空间知识地图构建理论和方法研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
21世纪是知识经济时代。随着数据获取技术、计算机技术和互联网技术的迅猛发展,基于网络地图资源和地图服务,人们几乎可以获取其所关注事件的海量、近实时的具有时空属性的相关信息。大众化、知识化、智能化成为地图学新的发展趋势。随着移动互联时代的到来和地图在其它领域的广泛应用,人们逐渐发现在地理信息的汪洋中竟然很难得到对于其解决问题至关重要的地理知识。地图制作正从“数据获取”向“信息深加工处理”漂移,地图应用从“信息价值”向“服务价值”转变。服务的最佳体现就是知识。目前,制图学、地理信息科学和知识可视化领域的最新技术为地理知识的获取和表达提供了可能。因此,地图制图人员试图利用自身专业知识和技能,通过地理思维、地理心像、地理推理以及空间数据挖掘和空间分析等功能,对现有信息资源进行“深加工”,为不同领域人员的地学决策问题提供空间知识支撑。在此背景下,本文从地图学的角度出发,借鉴相关领域的最新研究成果,提出了空间知识地图的基本概念,并对其构建理论和方法进行了研究。与传统地图和GIS相比,空间知识地图更加强调知识的获取、表示和可视化表达。为验证空间知识地图构建理论和方法,本文以城市旅游为例,基于Geodatabase数据库和ArcEngine10.0设计了城市旅游知识地图的一系列模型并制作了部分实验样图。论文主要工作包括以下五个方面:
     1.研究了空间知识地图的研究背景、研究意义和应用前景,提出了空间知识地图的基本概念及概念模型。提出空间知识地图有广义和狭义之分,狭义空间知识地图是本文的研究重点,是将空间信息、空间数据、空间知识及其相互关联关系基于一定的数学基础反映在地图上,是空间知识的地图形式化表达。其核心问题是知识的空间化和知识的可视化。
     2.研究了空间知识地图的研究对象、数学模型、理论基础和支撑技术,形成了空间知识地图的研究框架。用数学语言建立了空间知识地图的数学模型,提出空间知识地图的研究对象包括物理地理空间和客观知识空间;以语义为核心,从地理空间信息对象、地理空间信息产品、地理空间信息服务方式三个维度,分析了地图、GIS、知识地图之间的区别与联系,认为从地图到GIS再到空间知识地图呈现出向语义聚拢的趋势;在此基础上,认为空间认知理论、知识管理理论、地理本体理论、知识可视化表达理论为空间知识地图研究提供了理论基础,地理本体技术、知识获取技术、知识表示技术和知识可视化技术为空间知识地图构建提供了技术支撑;提出空间数据模建、空间知识表示、知识地图可视化表达等三个问题是空间知识地图构建过程中迫切解决的问题。
     3.建立了空间知识地图的认知模型和数据模型。面向制图表达需要的基于专题地理分层思想的传统地图数据模型,不便于地理数据的分析和地理知识的获取。从地理空间和空间的基本概念入手,提出空间知识地图的认知模型;在此基础上,提出空间知识地图建模包括数据建模和知识建模两部分内容,数据建模解决了测度地理实体的地理空间数据如何在计算机存储和管理的问题,知识建模则解决反映地理实体本质特征和内在规律性的空间知识的形式化描述问题;为便于分析和获取空间数据蕴含的潜在的丰富的空间知识,以区域理论、认知范畴理论、制图抽象原则和集合理论为基础,设计了本体驱动的基于特征和事件的时空数据模型,建立了其概念模型、逻辑模型和物理模型。
     4.系统研究了空间知识的来源、空间知识的获取方法和空间知识的框架,面向可视化表达形成了空间知识地图的知识体系,设计了基于本体的知识表示模型和空间知识地图知识库组织结构。在研究总结现有空间知识来源、知识获取技术和可获取的知识类型的基础上,形成了面向可视化表达的空间知识地图知识体系;基于本体技术,探讨了构建空间知识地图知识库的原则、步骤以及迫切解决的问题;采用软件系统的逆向工程思想,提出了从知识本体到数据库存储的七条映射规则,设计了空间知识地图知识库组织结构。
     5.研究了空间知识地图可视化表达的主要类型和方法,设计了空间知识地图可视化表达模型,提出空间结构知识地图、语义结构知识地图和趋势演变知识地图是空间知识地图的三种基本类型。空间知识地图不仅仅是一种固化的地图产品,还可能是用户思考过程中的活跃设备或者仅为视觉思维服务的中间产品。空间知识地图可视化表达可分为基于地图形式化的事实知识表达和基于知识可视化的概念知识表达;事实知识的地图形式化表达包括点状要素、线状要素、面状要素三类基于地图的可视化表达方法,概念知识的知识可视化表达包括概念构成及其关系的表达、示意性地图表达和地理逻辑拓扑图表达三种形式;在此基础上,形成了空间知识地图的表达模型和基本类型。
The21st century is the Knowledge Economy Century. With the rapid development of dataacquisition technology, computer technology and Internet technology, people can almost get thevolumes of the real-time spatial and temporal information which are relevant with the incidentshe is being concerned about through the resources and services of the web map. The newdevelopment trends of the cartography have become popular, knowledge, intelligent. Along withthe arrival of the Mobile Internet Era and the comprehensive use of the map in other areas,people gradually find that it’s very difficult to obtain the geospatial knowledge in the ocean ofthe geospatial information, although the knowledge could help us to resolve issues. So thefocusof the map-making drifts from―the data acquisition‖to―the information processing deeply‖, andthe map application changes from―the information value‖toward―the service value‖. The bestreflection of service is the knowledge. Nowadays, the newest technologies from cartography,geoinformatic and knowledge visualization provide the possiblities of the geospatial knowledgeacquisition and representation. Therefore, the cartographers try to take advantage of their ownprofessional knowledge and skills such as geographical thinking, geographical imagines,geographical reasoning, spatial data mining, and spatial analysis and so on, in order to deeplyprocess the existing information resources and strive to seek the new breakthrough and thegrowing point of the geographic information services from the knowledge level. Its final goal isto provide geospatial knowledge service for different personnel who are facing with kinds of thegeographical decision problems. In this context, by referencing the latest research results in therelated fields, this paper suggests the basic concepts of the geospatial knowledge map and itstheoretical framework and technology system from the point of view of cartography. Bycomparing with the traditional map and GIS, The geospatial knowledge map emphasizes thegeospatial knowledge acquisition, representation and visual expression. In order to examine theabove theories and models, it designs a series of models of the city tourism knowledge map andproduces some experimental maps based on the geodatabase and ArcEngine10.0. The maincontributions are as follows:
