地性线提取及DEM数据格式转换方法研究
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摘要
随着地理信息系统的不断发展,数字高程模型作为地理信息系统的一种基础数据,在地学领域发挥着越来越重要的作用,已完全成为地理信息系统的重要组成部分。数字高程模型的质量是决定其使用价值的首要因素,而地性线自动提取及DEM数据格式转换是该领域中值得研究的问题。论文的主要工作包括:
1、本文全面系统地论述了基于地形特征建立各种高质量DEM模型的理论和方法,分析了DEM研究的主要问题及发展现状,提出了地性线提取和矢量数据转换是当前研究与应用的主要方面,明确了本文的研究范围和基本思路。
2、借鉴制图综合的理论基础,提出了采用曲线弯曲原理和分析方法对等高线数据进行地性线自动提取的方法,详细阐述了按拐点分割等高线、分段提取特征点、按属性连接地性线的实现过程。
3、针对提高建模效率和改进建模精度等问题,研究了基于不同矢量数据建立高质量DEM模型的方法,包括基于离散点构建不规则三角网的常用算法、顾及地形特征约束条件下不规则三角网TIN的建模方法和改进措施、基于等高线数据构建不规则三角网的算法实现。
4、研究了基于各种数据源建立规则格网DEM的理论和方法,详细分析并实现了从不规则三角网TIN到规则格网DEM转换的改进算法——磨光函数内插算法。
5、研究了基于不规则三角网DEM和规则格网DEM数据进行等高线的自动追踪算法,根据这两种数据存储格式的拓扑关系,提出了同时适用于两种数据结构追踪等高线的通用算法等。
最后,对本文的研究成果和有待进一步研究和解决的问题进行了总结。
With the developments of Geographic Information System, Digital Elevation Model, as a kind of base data of Geographic Information System, plays more and more important role in the geoscience area, and it has already become an important component of the Geographic Information System. The quality of Digital Elevation Model is the priority factor in determining use value. At the same time, extracting terrain character lines automatically and exchange of data format are worthy to research. In this paper, the main works include:
Firstly, the author discusses the theories and methods on constructing high quality Digital Elevation Model based on terrain feature from digital contour line. The main problems and current research of DEM are analyzed, extracting terrain character lines automatically and exchange of data format are the main directions in current research and application, which vital theory and methods based on are the base of this thesis.
Secondly, on the basis of referencing the theories on cartographic generalization, the author makes the study and experiment on automatic extraction of terrain character lines from digital contour by using principle and method of curve. The implementation process explained in detail include segmentattion of contour lines by inflection point, extraction of character points segment-by-segment,link terrain character lines by attribute.
Thirdly, in order to improving modeling efficiency and model accuracy, the author studies the method on constructing high quality Digital Elevation Model based on different vector data, involve common algorithms of constructing TIN based on irregular discrete points,modeling method and improving measures on constructing constraint D-TIN considering the terrain character, algorithms of constructing TIN based on contourlines.
Nextly, theory and methods on constructing Regular Grids based on Various data sources are researched, and the interpolation algorithm - Smoothing Function interpolation arithmetic of interpolating Regular Grid DEM from Triangulated Irregular Network is improved.
Finally, Universal algorithm of tracing contour line automatically from Triangular Irregular Network and Regular Grids are researched. According to the similar topological relations of the two kinds of data storage format, universal algorithm is point out to tract contourlines from these two data Format.
At last, the paper summarizes research productions and development direction.
