数字地貌晕渲技术的优化与实现
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摘要
数字地貌晕渲是在二维平面上显示地势形态起伏的主要方法,随着应用领域逐渐广泛,用户对晕渲图的表现力、艺术性和制作灵活性方面都有了更高的要求。如何在合理准确的塑造各种地貌形态的基础上,提高晕渲的表现力是当前数字地貌晕渲技术面临的主要问题。
本文从地貌晕渲法的基本原理出发,针对目前数字晕渲技术存在的问题,结合对地貌特征的分析,研究并实现数字地貌晕渲技术的优化方法。主要内容包括:
1.探讨地貌晕渲的基本原理和数字地貌晕渲相关技术。分析晕渲的三个基本原理:几何光学原理、半色调变化原理和空中透视原理在晕渲图制作中的作用;针对不同地貌类型,探讨晕渲所采用的不同地貌塑造方法;总结数字地貌晕渲的相关技术和制作过程。2.通过对地貌形态参数的概念、分类和作用的分析,研究与晕渲相关的地形参数的提取算法;论文通过对不同实验数据的对比,详细分析了不同坡度坡向算法的差异,提出在晕渲图制作中三阶差分算法的适用性较好;通过实验,分析总结不同地貌类型的地形参数特点和变化规律,为了解制图区域地貌类型和数据特点提供依据。
3.阐述晕渲技术优化研究的必要性,提出优化研究相关的技术方法。研究主要包括利用地形特征点线的提取算法、缓冲区算法和双线性插值算法研究实现优化范围的确定并保证色调变化的自然过渡;探讨Lambert反射模型和基于坡向的光照模型两种光照模型,分析了它们的差别和各自的优缺点,提出晕渲光照模型的选择方法;通过对地形参数的统计分析合理选择晕渲的光源,归纳总结光源选择可能出现的四种情况;分析色调调整的意义、作用和应用情况等,提出利用坡度、去噪处理划分平地面范围,调整平地面色调的方法。
4.应用所研究的晕渲优化技术,编程实现相应的晕渲制作系统,并对系统的功能和利用系统制作晕渲图的基本过程进行介绍。
The digital relief shading is the main method that express undulation change of geography appearance on the 2D flat surface, consumers has more need about expressive force, art and agility of relief shading along with the application become more extensive. How can the relief shading figure various topography logically and true, having well expression and achieving high effect is chief problem that the relief shading face.
This paper set out from peculiarity of relief shading itself, aims at lack of digital relief shading technique, combines with analysis of geography characteristic, research and realizes optimization for relief shading technique. The main contents include:
1. Discussing the rationale of relief shading and technique of digital relief shading. Expatiating three keystones that are the theory for geometric optics, halftone change and aerial perspective. Summarizing different method for showing geography that aims at different geomorphic type. Researching the related technique and making process of digital relief shading.
2. Studying the conception, classification and function for topographic parameter, discussing arithmetic of distilling parameters that relate to relief shading. This paper analyses the different arithmetic for slope and aspect particularly, then brings forward Third Order Difference has good applicability in relief shading. Analyzing and summarizing the characteristic and variational rule of topographic parameters for different geomorphic type though experimentation.
3. Expatiating the need of researching optimization for relief shading technique, brings forward the method of researching. The main matters include putting out optimization range and assuring the change of color tone naturally by using arithmetic of distilling point and line of geography characteristic, the buffer arithmetic interpolation algorithm; discussing lambert illumination model and model based on aspect, analyzing the difference and excellence themselves, bringing forward the choice for illumination model with relief shading; Choosing the reasonable light source though statistics and analysis of topographic parameter, concluding the four instances may appear about choosing light source; analyzing the meaning, function and application instances of modulating for color tone, bringing forward the method that compartmentalizes flat area and modulates tone of flat area by using slope and disposing yawp.
4. Though using techniques researching in optimizing relief shading, establishing the system of making relief shading by programmer, introducing the function of system and the basic process for making relief shading by using system in brief.