     1The dissertation studies the research background,the research significance and theapplication prospect of the geospatial knowledge map, presents its foundation concept andconcept model. It proposes that there are broad geospatial knowledge map and narrow geospatialknowledge map. The latter is the focus of this dissertation. It’s the map formal expression ofgeospatial knowledge. In Fact, It reflects geospatial data, information, knowledge and theirrelated relationships based on some mathematics foundation. Its key factors are geospatial knowledge spatialization and visualization.
     2The dissertation studies the research object, the mathematical model, the basic theoriesand the support technologies of the geospatial knowledge map, forms its research framework. Itillustrates the mathematical model in the math language. Its research object includes the physicalgeographic space and the objective knowledge space. Then it analysises the common anddiffrences among map, GIS and geospatial knowledge map from the three dismensions ofgeosoatial information objects,geospatial information products and geospatial informationservice around semantic, and suggests there is the trend of gathering toward semantics. On thisbasis, it provide its foundation theories such as spatial cognition, knowledge management theory,geographic ontology and knowledge visualization, and the support technologies of geographicontology technology, knowledge acquisition, knowledge representation and knowledgevisualization.Then it presents the key problems in constructing the geospatial knowledge map,which are data modelling, knowledge representation and knowledge visualisation.
     3The dissertation constructives the cognitive model and the data model of the geospatialknowledge map. The traditional map data model which is built up for map making and bases onthe thematic geography layer thought, is not convenient for analysising geospatial data andobtaining geospatial knowledge. Starting from the basic concepts of geospace and space, itproposes the cognitive model of the geospatial knowledge map. On this basis, It presents that thegeospatial knowledge map modeling includs data modeling and knowledge modeling: the datamodeling provides a solution to geospatial data storage and management in the computer whichmeasures geographical entities, the knowledge modeling solves the formal description of thegeospatial knowledge which reflects the essential characteristics and inherent regularities ongeographical entities;To obtain and access the potential geospatial knowledge contained ingeospatial data, It designs the ontology-driven spatio-temporal data model based on the Featureon the foundation of the regional theory, the cognitive category theory, the map generalizationprinciples and set theory; Then it establishes its conceptual model, logical model and physicalmodels.
     4It summaries and stuies the source, the acquisition methods and the system of thegeospatial knowledge, forms the knowledge systems in the geospatial knowledge map, anddesigns the ontology-based geospatial knowledge representation model and the organizationalstructure of the knowledge base. Through concluding the existing source,the acquisitiontechnologyies and the types of the geospatial knowledge, it suggests its knowledge system facingthe map visual expression;Then it illustrates the principles, procedures, and the urgentproblems in constructing the knowledge base based on ontology technology; At last, it providesseven mapping rules from knowledge ontology to database storage in the reverse engineering thought from software system, and designs the knowledge base organizational structure.
