多源空间数据同名实体几何匹配方法研究
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摘要
地理空间数据整合与更新是目前国际地理信息科学的前沿课题,同名实体匹配作为空间数据整合与更新的关键技术,就是要建立多源数据库之间地理实体的联系,实现对多源数据的综合利用。本文通过对同名实体匹配的相关理论和算法的研究,就多源空间数据同名实体的几何匹配进行了研究探讨。主要内容和成果如下:
1.探讨空间数据的定义、特点、差异性及其与同名实体匹配的关系;讨论研究同名实体匹配技术的定义、限定条件和技术流程。指出空间数据的空间特征和属性特征是同名实体匹配的依据,而时间特征和地图约束性特征是同名实体匹配的研究根源。认为同名实体匹配的限定条件主要包括:参与匹配的两个源数据库相等、相交或包含、己消除了系统差且经过了形式一致化、比例尺差异不能太大、且具有相同或相近的时相。并指出同名实体匹配主要包括四个过程:数据预处理、地图对准、同名实体匹配、后期匹配处理。
2.研究数据预处理和地图对准的主要内容,它是同名实体匹配的前提,主要讨论地图对准的方法及其关键要解决的问题。
3.研究多源空间数据同名实体匹配的各种匹配算法及特点。按匹配依据划分,匹配方法分为几何匹配、拓扑匹配和语义匹配,论文详细讨论了同名线实体和同名面实体的几何匹配。
4.以数字地图制图通用平台原型系统MapMaker为平台,采用基于缓冲区的几何相似度比较匹配算法,对同尺度矢量数据库中同名道路实体的1:1几何匹配进行了试验研究;采用了基于缓冲区的折线—结点距离匹配算法,对多尺度矢量数据库中同名道路实体的n:m几何匹配进行了试验研究;实现了基于遥感影像水系面状地物的自动提取,并对TM影像与矢量数据库中同名水系面实体的1:1或n:1匹配进行了试验研究;并对算法采取不同的参数时匹配的效果进行分析评价。
The integration and updating of the geographic spatial data are the foreland of the international geography information science. Being the key technique of the spatial data integration and updating, spatial data matching is to establish the relationship of the geographic entities from multi-source databases and finally realize the comprehensive utilization of the multi-source data. By studying the related theory and arithmetic of the spatial data matching, the paper discussed the geometric matching for identical entities in multi-source spatial data. The main contents and conclusion include:
1. Discussing the definition, characteristic, difference of spatial data and the relation to identical entity matching; Discussing and studying the definition, restricted conditions and technical flow of identical entity matching. It indicated that the spatial character and the attribute character of spatial data were the basement of identical entity matching, and the temporal character and map-restricted character are the root of identical entity matching. The limiting conditions of the identical entity matching include: the relation of the two matching source data-base should be equivalent or intersectant or inclusive.; the system difference of the two matching data-base should be removed and reach the state of form uniformity; the scale difference of the two matching data-base should not be too great; the temporal character of the two matching data-base should be the same or close. It indicated that identical entity matching included four steps: data preprocessing; map registration; identical entity matching; matching postprocessing.
2. Studying the main content of the data preprocessing and map alignment which is the preconditions of identical entity matching, and mainly discussing the methods and the key awaiting solved problems of map alignment.
3. Studying all kinds of arithmetic and their characteristics of identical entity matching in multi-source spatial data. Matching methods include geometric matching, topological matching and attribute matching. The paper discussed in detail the geometric matching of identical lines and areas.
4. Based on an universal platform for digital map cartography of the prototype system (MapMaker soft), the paper experimented the 1:1 geometric matching of identical roads in the same scale vector maps by using the geometric similarities comparing matching arithmetic based on buffer, and experimented the n:m geometric matching of identical roads in multi-scale vector maps by using the distance of node to the broken line matching arithmetic based on buffer. The paper realized the simply automated extraction of water areas based on remote sensing images, and experimented the 1:1 and 1:n geometric matching of identical water areas from raster-vector maps in different periods. The paper analyzed and evaluated the matching effects of the arithmetic with different parameters.
