北疆区域积雪深度变化的遥感监测研究
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摘要
本论文以分析反演积雪覆盖与雪深为目标,利用积雪观测、实测资料以及相应时次的MODIS卫星资料,以GIS技术手段的测试反演分析方法,运用系统的遥感科学理论和数值分析模拟方法,建立MODIS资料的积雪覆盖率与深度的反演模型,探讨了积雪深度变化和气候之间的相互反馈及影响作用。论文资料选取北疆地区20个基本气象台站1971~2006年36年的年最大积雪深度的实测资料,建立年最大积雪深度时间序列;根据2004-2006年度冬季伊犁河谷地区积雪站资料和2003-2006年度冬季相关气象台站雪深资料进行了分析。针对典型地区积雪深度和密度状况2009-2010年冬季进行了多次野外实测,共获取127个样本数据,为模型研建与验证提供了第一手宝贵资料。同时收集了对应的MODIS晴空探测资料,在MODIS多光谱多波段资料处理分析的基础上,针对雪深反演自动判识这一难点,利用数学统计方法结合不同目标物的光谱特性知识库,同时考虑下垫面条件(包括地表积雪覆盖度、反射率、积雪密度)等多种因子和季节性等对积雪深度分布的影响,实现云、雪、地表、水体等各种目标物的自动判识和积雪分类。分析研究采取多学科交叉融合,从野外实验、数据收集到模型模拟和区域集成的技术路线。通过对区域气候变化、积雪观测事实分析,以山区积雪制图为基础,将积雪覆盖信息和地理信息数据在GIS空间分析技术支持下进行多元数据融合、栅格运算、积雪覆盖度计算等多种处理,制作出观测区和自然流域的积雪产品,建立EOS/MODIS积雪遥感监测与GIS应用技术的积雪深度反演模型。结果表明北疆地区季节性积雪年际波动不大,年际变化的区域差异不显著,相对比较稳定。在区域气候变暖的背景下,该地区季节性积雪与青藏高原积雪和两极地区的冰盖变化趋势一样,通过平均差值法、最小二乘法和自回归滑动平均法三种统计模式检验,北疆地区季节性积雪随着区域气候的变暖而有所增加。季节性积雪的长期变化趋势是冬季气温、降水长期波动变化的结果,季节性积雪的年际变化与冬季平均气温的波动呈弱的负相关,与冬季降水的波动呈显著的正相关关系。通过利用MODIS卫星资料的分析和建立的反演模型,基本了解北疆区域积雪的积累和分布的规律,为新疆积雪的定性、定量及动态变化分析提供重要技术手段,为新疆气象部门拓展服务领域,指导农牧业生产和积雪的防灾减灾决策提供直观和及时的服务产品。
Aiming for retrieving snow cover and snow depth, based upon the observed snow data and corresponding MODIS satellite data, utilizing GIS retrieval methods, systematic remote sensing theory and numerical simulation method, the paper developed the retrieval model of snow cover and depth of MODIS data, discussed the feedback and influence between snow depth and climate change.
The paper selected the observed maximum snow depth data of 20 primary weather stations in north part of Xinjiang from 1971 to 2006, set up the time series of maximum snow depth; analyzed the data from Tianshan Snow-Cover and Avalanche Research Station and the concerned weather stations in Yili valley. Aiming for the snow depth and snow density in typical area, we did field observation in the winter of 2009 and 2010, took 127 samples and offered the first-hand data for model construction and verification. We collected MODIS data in clear days. Aiming for the difficulty in automatically identification of snow depth retrieval, combining statistical methods with spectrum features bank of various objects, considering the influence of substrate condition (including snow cover, albedo and density) and season on snow depth, the paper realized snow automatic classification and identification of cloud, snow, land surface and water.
The study adopted the routine of interdisciplinarity from field experiment, data collection to model simulation and regional integration. Through the analysis on regional climate change and facts of snow observation, based on mapping of mountainous snow, the paper dealed with the data with the methods of integration of multi-data, grid calculation and snow cover calculation under the support of GIS spatial analysis technique, produced the snow product of observed area and natural catchments, and set up the snow depth retrieval model of EOS/MODIS snow remote sensing monitoring and GIS application.