1、本文全面系统地论述了基于地形特征建立各种高质量DEM模型的理论和方法,分析了DEM研究的主要问题及发展现状,提出了地性线提取和矢量数据转换是当前研究与应用的主要方面,明确了本文的研究范围和基本思路。
2、借鉴制图综合的理论基础,提出了采用曲线弯曲原理和分析方法对等高线数据进行地性线自动提取的方法,详细阐述了按拐点分割等高线、分段提取特征点、按属性连接地性线的实现过程。
3、针对提高建模效率和改进建模精度等问题,研究了基于不同矢量数据建立高质量DEM模型的方法,包括基于离散点构建不规则三角网的常用算法、顾及地形特征约束条件下不规则三角网TIN的建模方法和改进措施、基于等高线数据构建不规则三角网的算法实现。
4、研究了基于各种数据源建立规则格网DEM的理论和方法,详细分析并实现了从不规则三角网TIN到规则格网DEM转换的改进算法——磨光函数内插算法。
5、研究了基于不规则三角网DEM和规则格网DEM数据进行等高线的自动追踪算法,根据这两种数据存储格式的拓扑关系,提出了同时适用于两种数据结构追踪等高线的通用算法等。
最后,对本文的研究成果和有待进一步研究和解决的问题进行了总结。
With the developments of Geographic Information System, Digital Elevation Model, as a kind of base data of Geographic Information System, plays more and more important role in the geoscience area, and it has already become an important component of the Geographic Information System. The quality of Digital Elevation Model is the priority factor in determining use value. At the same time, extracting terrain character lines automatically and exchange of data format are worthy to research. In this paper, the main works include:
Firstly, the author discusses the theories and methods on constructing high quality Digital Elevation Model based on terrain feature from digital contour line. The main problems and current research of DEM are analyzed, extracting terrain character lines automatically and exchange of data format are the main directions in current research and application, which vital theory and methods based on are the base of this thesis.
Secondly, on the basis of referencing the theories on cartographic generalization, the author makes the study and experiment on automatic extraction of terrain character lines from digital contour by using principle and method of curve. The implementation process explained in detail include segmentattion of contour lines by inflection point, extraction of character points segment-by-segment,link terrain character lines by attribute.
Thirdly, in order to improving modeling efficiency and model accuracy, the author studies the method on constructing high quality Digital Elevation Model based on different vector data, involve common algorithms of constructing TIN based on irregular discrete points,modeling method and improving measures on constructing constraint D-TIN considering the terrain character, algorithms of constructing TIN based on contourlines.
Nextly, theory and methods on constructing Regular Grids based on Various data sources are researched, and the interpolation algorithm - Smoothing Function interpolation arithmetic of interpolating Regular Grid DEM from Triangulated Irregular Network is improved.
Finally, Universal algorithm of tracing contour line automatically from Triangular Irregular Network and Regular Grids are researched. According to the similar topological relations of the two kinds of data storage format, universal algorithm is point out to tract contourlines from these two data Format.
At last, the paper summarizes research productions and development direction.
引文
[1]李志林,朱庆.数字高程模型[M].武汉:武汉测绘科技大学出版社,2000.
[2]汤国安,刘学军,闾国年.数字高程模型及地学分析的原理与方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.
[3]毋河海,龚健雅.地理信息系统(GIS)空间数据结构与处理技术[M].北京:测绘出版社,1997
[4]王家耀,崔铁军,苗国强.数字高程模型及其数据结构[J].海洋测绘,2004,(3).
[5]姚慧敏.基于地形特征建立高质量DEM[D].信息工程大学测绘学院,2002.
[6]吴立新,史文中.地理信息系统原理与算法[M].北京:科学出版社,2003.
[7]毋河海.地图综合基础理论与技术方法研究[M].北京:测绘出版社,2004.
[8]朱庆,赵杰,钟正.基于规则格网DEM的地形特征提取算法[J].测绘学报,2004,33(1):77-81.
[9]费立凡.地形图等高线成组综合的实验[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报,1993(增刊):6-22.
[10]陈向东.利用数字化等高线数据自动生成地形结构线[J].北京测绘,1994(1):6-12.
[11]郭明武,吴凡.等高线自动提取结构线方法与问题处理[J].地球信息科学,2005(7):113-119.
[12]陈海燕,万刚.利用等高线数据自动生成地性结构线的算法研究[J].测绘通报,2003(3):21-23.
[13]黄培之.提取山脊线和山谷线的一种新方法[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2001(26):247-252.
[14]靳海亮,康建荣,高井祥.利用等高线数据提取山脊(谷)线算法研究[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2005(9):810-812.
[15]Christopher Gold,Maciej Dakowicz.Terrain Modeling Based on Contours and Slopes[A],Symposium on Geospatial Theory,Processing and Applications,Ottawa 2002.
[16]陈涛,艾廷华.多边形骨架线与形心自动搜索算法研究[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2004,29(5):443-446.
