华南加里东期构造变形特征和动力学机制
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摘要
本文通过系统解剖华南早古生代地层出露较好且加里东运动比较典型的地区,包括广西的元宝山、越城岭、大明山、大瑶山地区,黔东南三都地区,湘中涟源地区以及湘赣边境等地区,运用野外地质调查、室内地质综合分析和地球物理资料解释相结合的方法,对其褶皱、断裂形态,地层间角度不整合时空分布规律和岩浆岩的产出规律进行了详细描述和分析,最终得出以下结论和认识：
1)确定了加里东期存在两幕变形：加里东期总体构造线方向早期为近EW向,现今出露的一些NE—-NNE向的下古生界褶皱是后期改造的结果。雪峰山西缘受加里东运动的影响较弱,变形机制类似米仓山地区,都是在造山带的前缘形成类前陆盆地,只是时间有差异。加里东运动影响的西边界为修水—沅陵—辰溪—三都一线。
2)分析认为加里东期变形属性为陆内变形：通过对加里东期花岗岩和沉积古地理资料分析,认为华南加里东造山运动为陆内造山性质,而不是前人所说的洋—陆俯冲事件和陆—陆碰撞造山事件。
3)提出了加里东期变形机制是陆内多块体汇聚：加里东运动的早期,云开地块向北与桂滇—北越地块发生推覆挤压,使得广西大明山、大瑶山地区近EW向寒武系紧闭褶皱的出现。同时,这一运动也使桂滇—北越地块开始向北与扬子地块发生汇聚挤压,而扬子地块北缘也开始受到秦岭微板块扩张力的作用,受两者双重作用力的影响,扬子地块内部出现一些近EW向的宽缓褶皱形态,该期变形强度由南向北逐渐减弱。加里东运动的晚期,扬子地块与华夏地块收缩挤压,扬子地块受到来自SE向NW的挤压应力,使桂北越城岭、元宝山地区,湘赣边境地区以及雪峰山东缘地区出现了一些NE—-NNE向的下古生界褶皱,对早期EW向构造进行了叠加改造,该期变形强度由东向西逐渐减弱。同时,受这一运动的影响在华南形成了大量面状分布的加里东期S型花岗岩体,并在云开地区产生了构造—岩浆热事件。
4)厘定了加里东期逆冲体系：在雪峰山的东缘,靖州—溆浦断裂、三江—融水断裂、龙胜—永福断裂均表现为西倾东冲的性质,而东侧的城步—新化断裂则表现东倾西冲的性质,形成对冲三角带构造。同时本地也有一些轴面西倾东倒的下古生界褶皱出现,可能是受雪峰山阻挡形成的反冲构造。
5)论述了加里东期构造和油藏保存关系：加里东期古油气藏主要集中在雪峰山隆起西缘,烃源岩主要来源于下寒武统和下志留统,早期油气藏形成于加里东期,晚期形成于印支—早燕山期。晚燕山—喜山期是油气藏的主要破坏期。古隆起边缘存在油气的可能性较小,而在离隆起较远、地层厚度剥蚀小、保存条件有利的地区找到油气藏的可能性较大。
This paper selects some regions with many typical Lower Paleozoic strata and intensive Caledonian orogeny. The regions mainly include the Yuanbaoshan-Yuechengling area, the Damingshan-Dayaoshan area in Guangxi province, the Sandu area in southeast Guizhou province, the Lianyuan area in central Hunan province, the Hunan-Jiangxi border area and so on. By field geological observation, indoor geological analysis and geophysical data interpretation, this thesis detailedly describes and analyses not only the formation of folds and fractures but also the spatial-temperal distibution of angular disconformities and magmatism in these regions.The major conclusions are presented as follows:
1) Two-stage Caledonian deformation has been identified. The main structures of Caledonian have E-W-trending at early stage, while the NE-NNE-striking fold belts of Lower Paleozoic strata are formed at late stage. The Caledonian orogeny is weaker west of the Xuefeng Mountains, where deformation mechanism is similar to Micang Mountain range. Both the mountains have a similar foreland-like basin in front of them, but the formation ages of the two basins are different. The Caledonian deformation is constrained at the east of the Xiushui-Yuanling-Mayang-Sandu line.
2) The'Caledonian deformation is considered as intercontinental geological setting. Analysis of Caledonian granite and palaeogeography data imply that the Caledonian Movement in South China is intracontinental event, rather than ocean-subduction-related, nor continent-continent collisional event.
