华北与华中地区油气微生物勘探研究与应用
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摘要
油气微生物勘探法(MPOG)的理论基础，包括物理—化学基础和微生物学基础两方面。MPOG的原理是：轻烃以“微泡上浮”的机理从深部油气藏向上垂直运移，逸出到油气藏上方的表层土壤中，为以轻轻为食料的高度专一性细菌—烃氧化菌(HCO)的发育创造了良好的条件，导致细菌的数量与活性大大增加，从而形成了烃氧化菌浓度与活性的异常区。根据这种可检测的微生物异常区可以评价和预测下伏油气藏的存在和性质。
论文全面阐述了MPOG方法的实用运作过程，包括地质调查与样品采集，微生物实验技术，数据处理与指标系统，综合评价与远景预测等，为在我国开发和应用微生物勘探技术奠定了基础。
通过首次大规模先导试验研究表明，华北四个试验区块微生物勘探结果综合符合率达到83％，并分别指出了各自最有利的目标区块，进一步提出了可供勘探的设计井位。
探索并建立了自己的油气微生物勘探法。在此基础上，独立完成了松滋油田微生物勘探并取得了令人满意的效果：不仅微生物异常分布与现有的钻井含油气情况相吻合，而且成功地预测了正在钻进的鄂深10井和随后开钻的SK8-1和SK8-2井含油气情况。
总之，通过建立中国自己的油气微生物勘探法，填补了我国在这一领域的空白，为大幅度降低勘探风险提供了一项新的技术路线。
Microbial Prospecting of Oil and Gas (MPOG), as a surface prospecting method and including physic-chemical and microbial basis, was first used in China. The mechanics of MPOG is: light hydrocarbons migrate predominantly vertically from deep reservoirs up to surface soil driven by "microbubble buoyancy", which provides favorable conditions for obligate bacteria, i.e. hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria (HCO), and results in great increase of number and activity of HCO and then anomaly zones. On the basis of these zones, the existence and characteristics of underground reservoirs can be appraisable and predictable.
In this paper, the practical programs of MPOG are expounded, such as field geological survey and sample collection, microbial experimental technique, data process and assess criteria, comprehensive evaluation and potential prediction of oil and gas, etc. which establish basis of the development and application of MPOG in China.
According to the first large scale pilot results of MPOG in China, the coincidence between the microbial anomalies of the four areas in Huabei oilfield and the drilled production wells are up to 83%, at the same time the optimal target areas and the designed well sites are provided.
A new MPOG method is studied and established, which is successfully applied to Songzi oilfield and the ideal result is made. a) the microbial anomalies are almost in coincidence with the oil and gas information of drilled wells; b) the oil and gas information of well ES-10 is successfully predicted; c) reliable results of determining sites are provided for well SK 8-1 and well SK 8-2, which are drilled within 6 months after MPOG and proved to have profitable oil
In a word, the establishment of our own MPOG not only supplies a gap of this field in China but also provides a new technique for extensively reducing exploring risk.
论文全面阐述了MPOG方法的实用运作过程，包括地质调查与样品采集，微生物实验技术，数据处理与指标系统，综合评价与远景预测等，为在我国开发和应用微生物勘探技术奠定了基础。
通过首次大规模先导试验研究表明，华北四个试验区块微生物勘探结果综合符合率达到83％，并分别指出了各自最有利的目标区块，进一步提出了可供勘探的设计井位。
探索并建立了自己的油气微生物勘探法。在此基础上，独立完成了松滋油田微生物勘探并取得了令人满意的效果：不仅微生物异常分布与现有的钻井含油气情况相吻合，而且成功地预测了正在钻进的鄂深10井和随后开钻的SK8-1和SK8-2井含油气情况。
总之，通过建立中国自己的油气微生物勘探法，填补了我国在这一领域的空白，为大幅度降低勘探风险提供了一项新的技术路线。
Microbial Prospecting of Oil and Gas (MPOG), as a surface prospecting method and including physic-chemical and microbial basis, was first used in China. The mechanics of MPOG is: light hydrocarbons migrate predominantly vertically from deep reservoirs up to surface soil driven by "microbubble buoyancy", which provides favorable conditions for obligate bacteria, i.e. hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria (HCO), and results in great increase of number and activity of HCO and then anomaly zones. On the basis of these zones, the existence and characteristics of underground reservoirs can be appraisable and predictable.
