展部的折多山的南西麓,是仅次于西藏邦达的世界第二高机场。最大填方高度46.6m,放坡后坡脚至坡顶最大高差达85.8m,土石挖填方量超过2800万。场区全部位于海螺沟(Q_3~(agl))和南关门(Q_3~(lgl))冰期的冰碛土上。堆积物基本上由块石、碎石、角砾和砂土等混杂组成,粒度不均一,分选性差,无层理。
在基础地质资料和现场试验监测资料基础上,开展了高填方地基处理检测试验、高填方地基变形监测、数值模拟分析及填方体工后沉降预测等工作。获得以下几方面的结论:
(1)冰碛土一般为碎石类土,分布不均匀,层位变化大,为典型的不均匀地基,但总体上干密度大,密实度较高,具有低渗透性,高承载力、低变形等工程特性,为良好的天然地基。
(2)通过对场区不良地基的具体分析,提出了相应的地基处理方法、步骤和参数。试验段的试验结果表明所采取的处理方法较为实用,适合机场土方工程的施工。
(3)针对康定机场的具体情况,分析总结了高填方地基变形监测的方法、项目,确定监测方案并对监测数据进行处理。通过对原位监测和三维数值模拟结果的研究,分析出高填方地基变形的一般规律。
(4)采用回归参数模型和BP人工神经网络,对场区南段高填方体工后沉降进行预测。预测结果与实测结果较吻合,且具有较高精度。BP模型预测误差较小,效果相对较好。
With the great development of West China, the airport construction is becoming in our country, especially in mountainous southwest of China. Airport construction in these areas is characterized by complicated terrain, geomorphic and geological condition, deep cut and fill, large amounts of earthwork, high level, short time and small planned investment.
Kangding airport is located on the southwest foot of Zheduo mountain stretching from south-east to north-west on eastern Tibean Plateau. It will be the second highest airport in the world after Bangda airport (4,400m) located on Tibet. The maximum height of the embankment is 46.6 m and the maximum height between the bottom and the top of the slope is 85.8 m. The total quantity of the excavated and filled earth-rock material is above 28,000,000 m~3. The whole engineering sites are located on the moraine soil during the ice age of cuttlebone canal (Q_3~(agl)) and Nanguanmen (Q_3~(lgl)). Besides boulders, gravels and sands, special boulders exist in the debris, which is characterized by inhomogeneous grain size, out-of-order intermixture, difficult size classification and unstratified feature.
Based on the research for the basic geological conditions in the preliminary and detailed investigation, and the field tests of the engineering, ground treatment detection tests,in-situ monitoring,numerical simulations for the settlement and deformation of the high embankment and the prediction of the settlement that occurs after the embankment attained its scheduled level of Kangding airport are carried out. Some work and creative conclusions are put out as follow.
(1) Moraine soil is typical non-homogeneous foundation,which is characterized by block and crushed stone soil, distributing non-unniformly and anfractuous layers. However, as a whole,it can be recognized as fine natural foundation because of its engineering properties such as big dry density, high compactness, hyposmosis, strong bearing capacity and small deformation etc.
(2) Based on large field test, general requirements and filling methods are determined, superiority of filling body with packed block and moraine soil is analyzed.The result will be very useful for optimum design and construction.
(3) Researched on the monitoring items such as monitoring methods, monitoring programme and analyzed the deformation regularity of high embankment after Batas handling by formula calculations and three-dimention numerical simulation.
(4) The settlement that occurs after the embankment attained its scheduled level is predicted by the regressive parameters models and the artificial neural net work. The predicted results are probably equal to the in-situ monitoring results, which show that models have preferable precision. Among these models, the forecasted results by BP model are most reasonable.
康定机场位于青藏高原东缘、北西向展部的折多山的南西麓,是仅次于西藏邦达的世界第二高机场。最大填方高度46.6m,放坡后坡脚至坡顶最大高差达85.8m,土石挖填方量超过2800万。场区全部位于海螺沟(Q_3~(agl))和南关门(Q_3~(lgl))冰期的冰碛土上。堆积物基本上由块石、碎石、角砾和砂土等混杂组成,粒度不均一,分选性差,无层理。
在基础地质资料和现场试验监测资料基础上,开展了高填方地基处理检测试验、高填方地基变形监测、数值模拟分析及填方体工后沉降预测等工作。获得以下几方面的结论:
(1)冰碛土一般为碎石类土,分布不均匀,层位变化大,为典型的不均匀地基,但总体上干密度大,密实度较高,具有低渗透性,高承载力、低变形等工程特性,为良好的天然地基。
(2)通过对场区不良地基的具体分析,提出了相应的地基处理方法、步骤和参数。试验段的试验结果表明所采取的处理方法较为实用,适合机场土方工程的施工。
(3)针对康定机场的具体情况,分析总结了高填方地基变形监测的方法、项目,确定监测方案并对监测数据进行处理。通过对原位监测和三维数值模拟结果的研究,分析出高填方地基变形的一般规律。
(4)采用回归参数模型和BP人工神经网络,对场区南段高填方体工后沉降进行预测。预测结果与实测结果较吻合,且具有较高精度。BP模型预测误差较小,效果相对较好。
With the great development of West China, the airport construction is becoming in our country, especially in mountainous southwest of China. Airport construction in these areas is characterized by complicated terrain, geomorphic and geological condition, deep cut and fill, large amounts of earthwork, high level, short time and small planned investment.