本文从地貌晕渲法的基本原理出发,针对目前数字晕渲技术存在的问题,结合对地貌特征的分析,研究并实现数字地貌晕渲技术的优化方法。主要内容包括:
1.探讨地貌晕渲的基本原理和数字地貌晕渲相关技术。分析晕渲的三个基本原理:几何光学原理、半色调变化原理和空中透视原理在晕渲图制作中的作用;针对不同地貌类型,探讨晕渲所采用的不同地貌塑造方法;总结数字地貌晕渲的相关技术和制作过程。2.通过对地貌形态参数的概念、分类和作用的分析,研究与晕渲相关的地形参数的提取算法;论文通过对不同实验数据的对比,详细分析了不同坡度坡向算法的差异,提出在晕渲图制作中三阶差分算法的适用性较好;通过实验,分析总结不同地貌类型的地形参数特点和变化规律,为了解制图区域地貌类型和数据特点提供依据。
3.阐述晕渲技术优化研究的必要性,提出优化研究相关的技术方法。研究主要包括利用地形特征点线的提取算法、缓冲区算法和双线性插值算法研究实现优化范围的确定并保证色调变化的自然过渡;探讨Lambert反射模型和基于坡向的光照模型两种光照模型,分析了它们的差别和各自的优缺点,提出晕渲光照模型的选择方法;通过对地形参数的统计分析合理选择晕渲的光源,归纳总结光源选择可能出现的四种情况;分析色调调整的意义、作用和应用情况等,提出利用坡度、去噪处理划分平地面范围,调整平地面色调的方法。
4.应用所研究的晕渲优化技术,编程实现相应的晕渲制作系统,并对系统的功能和利用系统制作晕渲图的基本过程进行介绍。
The digital relief shading is the main method that express undulation change of geography appearance on the 2D flat surface, consumers has more need about expressive force, art and agility of relief shading along with the application become more extensive. How can the relief shading figure various topography logically and true, having well expression and achieving high effect is chief problem that the relief shading face.
This paper set out from peculiarity of relief shading itself, aims at lack of digital relief shading technique, combines with analysis of geography characteristic, research and realizes optimization for relief shading technique. The main contents include:
1. Discussing the rationale of relief shading and technique of digital relief shading. Expatiating three keystones that are the theory for geometric optics, halftone change and aerial perspective. Summarizing different method for showing geography that aims at different geomorphic type. Researching the related technique and making process of digital relief shading.
2. Studying the conception, classification and function for topographic parameter, discussing arithmetic of distilling parameters that relate to relief shading. This paper analyses the different arithmetic for slope and aspect particularly, then brings forward Third Order Difference has good applicability in relief shading. Analyzing and summarizing the characteristic and variational rule of topographic parameters for different geomorphic type though experimentation.
3. Expatiating the need of researching optimization for relief shading technique, brings forward the method of researching. The main matters include putting out optimization range and assuring the change of color tone naturally by using arithmetic of distilling point and line of geography characteristic, the buffer arithmetic interpolation algorithm; discussing lambert illumination model and model based on aspect, analyzing the difference and excellence themselves, bringing forward the choice for illumination model with relief shading; Choosing the reasonable light source though statistics and analysis of topographic parameter, concluding the four instances may appear about choosing light source; analyzing the meaning, function and application instances of modulating for color tone, bringing forward the method that compartmentalizes flat area and modulates tone of flat area by using slope and disposing yawp.
4. Though using techniques researching in optimizing relief shading, establishing the system of making relief shading by programmer, introducing the function of system and the basic process for making relief shading by using system in brief.
引文
[1]苏时雨,李钜章.地貌制图[M].北京:测绘出版社,1999.
[2]施祖辉.地貌晕渲法[M].北京:测绘出版社,1983.
[3]高俊.高俊教授论文选编[C].郑州:解放军测绘学院,1999.
[4]Relief Shading Homepage.http://www.reliefshading.com
[5]L. Hurni , B. Jenny , T. Dahinden and E. Hutzler.Interactive Analytical Shading and Cliff Drawing:Advances in Digital Relief Presentation for Topographic Mountain Maps[J].Proceedings of the 20th ICA International Cartographic Conference,2001,Vol.5:3384-3391
[6]李少梅,孙群.数字制图中地貌晕渲技术的发展现状[J].测绘通报,2003,(1):18-21.
[7]曹纯贫.数字地貌晕渲中若干参数的设置[J].测绘通报,2003,(5):17-19.
[8]郭庆胜,王晓延.地貌晕渲中光源使用方法与用色规则的研究[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2004,(1):20-23.
[9]郭明武,吴凡,黄宇,彭青山.工程化数字地貌自动晕渲系统的设计与实现[J].测绘通报,2006,(10):16-19.
[10]胡静妍,李霖,李雄科.基于DirectX的地貌晕渲实现机制研究[J].测绘科学,2004,(8):20-22.
[11]地貌学[M].郑州:测绘学院,1980.
[12]段体学等.地图整饰[M].北京:测绘出版社,1985.
[13]李少梅.数字地貌晕渲理论与技术的研究[D].解放军信息工程大学博士学位论文,2004.