1.探讨空间数据的定义、特点、差异性及其与同名实体匹配的关系;讨论研究同名实体匹配技术的定义、限定条件和技术流程。指出空间数据的空间特征和属性特征是同名实体匹配的依据,而时间特征和地图约束性特征是同名实体匹配的研究根源。认为同名实体匹配的限定条件主要包括:参与匹配的两个源数据库相等、相交或包含、己消除了系统差且经过了形式一致化、比例尺差异不能太大、且具有相同或相近的时相。并指出同名实体匹配主要包括四个过程:数据预处理、地图对准、同名实体匹配、后期匹配处理。
2.研究数据预处理和地图对准的主要内容,它是同名实体匹配的前提,主要讨论地图对准的方法及其关键要解决的问题。
3.研究多源空间数据同名实体匹配的各种匹配算法及特点。按匹配依据划分,匹配方法分为几何匹配、拓扑匹配和语义匹配,论文详细讨论了同名线实体和同名面实体的几何匹配。
4.以数字地图制图通用平台原型系统MapMaker为平台,采用基于缓冲区的几何相似度比较匹配算法,对同尺度矢量数据库中同名道路实体的1:1几何匹配进行了试验研究;采用了基于缓冲区的折线—结点距离匹配算法,对多尺度矢量数据库中同名道路实体的n:m几何匹配进行了试验研究;实现了基于遥感影像水系面状地物的自动提取,并对TM影像与矢量数据库中同名水系面实体的1:1或n:1匹配进行了试验研究;并对算法采取不同的参数时匹配的效果进行分析评价。
The integration and updating of the geographic spatial data are the foreland of the international geography information science. Being the key technique of the spatial data integration and updating, spatial data matching is to establish the relationship of the geographic entities from multi-source databases and finally realize the comprehensive utilization of the multi-source data. By studying the related theory and arithmetic of the spatial data matching, the paper discussed the geometric matching for identical entities in multi-source spatial data. The main contents and conclusion include:
1. Discussing the definition, characteristic, difference of spatial data and the relation to identical entity matching; Discussing and studying the definition, restricted conditions and technical flow of identical entity matching. It indicated that the spatial character and the attribute character of spatial data were the basement of identical entity matching, and the temporal character and map-restricted character are the root of identical entity matching. The limiting conditions of the identical entity matching include: the relation of the two matching source data-base should be equivalent or intersectant or inclusive.; the system difference of the two matching data-base should be removed and reach the state of form uniformity; the scale difference of the two matching data-base should not be too great; the temporal character of the two matching data-base should be the same or close. It indicated that identical entity matching included four steps: data preprocessing; map registration; identical entity matching; matching postprocessing.
2. Studying the main content of the data preprocessing and map alignment which is the preconditions of identical entity matching, and mainly discussing the methods and the key awaiting solved problems of map alignment.
3. Studying all kinds of arithmetic and their characteristics of identical entity matching in multi-source spatial data. Matching methods include geometric matching, topological matching and attribute matching. The paper discussed in detail the geometric matching of identical lines and areas.
4. Based on an universal platform for digital map cartography of the prototype system (MapMaker soft), the paper experimented the 1:1 geometric matching of identical roads in the same scale vector maps by using the geometric similarities comparing matching arithmetic based on buffer, and experimented the n:m geometric matching of identical roads in multi-scale vector maps by using the distance of node to the broken line matching arithmetic based on buffer. The paper realized the simply automated extraction of water areas based on remote sensing images, and experimented the 1:1 and 1:n geometric matching of identical water areas from raster-vector maps in different periods. The paper analyzed and evaluated the matching effects of the arithmetic with different parameters.
引文
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[2]张桥平,李德仁,龚健雅.地图合并技术[J].测绘通报,2001,(7):6-8.
[3]SAALFELD A.Automated Map Compliation[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Systems,1988,2(3):217-228.
[4]XIONG D.A Three-stage Computational Approach to Network Matching[J].Transportation Research,Part C,2000,8(1-6):71-89.
[5]Cobb M.,Chung M.,Foley H..A Rule-based Approach for the Conflation of Attributed Vector Data[Y],Geolnformatica,1998,2(1):7-35.
[6]Filin S.and Doytsher Y..A Linear Mapping Approach to Map Conflation:Matching of Polylines[J],Surveying and Land Information Systems,1999,59(2):107-114.
[7]Hoseok Kang.Geometrically and Topographically and Consistent Map Conflation for Federal and Local Governments[J],Journal of the Korean Geographical Society,2004,39(5).