In this paper, the practical programs of MPOG are expounded, such as field geological survey and sample collection, microbial experimental technique, data process and assess criteria, comprehensive evaluation and potential prediction of oil and gas, etc. which establish basis of the development and application of MPOG in China.
According to the first large scale pilot results of MPOG in China, the coincidence between the microbial anomalies of the four areas in Huabei oilfield and the drilled production wells are up to 83%, at the same time the optimal target areas and the designed well sites are provided.
A new MPOG method is studied and established, which is successfully applied to Songzi oilfield and the ideal result is made. a) the microbial anomalies are almost in coincidence with the oil and gas information of drilled wells; b) the oil and gas information of well ES-10 is successfully predicted; c) reliable results of determining sites are provided for well SK 8-1 and well SK 8-2, which are drilled within 6 months after MPOG and proved to have profitable oil
In a word, the establishment of our own MPOG not only supplies a gap of this field in China but also provides a new technique for extensively reducing exploring risk.
引文
[1] Abrams M A. Distribution of subsurface hydrocarbon seepage in near-surface marine sediments, AAPG Memoir, 1996, Vol. 66, 1～14
[2] Antonov P L. Investigation of the laws of gas saturation of rock with depth: Trudy VNIGNI, Geostoptekhizdat. 1958, Vol. 10:241～256
[3] Baum M G. Applied geochemical surface investigations as supplemental exploration tool-case histories: Erdol Erdgs Kohle. 1994, Vol. 110, No.1:9～15
[4] Baum M, Bleschert K H, Wagner M and Schmitt M. Application of surface prospecting methods in the Dutch North Sea: Petroleum Geoscience. 1997, Vol. 3:171～181
[5] Brouwn A A. Physical constraints on microseepage mechanisms. AAPG Hedberg Research Conference "Natural Gas Formation and Occurrence". 1999, Durango, Colorado.
[6] Davis J B. Geomicrobial prospecting method for petroleum. 1956, U. S. Pat. 2, 777,799
[7] Davis J B. Petroleum Microbiology: Elsevier Publishing Company. 1967:197～245
[8] Duchscherer W. Geochemical methods of prospecting for hydrocarbons: Oil and Gas Journal. 1980, Dez. 1:194～208
[9] Geghtel F W, Hitzman D O and Sundberg K R. Microbial oil survey technique(MOST). Evaluation of new wildcat wells in Kansas: The Association of Petroleum Geochemincal Explorationists - APGE Bulletin. 1987, Vol. 3, No.1:1～4
[10] Hanson R S and Hanson T E. Methanotrophic bacteria. Microbiological Reviews. 1996, Vol. 60, No. 2: 439-471.
[11] Hanson R S and Wattenberg E V. Ecology of methylotrophic bacteria. Goldberg Ⅰ and Rokem J S(ed.), Biology of methylotrophs, Butterworths Publication, London. 1991, 325-349.
[12] Hitzman D O, Tucker J D and Heppard P D. Offshore Trinidad survey identifies hydrocarbon microseepage. 1994, 26th Annual Offshore Technology Conference. OTC 7378, Houston, Texas
[13] Hitzman D O. Prospecting for petroleum deposits. U S Pat.. 1959, 2, 880142.
[14] Horvitz L. Hydrocarbon prospecting after forty years. Gottleid B
M(ed.), Unconventional methods in exploration for petroleum and natural gas Ⅱ, Dallas, Southern Methodist University. 1981, 93-95.
[15] Jones V T and Drozd R J. Predictions of oil and gas potential by near-surface geochemistry. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin. 1983, Vol. 67: 932-952.