[14]李志林,朱庆.数字高程模型[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2005.
[15]汤国安,刘学军,闾国年.数字高程模型及地学分析的原理与方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.
[16]Wilson, J.P , Gallant, J.C.Terrain analysis: principles and applications[D].UK: John Wiley & Sons, 2000.
[17]邬伦,刘瑜,张晶等.地理信息系统—原理、方法和应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.
[18]Wood, J.D.The geomorphological characterisation of Digital Elevation Models[D].Ph.D Thesis University of Leicester,1996.
[19]周启鸣,刘学军.数字地形分析[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[20]刘学军.基于规则格网数字高程模型解译算法误差分析与评价[D].武汉大学博士学位论文, 2002.
[21]李天文,刘学军,陈正江,汤国安,李军锋.规则格网DEM坡度坡向算法的比较分析[J].干旱区地理,2004,(9):398-403.
[22]陈楠,王钦敏,汤国安.自DEM由不同算法提取坡度的对比分析[J].测绘工程,2006,(2):6-9.
[23]刘学军,龚健雅,周启鸣,汤国安.基于DEM坡度坡向算法精度的分析研究[J].测绘学报,2004,(3):258-262.
[24]Tang, G.A.A research on the accuracy of digital elevation models[J].Science Press,Beijing,2000.
[25]汤国安,杨勤科.不同比例尺DEM提取地面坡度的精度研究—以在黄土丘陵沟壑区的实验为例[J].水土保持通报,2001,(1):53-56.
[26]汤国安,宋佳.基于DEM坡度图制图中坡度分级方法的比较研究[J].水土保持学报,2006,(2):157-160.
[27]朱红春,陈楠,刘海英,汤国安.自1:10000比例尺DEM提取地形起伏度—以陕北黄土高原的实验为例[J].测绘科学,2005,(4):86-88.
[28]王玲,同小娟.基于变点分析的地形起伏度研究[J].地理与地理信息科学,2007,(6):65-67.
[29]刘新华,杨勤科,汤国安.中国地形起伏度的提取及在水土流失定量评价中的应用[J].水土保持通报,2001,(1):57-59.
[30]谢顺平,都金康,罗维佳,邓敏.基于DEM的复杂地形流域特征提取[J].地理研究,2006,(1):96-102.
[31]朱庆,赵杰,钟正,眭海刚.基于规则格网DEM的地形特征提取算法[J].测绘学报,2004,(1):77-82.
[32]黄培之,刘泽慧.地形断面高程极值法的理论研究[J].测绘通报,2005,(4):11-13.
[33]张渭军,孔金玲,王文科.山脊线和山谷线自动提取的一种新方法[J].测绘科学,2006,(1):33-34.
[34]孙家广等.计算机图形学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1998.
[35]Yo?li. P.Computer-assisted determination of the valley and ridge lines of digital terrain models[M]. Inter.Yearbook of Cartography,1984.
[36]Wu, H.H.Problem of buffer zone construction in GIS[J].Spatial Information Technology Towards 2000 and Beyond,Geo-informatics 98 Conference Proceedings,1998,282-287.
[37]张宏,温永宁,刘爱利等.地理信息系统算法基础[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.
[38]赵向阳,杜利民.一种全自动稳健的图像拼接融合算法[J].中国图象图形学报,2004,(4):417-422.
[39]David F. Rogers著,石教英,彭群生等译.计算机图形学的算法基础[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2002.
[40]Zhou Qiming.Relief shading using Digital Elevation Models[J].Computers and Geosciences,1992,Vol.18:1035-1045.
[41]An Interactive Approach to Analytical Relief Shading[J].中国图象图形学报,2004,(4):417-422.
[42]游雄.空间数据可视化[M].中国人民解放军信息工程大学教材.
[43]周鸣杨,赵景亮.精通GDI+编程[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004.
[2]施祖辉.地貌晕渲法[M].北京:测绘出版社,1983.
[3]高俊.高俊教授论文选编[C].郑州:解放军测绘学院,1999.
[4]Relief Shading Homepage.http://www.reliefshading.com
[5]L. Hurni , B. Jenny , T. Dahinden and E. Hutzler.Interactive Analytical Shading and Cliff Drawing:Advances in Digital Relief Presentation for Topographic Mountain Maps[J].Proceedings of the 20th ICA International Cartographic Conference,2001,Vol.5:3384-3391
[6]李少梅,孙群.数字制图中地貌晕渲技术的发展现状[J].测绘通报,2003,(1):18-21.
[7]曹纯贫.数字地貌晕渲中若干参数的设置[J].测绘通报,2003,(5):17-19.