     5It works over the main types and methods on the geospatial knowledge map visualization,designs its visual expression model and provides there are three kinds of the geospatialknowledge map such as geospatial structure knowledge map, semantic structure knowledge mapand evolution trends knowledge map. Geospatial knowledge map is more than just a settled mapproducts, bu also is an active device in the user's thought processing or only is a visualintermediate products on thinking. The visual expression types of the geospatial knowledge mapcan be divided into map-based formal expression of the fact knowledge and knowledge visualexpression of conceptual knowledge.The map formal expression methods of the fact knowledgeinclude point-like elements, linear elements and area-like elements visual expression based onmap. And the conceptual knowledge visualization types include the knowledge expression of theconcept composition and their relationships, the knowledge expression in a schematic map formand the knowledge expression in the geographical schematics map form. On this basis, it findsthe visual representation model and the basic types of the geospatial knowledge map.
引文
[1].张晓林.走向知识服务:21世纪中国学术信息服务的挑战与发展[M].成都:四川大学出版社,2001
    [2].李德仁,钱新林.浅论自发地理信息的数据管理[J].武汉大学学报信息科学版,2010,35(4):379-383
    [3].Goodchild M F.Citizens as Voluntary Sensors:Spatial Data Infrastructure in the World of Web2.0[J].International Journal of Spatial Data Infrastructures Research,2007(2):24-32
    [4].高俊.地理空间数据的可视化[J].测绘工程,2000(3):1-7
    [5].马耀峰.不同学科概念地图研究的反思[J].地球信息科学,2005,7(2):11-16,64
    [6].Nonaka and H.Takeuchi.The Knowledge-Creating Company[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1995
    [7].MacEachren A.M,Kraak M.J.Research challenges in Geovisualization[J].Cartographic andGeographic Information System.2001,28(1):3-12
    [8].邸凯昌.空间数据挖掘和知识发现[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2001
    [9].姜竹丽.浅谈对地理概念的理解[J].继续教育研究,2001(5):103-104
    [10].王光霞,游雄,於建峰等.地图设计与编绘[M].北京:测绘出版社,2011
    [11].陈立娜.知识管理中企业知识地图的绘制[J].图书情报工作,2003(8):44-47
    [12].Davenport T H,Pmsak L.Working knowledge:how organizations manage what they know[M].Boston:Harvard Business School Press,1998
    [13].Vail III,Edmond F.Knowledge Mapping:Getting Started with Knowledge Management[J].INFORMATION SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT,1999,(4):32-36
    [14].Duff J.Knowledge Exchange at Glaxo Wellcome[J].THE INFORMATION MANAGE JOURNAL,2000(3):88-91
    [15].王君,樊治平.一种基于web的企业知识管理系统的模型框架[J].东北大学学报,2003(2):65-67.
    [16].王茂林,刘秉镰.物流企业知识地图构建[J].研究科技进步与对策,2010,27(5):108-110.
    [17].乐飞红,陈锐.企业知识管理实现流程中知识地图的几个问题[J].图书情报知识,2000(3):15-17.
    [18].赵蓉英,邱均平.知识网络研究(I)——知识网络概念演进之探究[J].情报学报,2007,26(2):198-269
    [19].赵蓉英,邱均平.知识网络研究(II)——知识网络的概念、内涵和特征[J].情报学报,2007,26(3):470-476
    [20].Beckmann M J.Economic Models of Knowledge Networks.In:Batten D,Casti J(eds.).Networksin Actions[M].Berlin,Heidelberg,New York,Tokyo:Springer-Verlag,1995
    [21].Kobayashi K.Knowledge network and market structure:ananalytical perspective [M].New York:Springer-verlag,1995
    [22].Wang J.A knowledge network constructed by integrating classification,thesaurus and metadata in digitallibrary[J].International Information&Library Review,2003,35(2,3,4):383-397
    [23].A J Scott,M Storper. High technology industry and region development:a theoretical critique andreconstruction[J].International Social Science Journal,987(1):215-230
    [24].艾廷华.适宜空间认知结果表达的地图形式[J].遥感学报,2008,12(2):347-354
    [25].龚建华,李亚斌,王道军,黄明祥,王伟星.地理知识可视化中知识图特征与应用—以小流域淤地坝系规划为例[J].遥感学报,2008,12(2):355-361
    [26].陈述彭.地学信息图谱刍议[J].地理研究,1998,17(增刊):5-8