[16] Kettel D. Physical and geological implications in surface geochemical exploration. Bulletin of Swiss Association Petroleum Geology Engineering. 1990, Vol. 55:27～40
[17] Klusman R W and Saeed M A. Comparison of light hydrocarbon microseepage mechanisms. Schumacher D and Abrams M A(ed.), Hydrocarbon migration and its near surface expression. AAPG Memoir. 1996, Vol. 66: 157-168.
[18] Klusman R W and Saeed M A. Comparison of light hydrocarbon microseepage mechanisms. Schumacher D and Abrams M A (ed.) Hydrocarbon migration and its near surface expression. AAPG Memoir. 1996, Vol. 66:157～168
[19] Klusman R W. Soil gas and related methods for natural resource exploration. New York, John Wiley and Sons. 1993, 483
[20] Krooss B M and Leythaeuser D. Molecular diffusion of light hydrocarbons in sedimentary rocks and its role in migration and dissipation of natural gas. Schumacher D and Abrams M A (ed.) Hydrocarbon migration and its near surface expression. AAPG Memoir. 1996, Vol. 66:173～183
[21] Krooss B M, Shlomer S and Ehrlich R. Experimental investigation of molecular transport and fluid flow in unfaulted and faulted politic rocks. Jones G and Fisher Q(ed.) Faulting, Fault sealing and fluid flow in hydrocarbon reservoirs. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 1998, Vol.147:135～146
[22] Land J P. Nonseismic methods can provide many views of a drillsite. Oil & Gas J. 1996, Feb. 26: 69-73.
[23] Leadbetter E R and Forster J W. Studies on some methane-utilizing bacteria. Archives of Microbiology. 1958, Vol. 30: 91-118.
[24] MacElvain R. Mechanics of gaseous ascension through a sedimentary column. Heroy W B(ed.), Unconventional methods in exploration for petroleum and natural gas, Dallas, Southern Methodist University. 1969, 15-28.
[25] Maddox J. Geomicrobiological prospecting. 1956. U. S. Pat. 2, 875135
[26] Matthew M D. Importance of sampling design and density in target recognition. Schumacher D and Abrams M A (ed.) Hydrocarbon migration and its near surface expression, AAPG Memoir. 1996a, Vol. 66:243～253
[27] Matthews M D. Migration - a new from the top. Schumacher D and Abrams M A(ed.) Hydrocarbon migration and its near surface expression. AAPG Memoir, 1996b, Vol. 66:139～155
[28] Mogilewskii G A. Microbiological investigations in connecting with gas surveying. Razvedka Nedr. 1938, Vol. 8: 59-68.
[29] Mogilewskii G A. The bacterial method of prospecting for oil and natural gases. Razvedka Nedr. 1940, Vol. 12: 32-43.
[30] Price L C. A critical review and proposed working model of surface geochemical exploration. Davidson M J(ed.), Unconventional methods in exploration for petroleum and natural gas Ⅳ, Dallas, Southern Methodist University. 1986, 245-304.
[31] Richers D M and Maxwell L E. Application and theory of soilgas geochemistry in petroleum exploration. Source and Migration processes and evaluation techniques. Merril K R(ed.). 1991:141～158
[32] Richers D M, Reed R J, Horstman and Michels G D et al. Landset-soilgas geochemical survey of Patrick Draw oil field, Seewater Country, Wyoming, AAPG Bulletin. 1982, Vol. 66:903-922
[33] Saunders D F, Buraon K R and Thompson C K. Model for hydrocarbon microseepage and related near-surface alterations. AAPG Bulletin. 1999, Vol. 83, No.1: 170-185.
[34] Schlomer S and Krooss B M. Experimental characterization of the hydrocarbon sealing efficiency of cap rocks: Marine and Petroleum Geology. 1997, Vol. 14, No.5:565～580
[35] Schumacher D. Hydrocarbon-induced alteation of soils and sediments. Schumacher D and Abrams M A(ed.), Hydrocarbon migration and its near surface expression. AAPG Memoir. 1996, Vol. 66: 71-89.