[17]Tang L.Automatic Extraction of Specific Geomorphological Element from Contours[A],Proceedings of the 5th SDH conference[C],Charleston,SC,1992(2):554-556.
[18]艾廷华,祝国瑞,张根寿.基于Delaunay三角网模型的等高线地形特征提取及谷地树结构化组织[J].遥感学报,2003,7(4):292-299.
[19]G Aumann,H Ebner,L Tang.Automatic Derivation of Skeleton Lines from Digitized Contours[J],ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,1991(46):259-268.
[20]崔先国,汝绪伟,曲均浩.一种山脊线和山谷线提取的新方法[J].中国地理信息系统协会第八届年会论文集,2004:733-736.
[21]毛可标,陈向东.地形结构线自动生成方法研究[J].测绘科学,1995(3):12-18.
[22]刘颖,翟京生.一种自动识别地性线的新方法[J].海洋测绘,2005,25(3):21-23.
[23]汝绪伟.基于等高线数据的地形特征线提取及地形建模研究[D].山东科技大学,2004.
[24]毋河海.地图综合基础理论与技术方法研究[M].北京:测绘出版社,2004.
[25]应申.曲线的一致性化简及曲线相交的研究[D],武汉大学,2002.
[26]Attneave F.Some Informational Aspects of Visual Perception.Psychological Review,1954(61):183-193.
[27]Thapa K.Automatic Line Generalization using Zero Crossings,Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,1988,54(4):511-517.
[28]Freeman H.Shape Description via the Use of Critical Points,Pattern Recognition,1978(10):159-166.
[29]Skopeliti A,Tsoulos L.Parametric description of the shape of cartographic line,Tech Chron,Sci,J,TCG,Ⅰ,1999:1-2.
[30]Poorten P.and Jones J C.Customizable Line Generalization using Delaunay Triangulation,CD-Rom Proceeding of 19th ICC,Ottawa,Section 8.1999.
[31]Wang Z,Muller J C.Line Generalization Based on Analysis of Shapes Characteristics,Cartography and Geographic Information System,1998,25(1):3-15.
[32]张宏,永宁,刘爱利.地理信息系统算法基础[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[33]谢祥根,符锌砂.考虑地形特征的三角网数模建立方法[J].中国公路学报,2000(1):10-13.
[34]陈军.Voronoi动态空间数据模型[M].北京:测绘出版社,2002.
[35]刘学军,符锌砂.三角网数字地面模型的理论、方法现状及发展[J].长沙交通学院学报,2001(2):24-30
[36]Lawson C L.Generation of a triangular grid with application to contour plotting[J],California Institute of Technology Jet Propulsion Laboratory,Technical Memorandum 299,1972.
[37]Lawson C L.Software for C~1 Surface Interpolation Mathematical Software Ⅲ[M],New York:Academic Press,1977.
[38]Green P J,Sibson R.Computing Dirichlet tessellations in the plane[J],The Computer Journal,1978,21(2):168-173.
[39]Brassel K E,Reif D.Procedure to Generate Thiessen Polygons[J],Geophysical Analysis,1979(11):289-303.
[40]Shamos M Ⅰ,Hoey D.Closest-point Problems[J],In:Proceedings of the 16th Annual Symposium on the Foundations of Computer Science,1975:151-162.
[41]Lewis B A,Robinson J S.Triangulation of Planar Regions with Applications[J],The Computer Journal,1978,21(4):324-332.
[42]Lee D T,Schachter B J.Two Algorithms for Constructing a Delaunay Triangulation[J],Int.J.of Computer and Information Sciences,1980,9(3):219-242.
[43]Lee D T,A Lin.Generalized Delaunay Triangulation for Planar Graphs[J],Discrete and Computational Geometry,1986(1):201-217.
[44]Chew L P.Constrained Delaunay Triangulation,in Proceedings of Third ACM Symposium on Compuational Geometry[M],Waterloo:[s.n.],1987.216-222.
[45]Boissinnat J D.Shape Reconstruction from Planar Sections[J],Comput Vision Graphics Image Process,1988,44:1-29.
[46]Piegl L A.Algorithm and Data Structure for Triangulation Multiply Connected Polygonal Domains[J], Computer and Graphics,1993,17(5):563-574.