[8]郭庆胜,王晓延.地貌晕渲中光源使用方法与用色规则的研究[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2004,(1):20-23.
[9]郭明武,吴凡,黄宇,彭青山.工程化数字地貌自动晕渲系统的设计与实现[J].测绘通报,2006,(10):16-19.
[10]胡静妍,李霖,李雄科.基于DirectX的地貌晕渲实现机制研究[J].测绘科学,2004,(8):20-22.
[11]地貌学[M].郑州:测绘学院,1980.
[12]段体学等.地图整饰[M].北京:测绘出版社,1985.
[13]李少梅.数字地貌晕渲理论与技术的研究[D].解放军信息工程大学博士学位论文,2004.
[14]李志林,朱庆.数字高程模型[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2005.
[15]汤国安,刘学军,闾国年.数字高程模型及地学分析的原理与方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.
[16]Wilson, J.P , Gallant, J.C.Terrain analysis: principles and applications[D].UK: John Wiley & Sons, 2000.
[17]邬伦,刘瑜,张晶等.地理信息系统—原理、方法和应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.
[18]Wood, J.D.The geomorphological characterisation of Digital Elevation Models[D].Ph.D Thesis University of Leicester,1996.
[19]周启鸣,刘学军.数字地形分析[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[20]刘学军.基于规则格网数字高程模型解译算法误差分析与评价[D].武汉大学博士学位论文, 2002.
[21]李天文,刘学军,陈正江,汤国安,李军锋.规则格网DEM坡度坡向算法的比较分析[J].干旱区地理,2004,(9):398-403.
[22]陈楠,王钦敏,汤国安.自DEM由不同算法提取坡度的对比分析[J].测绘工程,2006,(2):6-9.
[23]刘学军,龚健雅,周启鸣,汤国安.基于DEM坡度坡向算法精度的分析研究[J].测绘学报,2004,(3):258-262.
[24]Tang, G.A.A research on the accuracy of digital elevation models[J].Science Press,Beijing,2000.
[25]汤国安,杨勤科.不同比例尺DEM提取地面坡度的精度研究—以在黄土丘陵沟壑区的实验为例[J].水土保持通报,2001,(1):53-56.
[26]汤国安,宋佳.基于DEM坡度图制图中坡度分级方法的比较研究[J].水土保持学报,2006,(2):157-160.
[27]朱红春,陈楠,刘海英,汤国安.自1:10000比例尺DEM提取地形起伏度—以陕北黄土高原的实验为例[J].测绘科学,2005,(4):86-88.
[28]王玲,同小娟.基于变点分析的地形起伏度研究[J].地理与地理信息科学,2007,(6):65-67.
[29]刘新华,杨勤科,汤国安.中国地形起伏度的提取及在水土流失定量评价中的应用[J].水土保持通报,2001,(1):57-59.
[30]谢顺平,都金康,罗维佳,邓敏.基于DEM的复杂地形流域特征提取[J].地理研究,2006,(1):96-102.
[31]朱庆,赵杰,钟正,眭海刚.基于规则格网DEM的地形特征提取算法[J].测绘学报,2004,(1):77-82.
[32]黄培之,刘泽慧.地形断面高程极值法的理论研究[J].测绘通报,2005,(4):11-13.
[33]张渭军,孔金玲,王文科.山脊线和山谷线自动提取的一种新方法[J].测绘科学,2006,(1):33-34.
[34]孙家广等.计算机图形学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1998.
[35]Yo?li. P.Computer-assisted determination of the valley and ridge lines of digital terrain models[M]. Inter.Yearbook of Cartography,1984.
[36]Wu, H.H.Problem of buffer zone construction in GIS[J].Spatial Information Technology Towards 2000 and Beyond,Geo-informatics 98 Conference Proceedings,1998,282-287.
[37]张宏,温永宁,刘爱利等.地理信息系统算法基础[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.
[38]赵向阳,杜利民.一种全自动稳健的图像拼接融合算法[J].中国图象图形学报,2004,(4):417-422.
[39]David F. Rogers著,石教英,彭群生等译.计算机图形学的算法基础[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2002.
[40]Zhou Qiming.Relief shading using Digital Elevation Models[J].Computers and Geosciences,1992,Vol.18:1035-1045.
[41]An Interactive Approach to Analytical Relief Shading[J].中国图象图形学报,2004,(4):417-422.
[42]游雄.空间数据可视化[M].中国人民解放军信息工程大学教材.
[43]周鸣杨,赵景亮.精通GDI+编程[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004.