    [27].廖克.地学信息图谱的探讨与展望[J].地球信息科学,2002(2):14-20
    [28].齐清文,池天河.地学信息图谱的理论和方法[J].地理学报,2001,56(增刊):8-18
    [29].秦长江,侯汉清.知识图谱——信息管理与知识管理的新领域[J].大学图书馆学报,2009(1):30-37,96
    [30].梁秀娟.科学知识图谱研究综述[J].图书馆杂志,2009,28(6):58-62
    [31].陈悦,刘则渊.悄然兴起的科学知识图谱[J].科学学研究,2005,23(2):149-154
    [32].许珺,裴韬,姚永慧.地学知识图谱的定义、内涵和表达方式的探讨[J].地球信息科学学报,2010,12(4):496-502,509
    [33].陆锋,李小娟,周成虎.基于特征的时空数据模型:研究进展与问题探讨[J].中国图象图形学报,2001,6(9):830-839
    [34].聂俊兵,谢迎春.基于特征的空间数据模型及新一代地理信息系统[J].西部探矿工程,2007(9):73-75
    [35].Langran G.A reviewoftemporal database research and its use in GIS applications[J].International Journalof Geographical Information Systems,1989(3):215-232
    [36].Langran G,Chrisman N R.A framework for temporal geographic information[J].Cartographica,1988(25):1-14
    [37].Langran,G. Time in Geographic Information Systems[B].London:Taylor&FraneisLtd.,1992
    [38].尹章才,李霖.基于快照——增量的时空索引机制研究[J].测绘学报,2005,34(3):257-261
    [39].田娇娇,唐新民,杨平.动态数据库模型的研究与应用[J].测绘科学,2006,31(l):123-125
    [40].郑扣根,谭石禹,潘云鹤.基于状态和变化的统一时空数据模型[J].软件学报,2001,12(9):1360-1365
    [41].Peuquet D.,N.Duan.An Event-Based Spatiotemporal Data Model for Geographic Information Systems[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Systems,1995,9(1):7-24
    [42].王家耀,魏海平,成毅.时空GIS的研究与发展[J].海洋测绘,2004,24(5):1-4
    [43].潘云鹤.计算机图形学——原理、方法及应用[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2001
    [44].赵国庆,黄荣怀,陆志坚.知识可视化的理论与方法[J].开放教育研究,2005,11(1):23-27
    [45].Robertson G.G.,Card S.K.and Mackinlay J.D..The Cognitive Coprocessor for Interactive UserInterfaces[C].Proceedings of UIST,the ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on User interface software andtechnology.Williamsburg,VA.NY,1989,10-18
    [46].UCGIS.Research priorities for geographic information science[J].Cartography and GeographicInformation Systems,1996,23(3):115-127
    [47].Martin J.Eppler.Knowledge Visualization:Towards a New Discipline and its Fields Application[M].InWissenskommunikation in Organisationen,R.Rainhardt and Martin J.Eppler,Eds.,Springer,2004
    [48].袁国明,周宁.信息可视化和知识可视化的比较研究[J].科技情报开发与经济,2006,16(12):93-94
    [49].赵慧臣.知识可视化的视觉表征研究综述[J].远程教育杂志,2010(1):76-80
    [50].Jonassen D H.What are cognitive tools?[M].Kommers P,Jonassen D H, Mayes J T.Cognitive toolsfor learning.NATO ASI Series F.Computer and Systems Sciences.Berlin,Heidelberg:Springer,1991
    [51].周宁,陈勇跃,金大卫等.知识可视化与信息可视化比较研究[J].情报理论与实践,2007,30(2):178-181,255
    [52].王伟星,龚建华.地学知识可视化概念特征与研究进展[J].地理与地理信息科学,2009,25(4):1-7
    [53].AndréSkupin,Sara Irina Fabrikant.Spatialization Methods: A Cartographic Research Agenda forNon-geographic Information[J].Cartography and Geographic Information Science,2003,30(2):95-115
    [54].舒红.时空拓扑关系定义及时态拓扑关系描述[J].测绘学报,1997,26(4):299-306
    [55].舒红.地理空间的存在[J].武汉大学学报自然科学版,2004,29(10):868-871
    [56].潘星,王君,刘鲁.一种基于概念聚类的知识地图模型[J].系统工程理论与实践,2007(2):126-132
    [57].陈述彭.现代地图学[J].地图,2003(4):6
    [58].王家耀,孙群,王光霞等.地图学原理与方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2006
    [59].Goodchild,M.F.Geographicalal information science[J].International Journal of GeographicalInformation Systems,1992(6):31-45
    [60].Goodchild M. F,EGENHOFER M J,KEMP K K,et a1.Introduction to the vareniusproject[J].INT.J.Geographical Information Science,1999,13(8):731-745
    [61].Montello Daniel R.Cognitive Research in GIScience:Recent Achievements and FutureProspects[J].2009,5(3):1824–184
    [62].高俊.地图的空间认知与认知地图学[A].地图学年鉴[C].北京:中国地图出版社,1991
    [63].王家耀,陈毓芬.理论地图学[M].北京:解放军出版社,2000
    [64].Ahvi M,LeidnerD.Knowledge Management Systems:EmergingViews and Practices from theField[A].Proceedil of the32nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences [C].Hawaii,USA,1999