[36] Sealy J R. A geomicrobial method of prospecting for oil. Oil and Gas Journal. 1974a, Vol. 8:142～146
[37] Sealy J R. A geomicrobial method of prospecting for oil. Oil and Gas Journal. 1974b, Vol. 15:98～102
[38] Sokolov V A. Summary of the experimental work of the gas survey, Neft. Khoz. 1935, Vol. 27:28～34
[39] Sweeney R E. Petroleum-related hydrocarbon seepage in a recent North Sea sediment, Chemical Geology. 1988, Vol. 71:53～64
[40] Thrasher J, and Fleet A J and Hay S J et al. Understanding geology as the key to using seepage in exploration: The spectrum of seepage style, AAPG Memoir. 1996, Vol. 66:223～241
[41] Wagner M, Rasch H J and Piske J et al. Mikrobielle Prospecktion auf Erdl und Erdgas in Ostdeuschland. Geologisches Jahrbuch. 1998b, Vol.149: 287-301.
[42] Wagner M, Wagner M Jr and Piske J et al. Case histories of microbial prospection for oil and gas onshore and offshore in north-west Europe, Schumacher D (ed.). AAPG-SEG Case Histories. 2000
[43] Wagner M, Wagner M Jr. and Rasch H J et al. MPOG-Microbial prospection for oil ang gas. Field examples and their geological background, Conference Cracov, Poland, A0-05. 1998a:118～121
[44] 陈子英，曹家鳌，王雪松等．甲烷氧化菌混合菌株的研究Ⅱ，微生物学通报．1981，Vol．8，No．2：15～17
[45] 陈子英，曹家鳌，尹光琳等．甲连载氧化菌混合菌株的研究Ⅰ．微生物学通报．1981，Vol．8，No．1：7～9
[46] 莫吉列夫斯基等著，王修垣译．微生物学在油气藏勘探中的应用．科学出版社．1958：17～39
[47] 王修垣．石油微生物学在中国的发展，《工业微生物学成就》．张树政，王修垣主编．科学出版社．1988：145～162
[48] 杨育斌，张金来等著．油气地球化学勘探．中国地质大学出版社
[49] 张恺民，赵志荣．乙烷氧化菌的研究．微生物学报．1964，Vol．10，No．2：149～156
[50] 赵树杰，汤蕴玉，邵启蔚．一株甲烷氧化细菌的分离和某些特性．微生物学报．1981，Vol．21，No．3，271～277
[51] 郑中华，赵树杰．甲烷氧化细菌的电子显微镜观察．微生物学报．1988，Vol．28．No．4：295～300
[52] 中国科学院微生物研究所地质微生物研究室．石油微生物区系调查方法．微生物．1963，Vol．2(2)：83～93．
[53] 中国科学院微生物研究所地质微生物研究室．微生物勘探石油和天然气操作法．微生物．1963，Vol．2，No．3：97～103．
[2] Antonov P L. Investigation of the laws of gas saturation of rock with depth: Trudy VNIGNI, Geostoptekhizdat. 1958, Vol. 10:241～256
[3] Baum M G. Applied geochemical surface investigations as supplemental exploration tool-case histories: Erdol Erdgs Kohle. 1994, Vol. 110, No.1:9～15
[4] Baum M, Bleschert K H, Wagner M and Schmitt M. Application of surface prospecting methods in the Dutch North Sea: Petroleum Geoscience. 1997, Vol. 3:171～181
[5] Brouwn A A. Physical constraints on microseepage mechanisms. AAPG Hedberg Research Conference "Natural Gas Formation and Occurrence". 1999, Durango, Colorado.
[6] Davis J B. Geomicrobial prospecting method for petroleum. 1956, U. S. Pat. 2, 777,799
[7] Davis J B. Petroleum Microbiology: Elsevier Publishing Company. 1967:197～245
[8] Duchscherer W. Geochemical methods of prospecting for hydrocarbons: Oil and Gas Journal. 1980, Dez. 1:194～208
[9] Geghtel F W, Hitzman D O and Sundberg K R. Microbial oil survey technique(MOST). Evaluation of new wildcat wells in Kansas: The Association of Petroleum Geochemincal Explorationists - APGE Bulletin. 1987, Vol. 3, No.1:1～4
[10] Hanson R S and Hanson T E. Methanotrophic bacteria. Microbiological Reviews. 1996, Vol. 60, No. 2: 439-471.
