瞬变电磁法在煤矿应用中的研究
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摘要
我国煤炭资源丰富，煤矿开采历史悠久。随着国民经济的发展，煤炭的需求量也不断提高。然而煤矿采空区(小煤窑和古空区)、煤矿地下火区和煤的风氧化带、断层和岩溶陷落柱等问题不同程度的制约着煤矿正常生产，甚至可给煤矿带来安全问题。因此探明煤矿采空区(小煤窑和古空区)、断层和岩溶陷落柱并对其含水性给出评价；准确探明煤矿地下火区和煤的风氧化带等是在煤矿安全生产迫切需要解决的问题。
目前探测方法较多，如地震勘探(二维和三维)、电法勘探(传导类和感应类)、氡气测量等物探方法均在煤矿得到了广泛的应用。然而由于各种物探方法的特点不同，受应用条件的限制，除构造类地质问题外，对地下煤层的火区(尤其是多层火区)，煤的风氧化带，以及采空区(充水与不充水)这些非构造类地质问题的探测仍有待研究。
本文以地下煤层火区、煤层风氧化带以及采空区可形成电性差异为基础，根据瞬变电磁法具有穿透高阻层能力强及随机干扰影响小，受地形影响小的特点，讨论了应用瞬变电磁法对其进行探测的可行性。
本文通过查阅大量的国内外文献，在较为详细地阐述瞬变电磁法基本理论和基本方法后，在地形较为复杂的山区进行了瞬变电磁法探测充水与不充水采空区的试验，得到了有意义的结论；并对瞬变电磁法进行了地形影响的试验，给出了地形对瞬变电磁法探测结果有影响的直观表述；通过资料分析与整理对实测数据进行了地形校正，并给出了地形校正公式。
最后作者采用瞬变电磁法对大同王村煤矿地下火区，和古交西曲煤矿北五盘区煤层风氧化带，进行了试验性的探测研究。探测结果通过与其它物探方法的对比和实地验证，表明在地形较为复杂的山区，应用瞬变电磁法探测煤矿地下采空区、地下火区和煤层的氧风化带不失为一种较为有效的手段，是有意义的，是值得研究的。
China has an abundant coal mining resource and long history in this business. With the development of social economy, more coalmining amount is needed. However, many problems of coal mining goaf (small coal pit and age-old sap), underneath burning area, wind oxidized zone, faultage and lava cave-in post were restricted normal production of coal mining in different degrees and moreover could bring dangerous problems. Therefore, it is necessary to solve these problems in coal mining by surveying coal mining goaf (small coal pit and ancient dead area), faultage and lava cave-in post and estimating the content of water and precisely probing underneath burning area and wind oxidized zone.
At present, lots of probe methods have been widely used in coal mining such as seismic survey (two-dimension and three dimensions), electrical survey (conductive and inductive), and radon gas survey. However, due to different features of every survey method and restriction of application conditions, except structural geological problems, it is needed to research on non-structural geological problems in underneath burning area(especially in multi-layers burning zone), wind oxidized zone and coal mining goaf.
Based on the electric property differences of underneath burning area, wind oxidized zone and coal mining goaf, and according to strong penetration of resistive formation and small interference at random and little effect on terrain of transient electromagnetic method, this article mainly discusses feasibilities of surveying by transient electromagnetic method.
Referring to lots of home and aboard documents, the author describes basic theories and methods of transient electromagnetic method in detail. Significant conclusions result from the tests of filling and non-filling water in complicated mountain area through transient electromagnetic method. Direct explanations have been made about terrain influence over transient electromagnetic method survey results through terrain effect test. Terrain correct formulations have been given by correcting terrain of analyzing and tiding test data.
Finally, the author makes experimental survey research on underneath burning area of Wangcui in Datong and wind oxidized zone of north fifth area of Xiqu in Gujiao by transient electromagnetic method. Compared survey result with other geophysical methods and practical tests, it showed that in the complicated terrain mountain area, it is an effective way to survey coal mining coal mining goaf, underneath burning area, wind oxidized zone by transient electromagnetic method. It is significant and valuable to research on this subject.