    [65].PETRASH G.Dow’S journey to a knowledge value management culture[J].European ManagementJournal,1996,14(4):365-373
    [66].波普尔.科学知识进化论[M].纪树立编译,北京:三联书店,1987
    [67].波普尔.客观知识[M].舒伟光等译.上海:上海译文出版社,1987
    [68].朱智贤.心理学大词典[K].北京:北京师范大学出版社,1985
    [69].鞠鑫.认知结构研究述评[J].四川教育学院学报,2008,24(6):12-14
    [70].皮亚杰.发生认识论原理[M].北京:商务印书馆,1981
    [71].史忠植.Ontology的科技译名[J].科技术语研究,2004,6(4):l3-l4
    [72].STUDER R,BENJAM INS V R, FENSEL D. Knowledge Engineering, Princip lesandMethods[J].Data and Knowledge Engineering,1998,25(122):16-2197
    [73].吴立新,徐磊,陈学习等.基于主体人与地学本体的人—地—GIS关系讨论[J].地理与地理信息科学,2006,22(1):1-6
    [74].黄茂军.地理本体的形式化表达机制及其在地图服务中的应用研究[D].武汉大学,2005
    [75].王朝云,刘玉龙.知识可视化的理论与应用[J].现代教育技术,2008,12(2):18-20,17
    [76].王步标,华明.人体生理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1994
    [77].Paivio,A.Mental Representations[M].NewYork:Oxford University Press,1986
    [78].Peter Staub,Hans Rudolf,Andreas Morf.Semantic Interoperability through the Definition of ConceptualModel[J].TransformationTransactions in GIS,2008,12(2):193-207
    [79].黄茂军,杜清运,吴运超等.地理本体及其应用初探[J].地理与地理信息科学,2004,20(4):1-5
    [80].Fonseca,F.,Egenhofer,M.,Davis,C.,and Camara,G.Semantic Granularity in Ontology-DrivenGeographic Information Systems[A].AMAI Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence-SpecialIssue on Spatial and Temporal Granularity,2002,36(1,2):121-151
    [81].丁晟春,顾德访.Jena在实现基于Ontology的语义检索中的应用研究[J].现代图书情报技术,2005,(10):5-9
    [82].毛国君.数据挖掘技术与关联规则挖掘算法研究[D].北京工业大学博士学位论文,2003
    [83].韦子莉.知识获取研究[J].情报杂志,2004(4):41-43
    [84].曹文君.知识库系统原理及其应用[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,1995
    [85].张强.可视化知识的获取与研究[D].中国科技大学论文,2007
    [86].Roeper Peter.First and Second Order Logic of Mass Terms [J].Journal of Philosophical Logic,2004,33(3):261-297
    [87].Martin J.Eppler. Knowledge Visualization:Towards a New Discipline and its Fields Application[M].InWissenskommunikation in Organisationen,R.Rainhardt and Martin J.Eppler,Eds.,Springer,2004
    [88].邱婷,钟志贤.一种概念框架:知识外在表征在教学中的应用[J].现代远程教育研究,2005(5):39-43
    [89].http://www.thinkingmaps.corn/,2010
    [90].陈述彭,鲁学军,周成虎.地理信息系统导论[M].北京:科学出版社,2001
    [91].Christopher B Jones.Geographic Information System and Computer Cartography[M].Longman:Singapore Publishers(Pte)Ltd,1997
    [92].王家耀.空间信息系统原理[M].北京:科学出版社,2001
    [93].Frederico Torres Fonseca.ONTOLOGY-DRIVEN GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS[D].TheUniversity of Maine,2001
    [94].Guarino,N.Formal Ontology and Information Systems[J].in:N.Guarino,(Ed.),Formal Ontologyin Information Systems.IOS Press,Amsterdam,Netherlands,1998,3-15
    [95].Fonseca,F.and Egenhofer,M.Ontology-Driven Geographic Information Systems[C].in:C.B.Medeiros,(Ed.),7th ACM Symposium on Advances in Geographic Information Systems,KansasCity,MO,1999:1-4
    [96].Egenhofer M J,Frank A V.Object-oriented modeling in GIS:Inheritance and Propogation[C].in:Autocarto9Conference,Baltimore,1989:588-598
    [97].Usery,E.L.Category Theory and the Structure of Features in Geographic InformationSystems[J].Cartography and Geographic Information Systems,1993,20(1):5-12
    [98].陶虹.基于场景的可视化地理概念建模方法研究[D].南京师范大学硕士学位论文,2008
    [99].张鹏顺.区域理论视野下的旅游扶贫[J].理论探讨,2011,159(2):100-103
    [100]. James,P.E.,and C.F.Jones.American Geography:Inventory and Prospect[M].Syracuse,New York:Syracuse University Press,1954
    [101].杨先娣,何宁,吴黎兵.基于范畴论的本体集成描述[J].计算机工程,2009,35(6):76-78
    [102]. Rosch,E.Cognition and Categorization[M].E.Rosch and B.B.Lloyd (eds.),New York:HalsteadPress,1978
    [103]. Lakoff, G.Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal About theMind[M].Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1987