[47]Sloan S W.A Fast Algorithm for Constructing Delaunay Triangulation in the Plane[J],Advanced Engineering Software,1987,9(1):34-55.
[48]Floriani L D.An Online Algorithm for Constrained Delaunay Triangulation[J],CVGIP:Graphical Models and Image Processing,1992,54(3):290-300.
[49]徐青,吴寿虎,朱述龙,邱振戈.近代摄影测量[M],解放军出版社,2000,2.
[50]Preusser A.Bivariate Interpolation ueber Dreieckselementen durch Polynome 5,Ordung mit C1-kontinuitaet,Zeitschrift fuer Vermessungswesen,1984(109,Heft 6):292-301.
[51]崔铁军,董延春,杨大洲.TIN到格网DTI的内插算法[J],地理信息系统与电子地图技术的进展,湖南地图出版社,1999.
[52]王家耀.空间信息系统原理[M].北京:科学出版社,2001:197-203.
[53]秦志远,苏媛媛,尹亚娟.DEM无缝镶嵌及二维可视化技术研究[J].黑龙江工程学院学报(自然科学版),2005(1):4-7.
[2]汤国安,刘学军,闾国年.数字高程模型及地学分析的原理与方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.
[3]毋河海,龚健雅.地理信息系统(GIS)空间数据结构与处理技术[M].北京:测绘出版社,1997
[4]王家耀,崔铁军,苗国强.数字高程模型及其数据结构[J].海洋测绘,2004,(3).
[5]姚慧敏.基于地形特征建立高质量DEM[D].信息工程大学测绘学院,2002.
[6]吴立新,史文中.地理信息系统原理与算法[M].北京:科学出版社,2003.
[7]毋河海.地图综合基础理论与技术方法研究[M].北京:测绘出版社,2004.
[8]朱庆,赵杰,钟正.基于规则格网DEM的地形特征提取算法[J].测绘学报,2004,33(1):77-81.
[9]费立凡.地形图等高线成组综合的实验[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报,1993(增刊):6-22.
[10]陈向东.利用数字化等高线数据自动生成地形结构线[J].北京测绘,1994(1):6-12.
[11]郭明武,吴凡.等高线自动提取结构线方法与问题处理[J].地球信息科学,2005(7):113-119.
[12]陈海燕,万刚.利用等高线数据自动生成地性结构线的算法研究[J].测绘通报,2003(3):21-23.
[13]黄培之.提取山脊线和山谷线的一种新方法[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2001(26):247-252.
[14]靳海亮,康建荣,高井祥.利用等高线数据提取山脊(谷)线算法研究[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2005(9):810-812.
[15]Christopher Gold,Maciej Dakowicz.Terrain Modeling Based on Contours and Slopes[A],Symposium on Geospatial Theory,Processing and Applications,Ottawa 2002.
[16]陈涛,艾廷华.多边形骨架线与形心自动搜索算法研究[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2004,29(5):443-446.
[17]Tang L.Automatic Extraction of Specific Geomorphological Element from Contours[A],Proceedings of the 5th SDH conference[C],Charleston,SC,1992(2):554-556.
[18]艾廷华,祝国瑞,张根寿.基于Delaunay三角网模型的等高线地形特征提取及谷地树结构化组织[J].遥感学报,2003,7(4):292-299.
[19]G Aumann,H Ebner,L Tang.Automatic Derivation of Skeleton Lines from Digitized Contours[J],ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,1991(46):259-268.
[20]崔先国,汝绪伟,曲均浩.一种山脊线和山谷线提取的新方法[J].中国地理信息系统协会第八届年会论文集,2004:733-736.
[21]毛可标,陈向东.地形结构线自动生成方法研究[J].测绘科学,1995(3):12-18.
[22]刘颖,翟京生.一种自动识别地性线的新方法[J].海洋测绘,2005,25(3):21-23.
[23]汝绪伟.基于等高线数据的地形特征线提取及地形建模研究[D].山东科技大学,2004.
[24]毋河海.地图综合基础理论与技术方法研究[M].北京:测绘出版社,2004.
