基于ArcGIS Engine的VRTool软件平台的设计与实现
摘要
随着虚拟现实应用需求的上升，出现了许多关于虚拟现实的建模方法或工具，这些建模方法或工具可以划分为两种：自动建模和手动建模。当前的建模方法还不够完善，自动建模方法缺乏大范围精细贴图技术，精细度不高，较粗糙；手动建模方法对虚拟现实的交互性支持不高。两者都还没达到非常完善的程度，还有待改进。
针对目前虚拟现实建模工具在人机交互性建模方面的不足，提出一种虚拟现实交互建模的方法，设计实现了一种新型建模工具VRTool。在该平台中引入了工业流水线设计技术，采用混合设计模式，提出了交互性建模的拓扑模型(VRTP)、视角跟踪导航模型(VTN)以及地形趋势增长(TTR)算法，解决了交互建模的定位坐标数据源问题、线性速度突变问题、复杂山体的生成以及虚拟现实建模工具软件开发的其它众多难题。实验结果表明了该建模方法的可靠有效性，为虚拟现实建模工具的发展提供了新的思路。
目前我们已经实现了VRTool平台核心的关键功能，并已经将该平台投入到实际开发项目中。VRTool平台具备了很好的实用性和方便性，以及较好的功能完备性，能非常方便的开发中小规模的虚拟现实系统，大大缩短项目开发周期。
With the application of virtual reality to the rising demand, there's a lot of virtual reality modeling methods and tools. These modeling methods and tools can be divided into two categories: Manual and automatic modeling method. Nowaday modeling methods are still not perfect and automatic modeling methods are short of large-scale sophisticated mapping technology in detail, and even rough. Both have not reached a very good level, so it also needs to improve.
In view of the shortage of current virtual reality modeling tools in the Human-Computer Interaction Modeling, we propose a virtual reality interactive modeling method. Then we design a new modeling tool VRTool with industrial pipeline and mixed design patterns, and propose virtual reality topological model (VRTP), visual trace navigation model (VTN) and Terrain Trend Rise arithmetic (TTR). We solve the problems of data source in located coordinates, linear pace mutation, formation of complex mountains and other problems in the development of software platform. The experimental results show the reliability and validity of the modeling method, and a new thought for interaction modeling is provided to the development of VR modeling tool.
We have implemented the core functions of VRTool platform, and the VRTool platform has already been used into the actual project of development. VRTool is a very good platform for practicality and convenience, and better functional completeness. It's convenient to develop a small or medium size virtual reality system, and it can greatly shorten project development cycle.
针对目前虚拟现实建模工具在人机交互性建模方面的不足，提出一种虚拟现实交互建模的方法，设计实现了一种新型建模工具VRTool。在该平台中引入了工业流水线设计技术，采用混合设计模式，提出了交互性建模的拓扑模型(VRTP)、视角跟踪导航模型(VTN)以及地形趋势增长(TTR)算法，解决了交互建模的定位坐标数据源问题、线性速度突变问题、复杂山体的生成以及虚拟现实建模工具软件开发的其它众多难题。实验结果表明了该建模方法的可靠有效性，为虚拟现实建模工具的发展提供了新的思路。
目前我们已经实现了VRTool平台核心的关键功能，并已经将该平台投入到实际开发项目中。VRTool平台具备了很好的实用性和方便性，以及较好的功能完备性，能非常方便的开发中小规模的虚拟现实系统，大大缩短项目开发周期。
With the application of virtual reality to the rising demand, there's a lot of virtual reality modeling methods and tools. These modeling methods and tools can be divided into two categories: Manual and automatic modeling method. Nowaday modeling methods are still not perfect and automatic modeling methods are short of large-scale sophisticated mapping technology in detail, and even rough. Both have not reached a very good level, so it also needs to improve.
In view of the shortage of current virtual reality modeling tools in the Human-Computer Interaction Modeling, we propose a virtual reality interactive modeling method. Then we design a new modeling tool VRTool with industrial pipeline and mixed design patterns, and propose virtual reality topological model (VRTP), visual trace navigation model (VTN) and Terrain Trend Rise arithmetic (TTR). We solve the problems of data source in located coordinates, linear pace mutation, formation of complex mountains and other problems in the development of software platform. The experimental results show the reliability and validity of the modeling method, and a new thought for interaction modeling is provided to the development of VR modeling tool.
We have implemented the core functions of VRTool platform, and the VRTool platform has already been used into the actual project of development. VRTool is a very good platform for practicality and convenience, and better functional completeness. It's convenient to develop a small or medium size virtual reality system, and it can greatly shorten project development cycle.