    [104]. E.Rosch,C.B.Mervis,W.D.Gray,D.M.Johnson,and P.Boyes-Braem..Basic Objectsin Natural Categories[J].Cognitive Psychology,1976(8):382-439
    [105]. E.L.Usery.A Feature-Based Geographic Information System Model[J].Photogrammetric Engineeringand Remote Sensing,1996,62(7):833-838
    [106].吴子华,唐常杰,张天庆等.时态数据库系统设计中的时间因素处理[J].四川大学学报(自然科学),1995,32(2):139-144
    [107]. G.Copol and D.Maier.Making Smalltalk a database system[C].In Proceedings of the InternationalConference on Management of Data.USA:Boston,1982,316-325
    [108].蒋捷,陈军.基于事件的土地划拨时空数据库若干思考[J].测绘学报,2000,2(2):64-70
    [109].郑扣根,余青怡,潘云鹤.基于事件对象的时空数据模型的扩展与实现[J].计算机工程与应用,2001,(3):45-61
    [110].黄杏元,马劲松,汤勤.地理信息系统概论[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2001
    [111].佘江峰,冯学智,林广发等.多尺度时空数据的集成与对象进化模型[J].测绘学报,2005,34(1):71-77
    [112].舒红,陈军,史文中.时空数据模型研究综述[J].计算机科学,1998,25(6):70-74
    [113]. N.Guarino and C.Welty.A Formal Ontology of Properties[C].in:R.Dieng and O.Corby,(Eds.),Proceedings of EKAW-2000:The12th International Conference on Knowledge Engineering andKnowledge Management.Lecture Notes in Computer Science1920,2000,97-112
    [114]. C.Bock and J.Odell.A More Complete Model of Relations and Their Implementation:Roles[J].Journal of Object-Oriented Programming,1998,11(2):51-54
    [115]. D.C.Halbert and P. D.O'Brien.Using Types and Inheritance in Object-Oriented Languages[C].in:J. Bézivin, J.-M. Hullot, P. Cointe, and H. Lieberman,(Eds.), Proceedings of ECOOP'87European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming.Lecture Notes in Computer Science276,1987,20-31
    [116]. Buttenfield B.Multiple Representations[M].NCGIA Research Initiative3,1993
    [117]. A.Perez,V.Benjaminx.Overview of knowledge sharing and reuse components:ontologies andproblem-solving methods[J].in:Proceedings of the IJCAT99Workshop on Ontology andProblem-Solving Methods:Lesson learned and Future Trends,Amsterdam: CEUR Publications,1999(18):1-15
    [118].赵追,黄勇奇.基于地理本体和SWRL的地理时空信息与时空推理规则表达[J].安徽农业科学,2009,37(3):1375-1379
    [119].黄茂军,杜清运、社晓初.地理本体空间特征的形式化表达机制研究[J].武汉大学学报信息科学版,2005,30(4):337-340
    [120]. A.O.Mendelzon,T.Milo and E.Waller.Object Migration[C].in: Proceedings of the13th ACMSIGACT—SIGMOD—SIGART Symposium on Principles of Database Systems,Minneapolis,MN,1994,232-242.
    [121]. J.Su.Dynamic Constraints and Object Migration[C].in:G.Lohman,A.Sernadas,and R.Camps,(Eds.),17th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, Barcelona,Spain,1991,233-242
    [122]. H.A.Kuno and E.A.Rundensteine. The MultiView OODB View System:Design andImplementation[J].TAPOS-Theory and Practice of Object Systems,1996,2(3):202-225
    [123].党安荣.ArcGIS8Desktop地理信息系统应用指南[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2003
    [124].宋杨,万幼川.一种新型空间数据模型Geodatabase[J].测绘通报,2004(11):31-33
    [125]. A.N.Antipov.A new quality of geographical knowledge[J].Geography and Natural Resources,2009(30):213–218
    [126]. Antony Galton.Spatial and Temporal Knowledge Representation[J].EARTH SCI INFORM,2009(2):169–187
    [127].马蔼乃.地理知识的形式化[J].测绘科学,2001,26(4):8-12
    [128].刘瑜,张毅,田原等.广义地名及其本体研究[J].地理与地理信息科学,2007,23(6):1-7
    [129].郝向阳.地图信息识别与提取技术[M].北京:测绘出版社,2001
    [130].陈军.基于知识发现的专题信息提取[D].四川师范大学硕士学位论文,2005
    [131].郭仁忠.空间分析[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2001年第2版
    [132].朱长青,史文中.空间分析建模与原理[M].北京:科学出版社,2006
    [133]. K.Koperski and J.Han.Discovery of Spatial Association Rules in Geographic InformationDatabases[A].M.J.Egenhofer and J.R.Herring,Advances in Spatial Databases [C],LNCS951,Berlin:Springer Verlag,1995:47-66
    [134].李德仁,王树良,李德毅.空间数据挖掘理论与应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2006