It indicated that the inter-annual change of seasonal snow in north part of Xinjiang was stable, with the indistinctive regional difference. Under the background of regional climate warming, the tendency of seasonal snow of the study area was consistent with that of Tibetan Plateau and icecap of polar area. Through three statistical tests of mean subtraction, least square, and auto-regressive moving-average,
it was found that the seasonal snow in north part of Xinjiang increased under the regional warming background. The long-term change of seasonal snow was associated with the long-term fluctuation of winter temperature, and precipitation. The inter-annual change of seasonal snow change was weakly negative correlated with mean winter temperature and significantly positive correlated with winter precipitation.
Through the analysis of MODIS satellite data and retrieval model, we understood the discipline of snow accumulation and distribution in north part of Xinjiang, offered critical ways to the qualitative, quantitative and dynamic analysis on snow in Xinjiang, expanded the service field of Xinjiang meteorological section, and provided the visual and timely service product for the decision-making on agriculture and animal husbandry production and the prevention and reduction of snow disaster.
Aiming for retrieving snow cover and snow depth, based upon the observed snow data and corresponding MODIS satellite data, utilizing GIS retrieval methods, systematic remote sensing theory and numerical simulation method, the paper developed the retrieval model of snow cover and depth of MODIS data, discussed the feedback and influence between snow depth and climate change.
The paper selected the observed maximum snow depth data of 20 primary weather stations in north part of Xinjiang from 1971 to 2006, set up the time series of maximum snow depth; analyzed the data from Tianshan Snow-Cover and Avalanche Research Station and the concerned weather stations in Yili valley. Aiming for the snow depth and snow density in typical area, we did field observation in the winter of 2009 and 2010, took 127 samples and offered the first-hand data for model construction and verification. We collected MODIS data in clear days. Aiming for the difficulty in automatically identification of snow depth retrieval, combining statistical methods with spectrum features bank of various objects, considering the influence of substrate condition (including snow cover, albedo and density) and season on snow depth, the paper realized snow automatic classification and identification of cloud, snow, land surface and water.
The study adopted the routine of interdisciplinarity from field experiment, data collection to model simulation and regional integration. Through the analysis on regional climate change and facts of snow observation, based on mapping of mountainous snow, the paper dealed with the data with the methods of integration of multi-data, grid calculation and snow cover calculation under the support of GIS spatial analysis technique, produced the snow product of observed area and natural catchments, and set up the snow depth retrieval model of EOS/MODIS snow remote sensing monitoring and GIS application.
It indicated that the inter-annual change of seasonal snow in north part of Xinjiang was stable, with the indistinctive regional difference. Under the background of regional climate warming, the tendency of seasonal snow of the study area was consistent with that of Tibetan Plateau and icecap of polar area. Through three statistical tests of mean subtraction, least square, and auto-regressive moving-average,
it was found that the seasonal snow in north part of Xinjiang increased under the regional warming background. The long-term change of seasonal snow was associated with the long-term fluctuation of winter temperature, and precipitation. The inter-annual change of seasonal snow change was weakly negative correlated with mean winter temperature and significantly positive correlated with winter precipitation.
Through the analysis of MODIS satellite data and retrieval model, we understood the discipline of snow accumulation and distribution in north part of Xinjiang, offered critical ways to the qualitative, quantitative and dynamic analysis on snow in Xinjiang, expanded the service field of Xinjiang meteorological section, and provided the visual and timely service product for the decision-making on agriculture and animal husbandry production and the prevention and reduction of snow disaster.