[8]Meng Zhang,Wei Shi,Liqiu Meng.A Generic Matching Algorithm for Line Networks of Different Resolitions,Prodedding of22th International Cartographic Conference[C],2005.
[9]Meng Zhang,Wei Shi,Liqiu Meng.A Matching Approach Focused on Parallel Roads and Looping Crosses in Digital Maps,2006.
[10]何建邦,柯正谊,陈常松等.国土资源环境和区域经济信息系统集成方案,空间信息学及其应用-RS,GPS,GIS及其集成[M].武汉:武汉测绘科技大学出版社,1998.
[11]张桥平,李德仁,龚键雅.城市地图数据库实体匹配技术[J].遥感学报,2004,8(2):107-112。
[12]Laurini R..Spatial multi-database topological continuity and indexing:a step towards seamless GIS data interoperability[J].1998,IJGIS,12:373-402.
[13]刘志勇.城市地图数据库合并中的面实体匹配方法研究[D】.河海大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[14]李晓军,丘健妮,彭龙军等.多源空间数据集成技术状况与应用前景研究[J].计算机与现代化:2006,(5):39-42.
[15]王轩.地理信息共享的数据转换技术与方法的研究[D】.解放军信息工程大学硕士学位论文,2004.
[16]刘海砚.地图制图与空间数据生产—体化理论和技术的研究【D】.解放军信息工程大学博士学位论文,2002.
[17]崔铁军,郭黎.多源地理空间矢量数据集成与融合方法探讨[J].测绘科学技术学报,2007,24(1):1-4.
[18]华一新,吴升,赵军喜.地理信息系统原理与技术[M].北京:解放军出版社,2001:(159-165).
[19]陆菲菲,奚玲,岳春生.利用几何精校正进行多尺度数字栅格地图对准[J].计算机应用,2006,26:115-117.
[20]刘青宝,金燕,邓苏等.基于模糊聚类的属性匹配算法.模糊系统与数学[J],2006,20(6):96-102.
[21]邬伦,刘瑜,张晶等.地理信息系统原理、方法和应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2001.
[22]Winter S..Uncertain Topological Relations between Imprecise Regions[J],Intermational Journal of Geographical Information Systems,2000,14(5),pp.411-430.
[23]陈玉敏,龚健雅,史文中.多尺度道路网的距离匹配算法研究[J].测绘学报,2007,36(1):84-90.
[24]Meng Zhang,Liqiu Meng.Implementation of a generic road-matching approach for the integration of postal data,2006.
[25]Yuan and Tao.Development of Conflation Components[C],in Proceedings of Geoinformatics'99Conference,1999.
[26]Griffin P.,and White M..Piecewise Linear Rubber-Sheet Map Transformations[J],The American Cartographer,1985,Vol.12,No.2,pp.123-131.
[27]张锦,董晓媛,金雁中.多源数据更新地理空间数据库的理论与关键术[J].科学导报,2005,23(8):71-74.
[28]Rosen B.and Saalfeld A..Match criteria for automatic alignment[J],Proceedings of AutoCarto 7,1985,1-20.
[29]王艳慧,孟浩.GIS中地理要素多尺度表达间层次连通性的研究[J].湖南科技大学学报(自然科学版),2006,21(1):59-63.
[30]张桥平,李德仁,龚键雅.城市地图数据库合并技术[J].测绘通报,2003,(9):27-29.
[31]李德仁,龚键雅,张桥平.论地图数据库合并技术[J].测绘科学,2004,29(1):1-4.
[32]邓愫愫,童小华.城市地图数字合并变换算法的比较研究[J].测绘工程,2006,15(2):12-16.
[33]童小华,邓愫愫,史文中.基于概率的地图实体匹配方法[J].测绘学报,2007,36(2):210-217.
[34]刘春雷,王爱国,肖仁杰.地图合并的技术研究[J].现代测绘,2007,30(3):13-15.
[35]张晓东,李德仁,龚健雅等.一种基于面特征的遥感影像与GIS数据配准方法[J].遥感学报,2006,10(3):373-380.
[36]王峰,林宗坚.航空影像与地图的配准纠正[J].中国图像图形学报,2001,6(4):383-386.