    [135].王新华,米飞,冯英春等.空间数据挖掘技术的研究现状与发展趋势[J].计算机应用研究,2009,26(7):2401-2403
    [136].蒋曼.基于空间数据库的数据挖掘技术[J].武汉大学学报自然科学版,2002,25(2):183-186
    [137].周海燕.空间数据挖掘的研究[D].中国人民解放军信息工程大学,2002
    [138].李德仁,王树良,史文中,等.论空间数据挖掘和知识发现[J].武汉大学学报信息科学版,2001,26(6):491-499
    [139]. A.K.Cherkashin.Geographical systemology:formation rules for system ontologies[J].Geographyand Natural Resources,2008(29):10–115
    [140]. Hai Zhuge,Jie Liu.A fuzzy collaborative assessment approach for Knowledge Grid [J].FutureGeneration Computer Systems,2004(20):101-111
    [141].关丽,王平,刘湘南.空间知识网格体系架构及其实现技术探讨[J].测绘科学,2007,32(1):43-46,161
    [142]. F.W.Nickols.The knowledge in knowledge management[J].In Cortada,J.W.&Woods,J.A.(Eds)The knowledge management yearbook2000-2001.Boston,MA:Butterworth-Heinemann,2000:12-21
    [143].付炜.地理专家知识表示的框架网络模型研究现[J].地理研究,2002,21(3):1-8
    [144].付炜.地理专家系统的知识表示与知识库组织[J].应用科学学报,1997,15(4):482-489
    [145].梁怡.人工智能、空间分析与空间决策[J].地理学报,1997,52(增刊):104-113
    [146]. Fu F.Neural net works in computer intelligence[M].The MIT Press and M cGraw-Hill,Inc.1994
    [147].周成虎,遥感影像地学理解与分析[M].北京:科学出版社,2001
    [148].杜云艳,张丹丹,苏奋振,等.基于地理本体的海湾空间数据组织方法—以辽东湾为例[J].地球信息科学,2008,10(1):7-13
    [149].陈虎,李宏伟,马雷雷.本体在地理知识库构建中的应用[J].地理空间信息,2011,9(5):78-80,83
    [150].鄢珞青.知识库的知识表达方式探讨[J].情报杂志,2003(4):63-64
    [151].于鑫刚,李万龙.基于本体的知识库模型研究[J].计算机工程与科学,2008,30(6):134-136
    [152]. anko.P.孙群(译).地图投影知识库系统的设计考虑[J].测绘译丛,1991(2),30-36
    [153].刘成亮,李涵.本体知识库系统研究[J].电脑知识与技术,2008(18):1646-1648
    [154].边馥苓,梅琨.为地理知识库构建位置本体[J].地理信息世界,2008(4):27-32,39
    [155].陈和平,何璐,陈彬,等.基于关系数据库的本体生成器设计与实现[J].计算机工程,2009,35(5):34-36,43
    [156].胡静文,赵继娣.突发危机事件本体知识库构建方法研究[J].图书馆学研究,2012(4):58-62
    [157]. Xu Zhuoming,Cao Xiao,Dong Yisheng,et a1.Formal Approach and Automated Tool for TranslatingER Schemata into OWNL Ontologies[C].Proc.of Advances in Knowledge Discovery and DataMining.Berlin,Germ any:Springer,2004:464-475
    [158].于长锐,王洪伟,蒋馥.基于逆向工程的领域本体开发方法[J].计算机应用研究,2006,23(6):28-30
    [159].韩丽影,刘伟.信息可视化—知识服务网站的新形象[J].情报理论与实践,2005,8(6):636-639
    [160].秦建新,张青年,王全科,等.地图可视化研究[J].地理研究,2000,19(1):15-21
    [161].李霖,许铭,尹章才,等.基于地图的地理信息可视化现状与发展[J].测绘工程,2006,15(5):11-14
    [162]. Philbrick A K.Toward a unity of cartographic forms and geographical content[J].Professional Geofraphy,1953,5(5):11-15
    [163]. Dibiase D W.Scientific Visualization in the Earth Science[J].Earth and Mineral Sciences,Thepennsylventa State University,1990(19):201-214,265-266
    [164].陈小钢,王英杰,余卓渊.基于地理空间语义网络的多媒体电子地图系统[J].地理学报,2001,56(增刊):92-97
    [165].陈毓芬,江南.地图设计原理[M].北京:解放军出版社,2001
    [166].王英杰,余卓渊,苏莹,等.自适应空间信息可视化研究的主要框架和进展[J].测绘科学,2005,30(8):92-96
    [167]. Meng LiQiu.Missing Theories and Methods in Digital Cartography[C].21th Int CartographicConference,Durban,2003
    [168].刘瑜,方裕,邬伦等.基于场所的GIS研究[J].地理与地理信息科学,2005,21(5):6-10,14
    [169].郭平,范丽,叶莲.空间规则的可视化解释[J].计算机科学,2004,31(5):169-171,186
    [170].王佐成,薛丽霞,李永树等.空间数据挖掘知识的地图可视化表达[J].计算机应用研究,2007,17(6):253-255
    [171]. James R.Faulconbridge.Relational networks of knowledge production in transnational lawWrms[J].Geoforum,2007(38):925-940
    [172]. Tobler,W.R.Thirty five years of computer cartograms[J].Annals of the Association of AmericanGeographers,2004,94(4):58-73
    [173]. NESON E.A cognitive map experiment:mental representation and the encodingprocess[J].Cartography and Geographic Information Systems,1996,23(4):229-248
    [174]. LLOYD R.Spatial Cognition:Geographic Environments[M].Kluwer Academic Publishers.1997
    [175]. Nova,J.D.and Gowin,D.N.Learning How to Learn[M].Cambrige,U.K.:Cambrige UniversityPress,1984
    [176].顾小清,郑颖.概念地图:原理及作用[J].信息技术教育,2003(9):24-25.