引文
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[02]Gray DM, Male DH. Handbook of snow. Pergamon Press: Canada Toronto[J]. Ltd, Sept, 1981: 220-232
[03]刘明哲,魏文寿,姜逢清.天山西部山地冬季积雪能量交换特征分析[J]干旱区地理, 1997,20(4):68-73
[04]谢应钦,张金生.雪层内太阳的穿透辐射[J]冰川冻土,1988,10(2):135-142
[05]Dozier J, Melack M, Elder K, et al. Snow ,snowmelt, rain, runoff, and chemistry in a Sierra Nevada watershed. Final report to California Resources Board Contract[J], 1989, A6 147-32 268
[06]Martinec J, Rango A. Parameter values for snowmelt runoff modeling[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 1986, 84: 197-219
[07]姜逢清,徐俊荣,仇家琪等,天山巩乃斯河谷融雪期积雪物质平衡初步研究[J].干旱区地理,1996,19(2):50-54
[08]冯学智,柏延臣,史正涛,李文君.北疆地区积雪深度的克里格内插估计[J]冰川冻土,2000,22(4):358-361
[09]王健,马明国,Poaol Federicis.基于遥感与地理信息系统的SMR融雪径流型在Alps山区流域的应用[J].冰川冻土,2001,23(4):436-441
[10]王金叶,常宗强,金博文,张学龙,牛云.祁连山林区积雪分布规律调查[J]西北林学院学报,2001,16(增):14-16
[11]Jordan, R., A one dimensional temperature model for a snow cover: Technical Docementation for SNTHERM.89. U.S.Army Corps of Enigineers[J], Cold Regions Research and Engi-neering Laboratory, Special Report 91-16, 1991.
[12]Brazenec, W., Evaluation of ultrasonic snow depth sensors for automated surface observing systems (ASOS) [J], Department of Forest, Rangeland, and Watershed Stewardship, Masters Thesis, 2005.
[13]Kevin V. Galloway, Scott D. Landolt, Roy M. Using liquid-equivalent snow gauge measurements to determ snow depth - Preliminary Results,8, 2006
[14]chang A T C,Foster J L,Hall D K,Nimbus一7 SMMR derived global snow cover parameters[J],Annals 0f Glaciology,1987,9:39-44
[15]曹梅盛,李培基,中国西部积雪微波遥感监测[J],山地研究,1994,12(2) :230~234
[16]Chang ATC,Foster J L,Hall D K.Nimbus-7 SMMR derived global snow cover parameters[J].Annals of Glaeiology,1987,(9):39-44
[17]陈彦山,青藏高原积雪对西北地区干旱气候的影响研究[D],南京气象学院硕士论文,2000.
[18]史培军,陈晋.RS与GSI支持下的草地雪灾监测实验研究[J].地理学报,1996,51(4):296-305
[19]王世杰.利用NOAA/AVHRR影像资料估算积雪量的方法探讨[J].冰川冻土,1998,20(1):68-71
[20]周咏梅,贾生海,刘萍.利用NOAA/AVHRR资料估算积雪参量[J].气象科学,2001,21(1):117-121
[21]延昊.NOAA16卫星积雪识别和参数提取[J].冰川冻土,2004,26(3):369-371
[22]高火山,李惠增.“风云”1号C卫星的应用与展望《中国航天》[J].2001年第八期
[23]曾群柱,冯学智,西藏那曲积雪深度的综合分析方法[J],中国科学院兰州冰川冻土研究所集刊,1995,8:56-61.
[24]张佳华,吴杨,利用气象卫星遥感和地面实测积雪资料分析今年新疆积雪特征[J],高原气象,2008,27(3):551~557
[25]王秋香,魏文寿,王金民,新疆北疆最大积雪深度EOF展开场的时间变化规律[J],冰川冻土,2008,30(2):244~249
[26]彭京备,陈烈庭,张庆云,青藏高原异常雪盖和ENSO的多尺度变化及其与中国夏季降水的关系[J],高原气象,2005,24(3):366-377.
[27]柯长青,李培基,王采平,青藏高原积雪变化趋势及其与气温和降水的关系[J],冰川冻土,1997,19(4):289-294.
[28]杨青,崔彩霞,1959~2003年中国天山积雪的变化[J],气候变化研究进展,2007,3(2):80~84.
[29]中央气象局.地面气象观测规范[M].气象出版社, 1979:68-70
[30]Colbeck S C. A theory of water percolation in snow[J]. Journal of Glaciology, 1972, 11: 369-385
[31]Colbeck S C. The Permeability of a melting snow covers. Water Resources Research, 1982, 18(4): 904-908
[32]周石硚,中尾正义,桥本中将等,水在雪中下渗的数学模拟[J].水利学报, 2001, 1: 6-10
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