[11] Hanson R S and Wattenberg E V. Ecology of methylotrophic bacteria. Goldberg Ⅰ and Rokem J S(ed.), Biology of methylotrophs, Butterworths Publication, London. 1991, 325-349.
[12] Hitzman D O, Tucker J D and Heppard P D. Offshore Trinidad survey identifies hydrocarbon microseepage. 1994, 26th Annual Offshore Technology Conference. OTC 7378, Houston, Texas
[13] Hitzman D O. Prospecting for petroleum deposits. U S Pat.. 1959, 2, 880142.
[14] Horvitz L. Hydrocarbon prospecting after forty years. Gottleid B
M(ed.), Unconventional methods in exploration for petroleum and natural gas Ⅱ, Dallas, Southern Methodist University. 1981, 93-95.
[15] Jones V T and Drozd R J. Predictions of oil and gas potential by near-surface geochemistry. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin. 1983, Vol. 67: 932-952.
[16] Kettel D. Physical and geological implications in surface geochemical exploration. Bulletin of Swiss Association Petroleum Geology Engineering. 1990, Vol. 55:27～40
[17] Klusman R W and Saeed M A. Comparison of light hydrocarbon microseepage mechanisms. Schumacher D and Abrams M A(ed.), Hydrocarbon migration and its near surface expression. AAPG Memoir. 1996, Vol. 66: 157-168.
[18] Klusman R W and Saeed M A. Comparison of light hydrocarbon microseepage mechanisms. Schumacher D and Abrams M A (ed.) Hydrocarbon migration and its near surface expression. AAPG Memoir. 1996, Vol. 66:157～168
[19] Klusman R W. Soil gas and related methods for natural resource exploration. New York, John Wiley and Sons. 1993, 483
[20] Krooss B M and Leythaeuser D. Molecular diffusion of light hydrocarbons in sedimentary rocks and its role in migration and dissipation of natural gas. Schumacher D and Abrams M A (ed.) Hydrocarbon migration and its near surface expression. AAPG Memoir. 1996, Vol. 66:173～183
[21] Krooss B M, Shlomer S and Ehrlich R. Experimental investigation of molecular transport and fluid flow in unfaulted and faulted politic rocks. Jones G and Fisher Q(ed.) Faulting, Fault sealing and fluid flow in hydrocarbon reservoirs. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 1998, Vol.147:135～146
[22] Land J P. Nonseismic methods can provide many views of a drillsite. Oil & Gas J. 1996, Feb. 26: 69-73.
[23] Leadbetter E R and Forster J W. Studies on some methane-utilizing bacteria. Archives of Microbiology. 1958, Vol. 30: 91-118.
[24] MacElvain R. Mechanics of gaseous ascension through a sedimentary column. Heroy W B(ed.), Unconventional methods in exploration for petroleum and natural gas, Dallas, Southern Methodist University. 1969, 15-28.
[25] Maddox J. Geomicrobiological prospecting. 1956. U. S. Pat. 2, 875135
[26] Matthew M D. Importance of sampling design and density in target recognition. Schumacher D and Abrams M A (ed.) Hydrocarbon migration and its near surface expression, AAPG Memoir. 1996a, Vol. 66:243～253
[27] Matthews M D. Migration - a new from the top. Schumacher D and Abrams M A(ed.) Hydrocarbon migration and its near surface expression. AAPG Memoir, 1996b, Vol. 66:139～155
[28] Mogilewskii G A. Microbiological investigations in connecting with gas surveying. Razvedka Nedr. 1938, Vol. 8: 59-68.
[29] Mogilewskii G A. The bacterial method of prospecting for oil and natural gases. Razvedka Nedr. 1940, Vol. 12: 32-43.
[30] Price L C. A critical review and proposed working model of surface geochemical exploration. Davidson M J(ed.), Unconventional methods in exploration for petroleum and natural gas Ⅳ, Dallas, Southern Methodist University. 1986, 245-304.