[37]刘东琴,苏山舞.多空间数据库位置匹配方法及其应用[J].测绘科学,2005,30(2):78-80.
[38]Zhang QiaoPing.Shape Similarity Measures of Liner Entities,Geo-Spatial Information Science,2002,5(2):62-67.
[39]Jan-Henrik Haunert.Link Based Conflation of Geographic Datasets[C],8~(th) ICA WORKSHOP on Generalisation and Multiple Representation,2005.
[40]肖强.数字地图生产中多元信息综合利用技术的研究与实践[D].解放军信息工程大学硕士学位论文,2003.
[41]郭黎.空间矢量数据融合问题的研究[D].解放军信息工程大学硕士学位论文,2003.
[42]李少梅,孙群.扫描地图图像几何纠正的技术和方法[J].解放军测绘研究所学报,2001,22(4):40-43.
[43]郭金运,朱明法,徐泮林.地图数据几何纠正时仿射变换与相似变换的对比分析[J].测绘通报,2001,(4):23-27.
[44]何维,李秉柏,张娅等.一种新的控制点采集方法[J].国土资源遥感,2001,(4):59-62.
[45]潘伟,郑刚.基于聚类模式的多数据源匹配的实现[J].计算机技术与发展,2007,17(1):76-78.
[46]Yungang Hu,Jun Chen,Zhilin Li.Matching of road data with different scales for updating,2005.
[47]Ana-Maria Olteanu,Sebastien Mustiere and Anne Ruas.Matching imperfect spatial data[C],7~(th) International Symposium on Spatial Accuracy Asscessmentin Natural Resources and Enviromental Sciences,2007.
[48]童小华,邓愫愫,史文中.数字地图合并的平差原理与方法[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2007,32(7):621-625.
[49]臧德彦,陶本藻,周世健.地图合并中基于叠置方法的特征点匹配可靠性检验[J].地理与地理信息科学,2007,23(5):15-18.
[50]岳小平,鞠时光,李芷.空间数据索引技术[J].计算机应用研究,2002,(2):32-34.
[2]张桥平,李德仁,龚健雅.地图合并技术[J].测绘通报,2001,(7):6-8.
[3]SAALFELD A.Automated Map Compliation[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Systems,1988,2(3):217-228.
[4]XIONG D.A Three-stage Computational Approach to Network Matching[J].Transportation Research,Part C,2000,8(1-6):71-89.
[5]Cobb M.,Chung M.,Foley H..A Rule-based Approach for the Conflation of Attributed Vector Data[Y],Geolnformatica,1998,2(1):7-35.
[6]Filin S.and Doytsher Y..A Linear Mapping Approach to Map Conflation:Matching of Polylines[J],Surveying and Land Information Systems,1999,59(2):107-114.
[7]Hoseok Kang.Geometrically and Topographically and Consistent Map Conflation for Federal and Local Governments[J],Journal of the Korean Geographical Society,2004,39(5).
[8]Meng Zhang,Wei Shi,Liqiu Meng.A Generic Matching Algorithm for Line Networks of Different Resolitions,Prodedding of22th International Cartographic Conference[C],2005.
[9]Meng Zhang,Wei Shi,Liqiu Meng.A Matching Approach Focused on Parallel Roads and Looping Crosses in Digital Maps,2006.
[10]何建邦,柯正谊,陈常松等.国土资源环境和区域经济信息系统集成方案,空间信息学及其应用-RS,GPS,GIS及其集成[M].武汉:武汉测绘科技大学出版社,1998.
[11]张桥平,李德仁,龚键雅.城市地图数据库实体匹配技术[J].遥感学报,2004,8(2):107-112。
[12]Laurini R..Spatial multi-database topological continuity and indexing:a step towards seamless GIS data interoperability[J].1998,IJGIS,12:373-402.
[13]刘志勇.城市地图数据库合并中的面实体匹配方法研究[D】.河海大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[14]李晓军,丘健妮,彭龙军等.多源空间数据集成技术状况与应用前景研究[J].计算机与现代化:2006,(5):39-42.
[15]王轩.地理信息共享的数据转换技术与方法的研究[D】.解放军信息工程大学硕士学位论文,2004.
[16]刘海砚.地图制图与空间数据生产—体化理论和技术的研究【D】.解放军信息工程大学博士学位论文,2002.