引文
[1] 韦有双，杨湘龙，王飞．虚拟现实与系统仿真[M]．北京：国防工业出版社，2004
[2] 申蔚，夏立文．虚拟现实技术[M]．北京：北京希望电子出版社，2002
[3] 刘贤梅，李勤，司国海，陈雪松．虚拟现实技术及应用[J]．大庆石油学院学报，2002，26(2)：112-117
[4] [EB／OL]——参考网址：http://www.cs.unc.edu/Outreach/vr/
[5] [EB／OL]——参考网址：http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2000/vr-1108.html
[6] [EB／OL]——参考网址：http://beckerexhibits.wustl.edu/3D/
[7] [EB／OL]——参考网址：http://www.human.rcast.u-tokyo.ac.jp/index_e.html
[8] 李志文，韩晓玲．虚拟现实技术研究现状及未来发展[J]．信息技术与信息化，2005，第3期：94
[9] 刘向铜，熊助国，曹秋香．虚拟现实技术的若干问题及发展展望[J]．水利科技与经济，2006，第5期：324
[10] 曹瑜，胡光道．地理信息系统在国内外应用现状[J]．中国测绘，2003(2)：32-33
[11] Maguire D J. An overview and definition of GIS[J]. Geographic Information System. London: Longman Inc, 1991: 9-19
[12] 罗春．地理信息系统发展的新趋势：面向服务的体系结构[J]．地理信息世界，2006，第5期：67
[13] 袁春红．地理信息系统(GIS)发展趋势及特征分析[J]．内江科技，2006，第6期：95
[14] 徐苏维，王军见，盛也华．3D／4DGIS／TGIS现状研究及其发展动态[J]．计算机工程与应用，2005，第3期：58
[15] 张晶，邬伦．虚拟现实地理信息系统的设计研究[J]．地理学与国土研究，2002，第2期：19
[16] 管群，刘浩吾．虚拟现实地理信息系统技术研究[J]．四川测绘，2002，第1期：21
[17] 陈轶群，朱群雄．Cortona组件在虚拟现实系统中的应用[J]．北京化工大学学报(自然科学版)，2005，(5)．
[18] 丛云．地理信息系统技术在Mini VR-GIS系统中的应用[D]．北京化工大学，2005
[19] MacEachren, A. M. , Edsall, R. , Haug, D. , Baxter, R. , Otto, G. , Masters, R. , Fuhrmann, S. , Qian, L. Virtual environments for geographic visualization: potential and challenges[J]. In: Proceedings of the ACM Workshop on New Paradigms in Information Visualization and Manipulation, Kansas City, KS, November 6, 1999, pp. 35-40, 1999
[20] Winterbottom, S. J. , Long, D. From abstract digital models to rich virtual environments: landscape contexts in Kilmartin Glen, Scotland[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science 33(10), 1256-1367, 2006
[21] Bishop, I. D. , Gimblett, H. R. Management of recreationalareas: geographic information systems, autonomous agents and virtual reality[J]. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 27, 423-435, 2000
[22] Doyle, S. , Dodge, M. , Smith, A. The potential of webbased mapping and virtual reality technologies for modeling urban environments[J]. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 22 (2), 137-155, 1998
[23] Counsell, J. 3D built form and landscape from 2D maps[J]. Habitat 6, 41-43, 1999
[24] Unwin, D. The virtual field course[J]. Second International Conference on GIS in Higher Education, Columbia, MD, USA, September 11-14, 4pp, 1997
[25] Parsons, S. , Leonard, A. , Mitchell, P. Virtual environments for social skills training: comments from two adolescents with autistic spectrum disorder[J]. Computers & Education 47(2), 186-206, 2006
[26] Takase, Y. , Sone, A. , Hatanaka,T. A development of 3D urban information system on web[C]. Processing and Visualization using High-Resolution Images. Thailand, 2004
[27] [M/CD]——Takase, Y. , Sho, N. , Sone, A. , Shimiya, K. , 2003. Automatic Generation of 3-D City Models and Related Applications, International Workshop on Visualization and Animation of Reality-based 3D Models, Tarasp-Vulpera, Switzerland, ISPRS Commission V, WG V/6, CD-ROM.