    [177].马费成,郝金星.概念地图在知识表示和知识评价中的应用(I)——概念地图的基本内涵[J].中国图书馆学报,2006(3):5-9,49
    [178].唐曦.空间规划专题地图的符号构建与可视化策略[D].华东师范大学,2010
    [179]. T.Vanoutrive,P.D.Maeyer.TheCartographic Representation of the‘Desired spatial structure’inFlanders(Belgium)[C].Proeeedings of24thInternational Cartographic Conference(CD-ROM),Chile:Santiago,2009
    [180].李德毅,肖俐平.网络时代的人工智能[J].中文信息学报,2008,22(2):3-9
    [181].王晓春,田丰,秦严严,等.UPIM:以用户为中心的笔式交互系统设计[J].计算机研究与进展,2006,43(8):1337-1344
    [182].张晓林.走向知识服务:寻找新世纪图书情报工作的生长点[J].中国图书馆学报,2000(5):32-37
    [183].陈建龙,王建冬,胡磊,谢飞.一论知识服务的概念内涵—基于产业实践视角的考察[J].图书情报知识,2010(3):11-16
    [184].张华宝.“知识服务”概念解读的两个视角比较[J].图书馆论坛,2011,31(2):1-2,5
    [185].陈建龙,王建冬,胡磊,刘合翔.再论知识服务的概念内涵——与信息服务关系的再思考[J].图书情报知识,2010(4):14-19
    [186].于海龙,邬伦,刘瑜,等.基于Web Services的GIS与应用模型集成研究[J].测绘学报,2006,35(2):153-159
    [187]. ERSI.ArcWeb Service[EB/OL].http://www.esri.com/software/arcweb--services/index.html,2008
    [188].毛峰,刘婷,刘仁义,等.基于REST面向资源的地理信息服务设计[J].计算机工程,2011,37(8):238-240
    [189].吴华意,刘哲,徐开明.地理信息服务集成的级联模式及其应用[J].测绘科学,2010,35(6):212-214
    [190].承达瑜,王发良,周治武,等.基于BPEL的地理信息服务组合研究与实现[J].测绘科学,2010,35(6):259-261
    [191]. LetitiaA.Long.GEOINT Power in Your Hands[J].Geospatial Intelligence Forum,2010,8(8)
    [192]. Reginald G. Golledge.The Nature of Geographic Knowledge[J].Annals of the Association ofAmerican Geographers,2002,92(1):1–14
    [193]. ISO/TC2112001,ISO19119,Geographic Information Service
    [194].张霞.地理信息服务组合与空间分析服务研究[D].武汉大学博士学位论文,2004
    [195].凯文林奇(美)著.方益萍,何晓军译.城市意象[M].北京:华夏出版社,2001
    [196].俞晟.城市旅游与城市游憩学[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2003
    [197].李丹.基于用户的城市旅游电子地图设计系统的研究与实践[J].测绘与空间地理信息,2008,31(2):149-151
    [198].李爽,黄福才.城市旅游公共服务体系建设之系统思考[J].旅游学刊,2012,27(1):7-9
    [199].刘艳.关于旅游地图设计的探讨[J].测绘与空间地理信息,2008,31(3):183-184
    [200].纪花,吴相利.城市旅游地标理论与实践意义[J].黑龙江对外经贸,2009(4):103-104
    [201]. Floraine Grabler,Maneesh Agrawala,Robert W.Sumner,Mark Pauly.Automatic Generation of TouristMaps[C],SIGGRAPH,2008(100):1-11
    [202].陈四平.上海城市交通旅游类地图设计与编制的探讨[J].城市勘测,2007(2):89-90
    [203]. Sungsoo Pyo.Knowledge map for tourist destinations—needs and implications[J].TourismManagement,2005(26):583–594
    [204]. Tversky,B.Levels and Structures of Spatial Knowledge[C],In:Kitchen,R. and Freundschuh,S.(eds.),Cognitive Mapping:Past,Persent and Future[M].London:Roulledge,2004
    [205].尹章才,李霖.基于XML的地图表达机制研究[J].武汉大学学报信息科学版,2007,32(2):135-138
    [206].马张华.文献分类法主题法导论(修订版)[M].北京:国家图书馆出版社,2009

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700