[31] Richers D M and Maxwell L E. Application and theory of soilgas geochemistry in petroleum exploration. Source and Migration processes and evaluation techniques. Merril K R(ed.). 1991:141～158
[32] Richers D M, Reed R J, Horstman and Michels G D et al. Landset-soilgas geochemical survey of Patrick Draw oil field, Seewater Country, Wyoming, AAPG Bulletin. 1982, Vol. 66:903-922
[33] Saunders D F, Buraon K R and Thompson C K. Model for hydrocarbon microseepage and related near-surface alterations. AAPG Bulletin. 1999, Vol. 83, No.1: 170-185.
[34] Schlomer S and Krooss B M. Experimental characterization of the hydrocarbon sealing efficiency of cap rocks: Marine and Petroleum Geology. 1997, Vol. 14, No.5:565～580
[35] Schumacher D. Hydrocarbon-induced alteation of soils and sediments. Schumacher D and Abrams M A(ed.), Hydrocarbon migration and its near surface expression. AAPG Memoir. 1996, Vol. 66: 71-89.
[36] Sealy J R. A geomicrobial method of prospecting for oil. Oil and Gas Journal. 1974a, Vol. 8:142～146
[37] Sealy J R. A geomicrobial method of prospecting for oil. Oil and Gas Journal. 1974b, Vol. 15:98～102
[38] Sokolov V A. Summary of the experimental work of the gas survey, Neft. Khoz. 1935, Vol. 27:28～34
[39] Sweeney R E. Petroleum-related hydrocarbon seepage in a recent North Sea sediment, Chemical Geology. 1988, Vol. 71:53～64
[40] Thrasher J, and Fleet A J and Hay S J et al. Understanding geology as the key to using seepage in exploration: The spectrum of seepage style, AAPG Memoir. 1996, Vol. 66:223～241
[41] Wagner M, Rasch H J and Piske J et al. Mikrobielle Prospecktion auf Erdl und Erdgas in Ostdeuschland. Geologisches Jahrbuch. 1998b, Vol.149: 287-301.
[42] Wagner M, Wagner M Jr and Piske J et al. Case histories of microbial prospection for oil and gas onshore and offshore in north-west Europe, Schumacher D (ed.). AAPG-SEG Case Histories. 2000
[43] Wagner M, Wagner M Jr. and Rasch H J et al. MPOG-Microbial prospection for oil ang gas. Field examples and their geological background, Conference Cracov, Poland, A0-05. 1998a:118～121
[44] 陈子英，曹家鳌，王雪松等．甲烷氧化菌混合菌株的研究Ⅱ，微生物学通报．1981，Vol．8，No．2：15～17
[45] 陈子英，曹家鳌，尹光琳等．甲连载氧化菌混合菌株的研究Ⅰ．微生物学通报．1981，Vol．8，No．1：7～9
[46] 莫吉列夫斯基等著，王修垣译．微生物学在油气藏勘探中的应用．科学出版社．1958：17～39
[47] 王修垣．石油微生物学在中国的发展，《工业微生物学成就》．张树政，王修垣主编．科学出版社．1988：145～162
[48] 杨育斌，张金来等著．油气地球化学勘探．中国地质大学出版社
[49] 张恺民，赵志荣．乙烷氧化菌的研究．微生物学报．1964，Vol．10，No．2：149～156
[50] 赵树杰，汤蕴玉，邵启蔚．一株甲烷氧化细菌的分离和某些特性．微生物学报．1981，Vol．21，No．3，271～277
[51] 郑中华，赵树杰．甲烷氧化细菌的电子显微镜观察．微生物学报．1988，Vol．28．No．4：295～300
[52] 中国科学院微生物研究所地质微生物研究室．石油微生物区系调查方法．微生物．1963，Vol．2(2)：83～93．
[53] 中国科学院微生物研究所地质微生物研究室．微生物勘探石油和天然气操作法．微生物．1963，Vol．2，No．3：97～103．