[28] Huang, B. , Lin, H. GeoVR: a web-based tool for virtual reality presentation from 2D GIS data[J]. Computers & Geosciences 25 (10), 1167-1175, 1999
[29] Whyte, J. , Bouchlaghem, N. , Thorpe, A. From CAD to virtual reality: modelling approaches, data exchange and interactive 3D building design tools[J]. Automation in Construction 10(1), 43-55, 2000
[30] Dollner, J. , Buchholz, H. : Continuous Level-of-Detail Modeling of Buildings in 3D City Models[J]. Proceedings ofACM GIS 2005, pp. 173-181, 2005.
[31] 蒋琴仙．数字化产品基本装配过程及关键匹配要素的研究[J]．南京理工大学硕士学位论文，2001：10-13
[32] 刘胜军．精益生产方式现代化[M]．深圳：海天出版社，2002
[33] 龚国华，王国才．生产与运作管理[M]．上海：复旦大学出版社，2003：101-115
[34] 潘家轺，刘丽文．现代生产管理学[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，1994
[35] 孙维奇．生产与运作管理[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，2004：119-138
[36] 陈红．如何进行生产作业管理[M]．北京：北京大学出版社，2004
[37] William R. Cook. Interfaces and Specifications for the Smalltalk-80 Collection Classes[J]. In Object-Oriented Programming Systerms, Languages, and Applications Conference Proceedings, pages 1-15, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, October 1992. ACM Press.
[38] Gamma E. , Helm R. , Johnson R. , et al. Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software [M]. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1995.
[39] Peter Coad. Object-oriented patterns[J]. Communications of the ACM, 35(9) : 152-159, September 1992.
[40] 曾登高．．NET系统构架与开发[M]．北京：电子工业出版社，2003
[41] [EB/OL]——Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc(ESRI). What is ArcGIS. http://support.esri.com/index.cfm?fa=knowledgebase.whitepapers.viewPaper&PID=79&MetaID=769.January 25, 2005
[42] [CP/DK]——ParallelGraphics. Cortona(?) SDK. ParallelGraphics Company. 2004
[43] [EB／OL]——参考网址：www.parallelgraphics.com
[44] [EB/OL]——Paul Martz. Generating Random Fractal Terrain. http://www.gameprogrammer.com/fractal.html, 1997
[45] 司连法，王文静．快速Dijkstra最短路径优化算法的实现[J]．测绘通报，2005，第8期：15
[46] 陈飞翔，杨崇俊，申胜利等．基于LBS的移动GIS研究[J]．计算机工程与应用，2006，第2期：200
[2] 申蔚，夏立文．虚拟现实技术[M]．北京：北京希望电子出版社，2002
[3] 刘贤梅，李勤，司国海，陈雪松．虚拟现实技术及应用[J]．大庆石油学院学报，2002，26(2)：112-117
[4] [EB／OL]——参考网址：http://www.cs.unc.edu/Outreach/vr/
[5] [EB／OL]——参考网址：http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2000/vr-1108.html
[6] [EB／OL]——参考网址：http://beckerexhibits.wustl.edu/3D/
[7] [EB／OL]——参考网址：http://www.human.rcast.u-tokyo.ac.jp/index_e.html
[8] 李志文，韩晓玲．虚拟现实技术研究现状及未来发展[J]．信息技术与信息化，2005，第3期：94
[9] 刘向铜，熊助国，曹秋香．虚拟现实技术的若干问题及发展展望[J]．水利科技与经济，2006，第5期：324
[10] 曹瑜，胡光道．地理信息系统在国内外应用现状[J]．中国测绘，2003(2)：32-33
[11] Maguire D J. An overview and definition of GIS[J]. Geographic Information System. London: Longman Inc, 1991: 9-19
[12] 罗春．地理信息系统发展的新趋势：面向服务的体系结构[J]．地理信息世界，2006，第5期：67
[13] 袁春红．地理信息系统(GIS)发展趋势及特征分析[J]．内江科技，2006，第6期：95
[14] 徐苏维，王军见，盛也华．3D／4DGIS／TGIS现状研究及其发展动态[J]．计算机工程与应用，2005，第3期：58
[15] 张晶，邬伦．虚拟现实地理信息系统的设计研究[J]．地理学与国土研究，2002，第2期：19
[16] 管群，刘浩吾．虚拟现实地理信息系统技术研究[J]．四川测绘，2002，第1期：21
[17] 陈轶群，朱群雄．Cortona组件在虚拟现实系统中的应用[J]．北京化工大学学报(自然科学版)，2005，(5)．
[18] 丛云．地理信息系统技术在Mini VR-GIS系统中的应用[D]．北京化工大学，2005
[19] MacEachren, A. M. , Edsall, R. , Haug, D. , Baxter, R. , Otto, G. , Masters, R. , Fuhrmann, S. , Qian, L. Virtual environments for geographic visualization: potential and challenges[J]. In: Proceedings of the ACM Workshop on New Paradigms in Information Visualization and Manipulation, Kansas City, KS, November 6, 1999, pp. 35-40, 1999