[17]崔铁军,郭黎.多源地理空间矢量数据集成与融合方法探讨[J].测绘科学技术学报,2007,24(1):1-4.
[18]华一新,吴升,赵军喜.地理信息系统原理与技术[M].北京:解放军出版社,2001:(159-165).
[19]陆菲菲,奚玲,岳春生.利用几何精校正进行多尺度数字栅格地图对准[J].计算机应用,2006,26:115-117.
[20]刘青宝,金燕,邓苏等.基于模糊聚类的属性匹配算法.模糊系统与数学[J],2006,20(6):96-102.
[21]邬伦,刘瑜,张晶等.地理信息系统原理、方法和应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2001.
[22]Winter S..Uncertain Topological Relations between Imprecise Regions[J],Intermational Journal of Geographical Information Systems,2000,14(5),pp.411-430.
[23]陈玉敏,龚健雅,史文中.多尺度道路网的距离匹配算法研究[J].测绘学报,2007,36(1):84-90.
[24]Meng Zhang,Liqiu Meng.Implementation of a generic road-matching approach for the integration of postal data,2006.
[25]Yuan and Tao.Development of Conflation Components[C],in Proceedings of Geoinformatics'99Conference,1999.
[26]Griffin P.,and White M..Piecewise Linear Rubber-Sheet Map Transformations[J],The American Cartographer,1985,Vol.12,No.2,pp.123-131.
[27]张锦,董晓媛,金雁中.多源数据更新地理空间数据库的理论与关键术[J].科学导报,2005,23(8):71-74.
[28]Rosen B.and Saalfeld A..Match criteria for automatic alignment[J],Proceedings of AutoCarto 7,1985,1-20.
[29]王艳慧,孟浩.GIS中地理要素多尺度表达间层次连通性的研究[J].湖南科技大学学报(自然科学版),2006,21(1):59-63.
[30]张桥平,李德仁,龚键雅.城市地图数据库合并技术[J].测绘通报,2003,(9):27-29.
[31]李德仁,龚键雅,张桥平.论地图数据库合并技术[J].测绘科学,2004,29(1):1-4.
[32]邓愫愫,童小华.城市地图数字合并变换算法的比较研究[J].测绘工程,2006,15(2):12-16.
[33]童小华,邓愫愫,史文中.基于概率的地图实体匹配方法[J].测绘学报,2007,36(2):210-217.
[34]刘春雷,王爱国,肖仁杰.地图合并的技术研究[J].现代测绘,2007,30(3):13-15.
[35]张晓东,李德仁,龚健雅等.一种基于面特征的遥感影像与GIS数据配准方法[J].遥感学报,2006,10(3):373-380.
[36]王峰,林宗坚.航空影像与地图的配准纠正[J].中国图像图形学报,2001,6(4):383-386.
[37]刘东琴,苏山舞.多空间数据库位置匹配方法及其应用[J].测绘科学,2005,30(2):78-80.
[38]Zhang QiaoPing.Shape Similarity Measures of Liner Entities,Geo-Spatial Information Science,2002,5(2):62-67.
[39]Jan-Henrik Haunert.Link Based Conflation of Geographic Datasets[C],8~(th) ICA WORKSHOP on Generalisation and Multiple Representation,2005.
[40]肖强.数字地图生产中多元信息综合利用技术的研究与实践[D].解放军信息工程大学硕士学位论文,2003.
[41]郭黎.空间矢量数据融合问题的研究[D].解放军信息工程大学硕士学位论文,2003.
[42]李少梅,孙群.扫描地图图像几何纠正的技术和方法[J].解放军测绘研究所学报,2001,22(4):40-43.
[43]郭金运,朱明法,徐泮林.地图数据几何纠正时仿射变换与相似变换的对比分析[J].测绘通报,2001,(4):23-27.
[44]何维,李秉柏,张娅等.一种新的控制点采集方法[J].国土资源遥感,2001,(4):59-62.
[45]潘伟,郑刚.基于聚类模式的多数据源匹配的实现[J].计算机技术与发展,2007,17(1):76-78.
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[47]Ana-Maria Olteanu,Sebastien Mustiere and Anne Ruas.Matching imperfect spatial data[C],7~(th) International Symposium on Spatial Accuracy Asscessmentin Natural Resources and Enviromental Sciences,2007.
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