[25]应申.曲线的一致性化简及曲线相交的研究[D],武汉大学,2002.
[26]Attneave F.Some Informational Aspects of Visual Perception.Psychological Review,1954(61):183-193.
[27]Thapa K.Automatic Line Generalization using Zero Crossings,Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing,1988,54(4):511-517.
[28]Freeman H.Shape Description via the Use of Critical Points,Pattern Recognition,1978(10):159-166.
[29]Skopeliti A,Tsoulos L.Parametric description of the shape of cartographic line,Tech Chron,Sci,J,TCG,Ⅰ,1999:1-2.
[30]Poorten P.and Jones J C.Customizable Line Generalization using Delaunay Triangulation,CD-Rom Proceeding of 19th ICC,Ottawa,Section 8.1999.
[31]Wang Z,Muller J C.Line Generalization Based on Analysis of Shapes Characteristics,Cartography and Geographic Information System,1998,25(1):3-15.
[32]张宏,永宁,刘爱利.地理信息系统算法基础[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[33]谢祥根,符锌砂.考虑地形特征的三角网数模建立方法[J].中国公路学报,2000(1):10-13.
[34]陈军.Voronoi动态空间数据模型[M].北京:测绘出版社,2002.
[35]刘学军,符锌砂.三角网数字地面模型的理论、方法现状及发展[J].长沙交通学院学报,2001(2):24-30
[36]Lawson C L.Generation of a triangular grid with application to contour plotting[J],California Institute of Technology Jet Propulsion Laboratory,Technical Memorandum 299,1972.
[37]Lawson C L.Software for C~1 Surface Interpolation Mathematical Software Ⅲ[M],New York:Academic Press,1977.
[38]Green P J,Sibson R.Computing Dirichlet tessellations in the plane[J],The Computer Journal,1978,21(2):168-173.
[39]Brassel K E,Reif D.Procedure to Generate Thiessen Polygons[J],Geophysical Analysis,1979(11):289-303.
[40]Shamos M Ⅰ,Hoey D.Closest-point Problems[J],In:Proceedings of the 16th Annual Symposium on the Foundations of Computer Science,1975:151-162.
[41]Lewis B A,Robinson J S.Triangulation of Planar Regions with Applications[J],The Computer Journal,1978,21(4):324-332.
[42]Lee D T,Schachter B J.Two Algorithms for Constructing a Delaunay Triangulation[J],Int.J.of Computer and Information Sciences,1980,9(3):219-242.
[43]Lee D T,A Lin.Generalized Delaunay Triangulation for Planar Graphs[J],Discrete and Computational Geometry,1986(1):201-217.
[44]Chew L P.Constrained Delaunay Triangulation,in Proceedings of Third ACM Symposium on Compuational Geometry[M],Waterloo:[s.n.],1987.216-222.
[45]Boissinnat J D.Shape Reconstruction from Planar Sections[J],Comput Vision Graphics Image Process,1988,44:1-29.
[46]Piegl L A.Algorithm and Data Structure for Triangulation Multiply Connected Polygonal Domains[J], Computer and Graphics,1993,17(5):563-574.
[47]Sloan S W.A Fast Algorithm for Constructing Delaunay Triangulation in the Plane[J],Advanced Engineering Software,1987,9(1):34-55.
[48]Floriani L D.An Online Algorithm for Constrained Delaunay Triangulation[J],CVGIP:Graphical Models and Image Processing,1992,54(3):290-300.
[49]徐青,吴寿虎,朱述龙,邱振戈.近代摄影测量[M],解放军出版社,2000,2.
[50]Preusser A.Bivariate Interpolation ueber Dreieckselementen durch Polynome 5,Ordung mit C1-kontinuitaet,Zeitschrift fuer Vermessungswesen,1984(109,Heft 6):292-301.
[51]崔铁军,董延春,杨大洲.TIN到格网DTI的内插算法[J],地理信息系统与电子地图技术的进展,湖南地图出版社,1999.
[52]王家耀.空间信息系统原理[M].北京:科学出版社,2001:197-203.
[53]秦志远,苏媛媛,尹亚娟.DEM无缝镶嵌及二维可视化技术研究[J].黑龙江工程学院学报(自然科学版),2005(1):4-7.