3) The Caledonian deformation regime is a collision among multiple blocks. At the early stage of Caledonian orogeny, the E-W-striking tight fold belts of Cambrian strata in the Damingshan-Dayaoshan area are caused by the Late Cambrian-Early Ordovician nappe thrusting and pushing between the Yunkai Block and the Guangxi-Yunnan-North Vietnam Block as well as the Yangtze Block from south to north. At the same time, the northern margin of the Yangtze Block is compressed by the extension of the Qinling Block. There are some E-W-striking broad-tempered folds in the Yangtze Block, which are caused by the force from the north and south ends. The deformation strength decreases gradually from south to north at this stage. At the late stage of Caledonian orogeny, the NE-NNE-striking fold belts of Lower Paleozoic strata in the Yuanbaoshan-Yuechengling area and Hunan-Jiangxi border area as well as the eastern margin of Xuefeng Moutains area are caused by the Late Ordovician-Early Silurian shortening of the Cathaysian Block to the Yangtze Block along the Chenzhou-Lingwu fault zone. The E-W-striking folds of early stage are superimposed by this deformation, whose strength decreases gradually from east to west. Meanwhile, a large number of planar distribution of Caledonian S-type granites in South China and the tectonic-magmatic-thermal event in Yunkai Mountains area are also caused by this shortening.
4) Caledonian thrust system is clarified first. In the eastern margin of Xuefeng Moutains, the Jingzhou-Xupu fault, the Sanjiang-Rongshui fault as well as the Longsheng-Yongfu fault are characterized by the eastward thrusting, however, tie Chengbu-Xinhua fault that on the east side of them is characterized by the westward thrusting. Therefore, ramp-triangle zones develop in this place. Besides, owing to the blocking of the Xuefeng Moutains, some folds of Lower Paleozoic strata whose ax al planes are west-inclined form the back-thrusting.
5) The Caledonian paleo-reservoirs are mainly distributed west of the Xuefeng uplift belt. The hydrocarbon source rocks are chiefly Lower Cambrian and Lower Silurian.The hydrocarbon accumulation has a characteristic of two-step, one step is Caledonian epoch, another step is from Indosinian to Early Yanshan epoch. However, LateYanshanian and Himalayan epoch deformation reformed many of oil-gas reservoirs into paleo-reservoirs. It is hardly to find reservoirs in the margin of the uplift belt, while it is possible to discover oil-gas reservoirs in the place where is far from uplift and the preservation conditions are favorabale.
1)确定了加里东期存在两幕变形：加里东期总体构造线方向早期为近EW向,现今出露的一些NE—-NNE向的下古生界褶皱是后期改造的结果。雪峰山西缘受加里东运动的影响较弱,变形机制类似米仓山地区,都是在造山带的前缘形成类前陆盆地,只是时间有差异。加里东运动影响的西边界为修水—沅陵—辰溪—三都一线。
2)分析认为加里东期变形属性为陆内变形：通过对加里东期花岗岩和沉积古地理资料分析,认为华南加里东造山运动为陆内造山性质,而不是前人所说的洋—陆俯冲事件和陆—陆碰撞造山事件。
3)提出了加里东期变形机制是陆内多块体汇聚：加里东运动的早期,云开地块向北与桂滇—北越地块发生推覆挤压,使得广西大明山、大瑶山地区近EW向寒武系紧闭褶皱的出现。同时,这一运动也使桂滇—北越地块开始向北与扬子地块发生汇聚挤压,而扬子地块北缘也开始受到秦岭微板块扩张力的作用,受两者双重作用力的影响,扬子地块内部出现一些近EW向的宽缓褶皱形态,该期变形强度由南向北逐渐减弱。加里东运动的晚期,扬子地块与华夏地块收缩挤压,扬子地块受到来自SE向NW的挤压应力,使桂北越城岭、元宝山地区,湘赣边境地区以及雪峰山东缘地区出现了一些NE—-NNE向的下古生界褶皱,对早期EW向构造进行了叠加改造,该期变形强度由东向西逐渐减弱。同时,受这一运动的影响在华南形成了大量面状分布的加里东期S型花岗岩体,并在云开地区产生了构造—岩浆热事件。
4)厘定了加里东期逆冲体系：在雪峰山的东缘,靖州—溆浦断裂、三江—融水断裂、龙胜—永福断裂均表现为西倾东冲的性质,而东侧的城步—新化断裂则表现东倾西冲的性质,形成对冲三角带构造。同时本地也有一些轴面西倾东倒的下古生界褶皱出现,可能是受雪峰山阻挡形成的反冲构造。
5)论述了加里东期构造和油藏保存关系：加里东期古油气藏主要集中在雪峰山隆起西缘,烃源岩主要来源于下寒武统和下志留统,早期油气藏形成于加里东期,晚期形成于印支—早燕山期。晚燕山—喜山期是油气藏的主要破坏期。古隆起边缘存在油气的可能性较小,而在离隆起较远、地层厚度剥蚀小、保存条件有利的地区找到油气藏的可能性较大。
This paper selects some regions with many typical Lower Paleozoic strata and intensive Caledonian orogeny. The regions mainly include the Yuanbaoshan-Yuechengling area, the Damingshan-Dayaoshan area in Guangxi province, the Sandu area in southeast Guizhou province, the Lianyuan area in central Hunan province, the Hunan-Jiangxi border area and so on. By field geological observation, indoor geological analysis and geophysical data interpretation, this thesis detailedly describes and analyses not only the formation of folds and fractures but also the spatial-temperal distibution of angular disconformities and magmatism in these regions.The major conclusions are presented as follows:
1) Two-stage Caledonian deformation has been identified. The main structures of Caledonian have E-W-trending at early stage, while the NE-NNE-striking fold belts of Lower Paleozoic strata are formed at late stage. The Caledonian orogeny is weaker west of the Xuefeng Mountains, where deformation mechanism is similar to Micang Mountain range. Both the mountains have a similar foreland-like basin in front of them, but the formation ages of the two basins are different. The Caledonian deformation is constrained at the east of the Xiushui-Yuanling-Mayang-Sandu line.
2) The'Caledonian deformation is considered as intercontinental geological setting. Analysis of Caledonian granite and palaeogeography data imply that the Caledonian Movement in South China is intracontinental event, rather than ocean-subduction-related, nor continent-continent collisional event.
3) The Caledonian deformation regime is a collision among multiple blocks. At the early stage of Caledonian orogeny, the E-W-striking tight fold belts of Cambrian strata in the Damingshan-Dayaoshan area are caused by the Late Cambrian-Early Ordovician nappe thrusting and pushing between the Yunkai Block and the Guangxi-Yunnan-North Vietnam Block as well as the Yangtze Block from south to north. At the same time, the northern margin of the Yangtze Block is compressed by the extension of the Qinling Block. There are some E-W-striking broad-tempered folds in the Yangtze Block, which are caused by the force from the north and south ends. The deformation strength decreases gradually from south to north at this stage. At the late stage of Caledonian orogeny, the NE-NNE-striking fold belts of Lower Paleozoic strata in the Yuanbaoshan-Yuechengling area and Hunan-Jiangxi border area as well as the eastern margin of Xuefeng Moutains area are caused by the Late Ordovician-Early Silurian shortening of the Cathaysian Block to the Yangtze Block along the Chenzhou-Lingwu fault zone. The E-W-striking folds of early stage are superimposed by this deformation, whose strength decreases gradually from east to west. Meanwhile, a large number of planar distribution of Caledonian S-type granites in South China and the tectonic-magmatic-thermal event in Yunkai Mountains area are also caused by this shortening.
4) Caledonian thrust system is clarified first. In the eastern margin of Xuefeng Moutains, the Jingzhou-Xupu fault, the Sanjiang-Rongshui fault as well as the Longsheng-Yongfu fault are characterized by the eastward thrusting, however, tie Chengbu-Xinhua fault that on the east side of them is characterized by the westward thrusting. Therefore, ramp-triangle zones develop in this place. Besides, owing to the blocking of the Xuefeng Moutains, some folds of Lower Paleozoic strata whose ax al planes are west-inclined form the back-thrusting.
5) The Caledonian paleo-reservoirs are mainly distributed west of the Xuefeng uplift belt. The hydrocarbon source rocks are chiefly Lower Cambrian and Lower Silurian.The hydrocarbon accumulation has a characteristic of two-step, one step is Caledonian epoch, another step is from Indosinian to Early Yanshan epoch. However, LateYanshanian and Himalayan epoch deformation reformed many of oil-gas reservoirs into paleo-reservoirs. It is hardly to find reservoirs in the margin of the uplift belt, while it is possible to discover oil-gas reservoirs in the place where is far from uplift and the preservation conditions are favorabale.
引文
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