Kangding airport is located on the southwest foot of Zheduo mountain stretching from south-east to north-west on eastern Tibean Plateau. It will be the second highest airport in the world after Bangda airport (4,400m) located on Tibet. The maximum height of the embankment is 46.6 m and the maximum height between the bottom and the top of the slope is 85.8 m. The total quantity of the excavated and filled earth-rock material is above 28,000,000 m~3. The whole engineering sites are located on the moraine soil during the ice age of cuttlebone canal (Q_3~(agl)) and Nanguanmen (Q_3~(lgl)). Besides boulders, gravels and sands, special boulders exist in the debris, which is characterized by inhomogeneous grain size, out-of-order intermixture, difficult size classification and unstratified feature.
Based on the research for the basic geological conditions in the preliminary and detailed investigation, and the field tests of the engineering, ground treatment detection tests,in-situ monitoring,numerical simulations for the settlement and deformation of the high embankment and the prediction of the settlement that occurs after the embankment attained its scheduled level of Kangding airport are carried out. Some work and creative conclusions are put out as follow.
(1) Moraine soil is typical non-homogeneous foundation,which is characterized by block and crushed stone soil, distributing non-unniformly and anfractuous layers. However, as a whole,it can be recognized as fine natural foundation because of its engineering properties such as big dry density, high compactness, hyposmosis, strong bearing capacity and small deformation etc.
(2) Based on large field test, general requirements and filling methods are determined, superiority of filling body with packed block and moraine soil is analyzed.The result will be very useful for optimum design and construction.
(3) Researched on the monitoring items such as monitoring methods, monitoring programme and analyzed the deformation regularity of high embankment after Batas handling by formula calculations and three-dimention numerical simulation.
(4) The settlement that occurs after the embankment attained its scheduled level is predicted by the regressive parameters models and the artificial neural net work. The predicted results are probably equal to the in-situ monitoring results, which show that models have preferable precision. Among these models, the forecasted results by BP model are most reasonable.
引文
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[2]黄润秋,徐则民,许强等.康定机场地基土特征及其形成机制[J].工程地质学报,2005,15(1)
[3]谢春庆.四川省甘孜州康定机场工程地质勘察报告[R].成都军区空军勘察设计,2002
[4]沈珠江.理论土力学[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2000
[5]钱家欢,殷宗泽.土工原理与计算[M].北京:水利水电出版社,1994
[6]刘成宇.土力学[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,2005
[7]殷宗泽.土体的沉降与固结[M].北京:中国电力出版社,1994
[8]Coleman J D,Russamk,Some Uses of Stress and Strain Invariants in the Thermodynamic Study of Soils[J].Geotech,1961,11(1)
[9]Fredlund D G,Rahardio H.Soil Mechanics for Unsaturated Soils[M](非饱和土力学,中译本).北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1997
[10]杨代泉,沈珠江.Study on the Generalized Consolidation Theory of Unsaturated Soila.Int.Conf.Expansive soils[J].Dallas,1992
[11]杨代泉,沈珠江.非饱和土-维固结简化计算[J].岩土工程学报.1991,13(5)
[12]沈珠江.鲁布革新墙堆石坝变形的反馈分析[J].岩土工程学报.1994,16(3)
[13]陈国容等.高速公路路基形态反分析及沉降预报[J].工程地质学报.1998,6(4)
[14]周虎鑫,陈容生.机场高填方填筑体变形有限元分析[J].地基处理.1997,8(1)
[15]谢春庆.山区机场高填方块碎石夯实地基性状及变形研究[D].成都:成都理工大学环境与土木工程学院.2001
[16]Baecher G B,Ingra T.Stochastic FEM in Settlement Predictions[J].Geotech Eng,ASCE.1981,107(4)
[17]Brzakala W.Pula W.A Probabilistic analysis of foundation settlement[J].Computer and Geotechnics,1996,18(4)
[18]王其昌.高速铁路土木工程[M].成都:西南交通大学出版社,2000
[19]张宁.荔波机场高填方边坡稳定性研究:[D].成都:四川大学水电学院.2003
[20]周江余.葛洲坝水利枢纽安全监测自动化的实施[J].大坝观测与土工测试.1998,22(4)
[21]宋厚双,赵全麟.精密导线法在大坝变形监测中的应用[J].人民长江.1994(10)
[22]毛荣生,吴飞.湖北陆水水利枢纽水情自动测报系统的应用[J].广西电力工程.1998(3)
[23]中国大学生网,高层建筑物的沉降观测与数据处理[J].2005
[24]刘梦林,凌勇.大坝垂线自动化监测系统在凤滩工程上的应用[J].大坝观测与土工测试.1993(4)
[25]杨爱明.万安水利本枢纽建筑物变形监测自动化[J].人民长江.1996,27(11)
[26]宋以胜,高俊强。富春江水电站边坡位移监测与资料分析[J].南京建筑工程学院学报.2000(4)
[27]姚成焕,石宜生.三峡机场高填方土基沉降观测与计算研究[J].岩石力学.2001,22(4)
[28]石宜生,姚成焕。机场高填方土基沉降计算方法的探讨[J].土工基础.2001,15(3)
[29]岳东杰,雷伟刚等。灰关联模型GM(1,N)及其在安全监测中的应用[J].河海大学学报.2000,28(3)
[30]吴大志等.灰色理论在高路堤沉降预测中的应用[J].中南工业大学学报.2000,28(3)
[31]Flood I,Kartam N.Neural networks in civil engineering.I:Principles and understanding.Comp.in Cir.Engrg.ASCE,1994,8(2)
[32]石成钢,刘西拉.人工神经网络动态预测[J].桂林工学院院报.1991,11(2)
[33]李素艳.高填路堤沉降的神经网络动态预测[J].桂林工学院院报.2002,22(3)
[34]赵望生,龚文慈,变形监测的现状方法综述与展望[J].大坝观测与土工测试.1996,20(3)
[35]邵乃辰.我国大坝安全监测自动化进展[J].水电工程研究.1991,20(3)
[36]叶青.三峡永久船闸工程变形监测设计综述[J].人民长江.2002,33(6)
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