[20] Winterbottom, S. J. , Long, D. From abstract digital models to rich virtual environments: landscape contexts in Kilmartin Glen, Scotland[J]. Journal of Archaeological Science 33(10), 1256-1367, 2006
[21] Bishop, I. D. , Gimblett, H. R. Management of recreationalareas: geographic information systems, autonomous agents and virtual reality[J]. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 27, 423-435, 2000
[22] Doyle, S. , Dodge, M. , Smith, A. The potential of webbased mapping and virtual reality technologies for modeling urban environments[J]. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 22 (2), 137-155, 1998
[23] Counsell, J. 3D built form and landscape from 2D maps[J]. Habitat 6, 41-43, 1999
[24] Unwin, D. The virtual field course[J]. Second International Conference on GIS in Higher Education, Columbia, MD, USA, September 11-14, 4pp, 1997
[25] Parsons, S. , Leonard, A. , Mitchell, P. Virtual environments for social skills training: comments from two adolescents with autistic spectrum disorder[J]. Computers & Education 47(2), 186-206, 2006
[26] Takase, Y. , Sone, A. , Hatanaka,T. A development of 3D urban information system on web[C]. Processing and Visualization using High-Resolution Images. Thailand, 2004
[27] [M/CD]——Takase, Y. , Sho, N. , Sone, A. , Shimiya, K. , 2003. Automatic Generation of 3-D City Models and Related Applications, International Workshop on Visualization and Animation of Reality-based 3D Models, Tarasp-Vulpera, Switzerland, ISPRS Commission V, WG V/6, CD-ROM.
[28] Huang, B. , Lin, H. GeoVR: a web-based tool for virtual reality presentation from 2D GIS data[J]. Computers & Geosciences 25 (10), 1167-1175, 1999
[29] Whyte, J. , Bouchlaghem, N. , Thorpe, A. From CAD to virtual reality: modelling approaches, data exchange and interactive 3D building design tools[J]. Automation in Construction 10(1), 43-55, 2000
[30] Dollner, J. , Buchholz, H. : Continuous Level-of-Detail Modeling of Buildings in 3D City Models[J]. Proceedings ofACM GIS 2005, pp. 173-181, 2005.
[31] 蒋琴仙．数字化产品基本装配过程及关键匹配要素的研究[J]．南京理工大学硕士学位论文，2001：10-13
[32] 刘胜军．精益生产方式现代化[M]．深圳：海天出版社，2002
[33] 龚国华，王国才．生产与运作管理[M]．上海：复旦大学出版社，2003：101-115
[34] 潘家轺，刘丽文．现代生产管理学[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，1994
[35] 孙维奇．生产与运作管理[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，2004：119-138
[36] 陈红．如何进行生产作业管理[M]．北京：北京大学出版社，2004
[37] William R. Cook. Interfaces and Specifications for the Smalltalk-80 Collection Classes[J]. In Object-Oriented Programming Systerms, Languages, and Applications Conference Proceedings, pages 1-15, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, October 1992. ACM Press.
[38] Gamma E. , Helm R. , Johnson R. , et al. Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software [M]. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1995.
[39] Peter Coad. Object-oriented patterns[J]. Communications of the ACM, 35(9) : 152-159, September 1992.
[40] 曾登高．．NET系统构架与开发[M]．北京：电子工业出版社，2003
[41] [EB/OL]——Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc(ESRI). What is ArcGIS. http://support.esri.com/index.cfm?fa=knowledgebase.whitepapers.viewPaper&PID=79&MetaID=769.January 25, 2005
[42] [CP/DK]——ParallelGraphics. Cortona(?) SDK. ParallelGraphics Company. 2004
[43] [EB／OL]——参考网址：www.parallelgraphics.com
[44] [EB/OL]——Paul Martz. Generating Random Fractal Terrain. http://www.gameprogrammer.com/fractal.html, 1997
[45] 司连法，王文静．快速Dijkstra最短路径优化算法的实现[J]．测绘通报，2005，第8期：15
[46] 陈飞翔，杨崇俊，申胜利等．基于LBS的移动GIS研究[J]．计算机工程与应用，2006，第2期：200