目前探测方法较多，如地震勘探(二维和三维)、电法勘探(传导类和感应类)、氡气测量等物探方法均在煤矿得到了广泛的应用。然而由于各种物探方法的特点不同，受应用条件的限制，除构造类地质问题外，对地下煤层的火区(尤其是多层火区)，煤的风氧化带，以及采空区(充水与不充水)这些非构造类地质问题的探测仍有待研究。
本文以地下煤层火区、煤层风氧化带以及采空区可形成电性差异为基础，根据瞬变电磁法具有穿透高阻层能力强及随机干扰影响小，受地形影响小的特点，讨论了应用瞬变电磁法对其进行探测的可行性。
本文通过查阅大量的国内外文献，在较为详细地阐述瞬变电磁法基本理论和基本方法后，在地形较为复杂的山区进行了瞬变电磁法探测充水与不充水采空区的试验，得到了有意义的结论；并对瞬变电磁法进行了地形影响的试验，给出了地形对瞬变电磁法探测结果有影响的直观表述；通过资料分析与整理对实测数据进行了地形校正，并给出了地形校正公式。
最后作者采用瞬变电磁法对大同王村煤矿地下火区，和古交西曲煤矿北五盘区煤层风氧化带，进行了试验性的探测研究。探测结果通过与其它物探方法的对比和实地验证，表明在地形较为复杂的山区，应用瞬变电磁法探测煤矿地下采空区、地下火区和煤层的氧风化带不失为一种较为有效的手段，是有意义的，是值得研究的。
China has an abundant coal mining resource and long history in this business. With the development of social economy, more coalmining amount is needed. However, many problems of coal mining goaf (small coal pit and age-old sap), underneath burning area, wind oxidized zone, faultage and lava cave-in post were restricted normal production of coal mining in different degrees and moreover could bring dangerous problems. Therefore, it is necessary to solve these problems in coal mining by surveying coal mining goaf (small coal pit and ancient dead area), faultage and lava cave-in post and estimating the content of water and precisely probing underneath burning area and wind oxidized zone.
At present, lots of probe methods have been widely used in coal mining such as seismic survey (two-dimension and three dimensions), electrical survey (conductive and inductive), and radon gas survey. However, due to different features of every survey method and restriction of application conditions, except structural geological problems, it is needed to research on non-structural geological problems in underneath burning area(especially in multi-layers burning zone), wind oxidized zone and coal mining goaf.
Based on the electric property differences of underneath burning area, wind oxidized zone and coal mining goaf, and according to strong penetration of resistive formation and small interference at random and little effect on terrain of transient electromagnetic method, this article mainly discusses feasibilities of surveying by transient electromagnetic method.
Referring to lots of home and aboard documents, the author describes basic theories and methods of transient electromagnetic method in detail. Significant conclusions result from the tests of filling and non-filling water in complicated mountain area through transient electromagnetic method. Direct explanations have been made about terrain influence over transient electromagnetic method survey results through terrain effect test. Terrain correct formulations have been given by correcting terrain of analyzing and tiding test data.
Finally, the author makes experimental survey research on underneath burning area of Wangcui in Datong and wind oxidized zone of north fifth area of Xiqu in Gujiao by transient electromagnetic method. Compared survey result with other geophysical methods and practical tests, it showed that in the complicated terrain mountain area, it is an effective way to survey coal mining coal mining goaf, underneath burning area, wind oxidized zone by transient electromagnetic method. It is significant and valuable to research on this subject.
引文
[1] 电磁测深法原理，北京，煤炭工业出版社，1979
[2] A. A 考夫曼，G. V. 凯勒，频率域和时间域电磁测深，北京，地质出版社，1987
[3] 牛之琏，脉冲瞬变电磁法及其应用，湖南长沙，中南工业大学出版社，1992
[4] 牛之琏，时间域电磁法原理，湖南长沙，中南工业大学出版社，1992
[5] 朴化荣，电磁勘探法原理，北京，地质出版社，1990
[6] 方文藻等，李予国，李貅，瞬变电磁测深法原理，西安，西北工业大学出版社，1993
[7] 江坤树，瞬变电磁法在贵港岩溶勘查中的应用，勘察科学技术，1997，2，59
[8] 薛国强，李勇，杨静东，瞬变电磁法在公路地质勘察中的应用，石油仪器，2001，20，2，41
[9] 张运霞，牛向东，韩自豪，周建雄，瞬变电磁法在矿井水害治理工作中的应用，工程地球物理学报，2004，1，5，418-423
[10] 刘君，陈强，瞬变电磁法在山西探测陷落柱中的应用，科技情报开发与经济，2005，15，16，301
[11] 张稻，陆廷金，马建军，荣鹏辉 瞬变电磁法在地下金属物体探测中的应用，弹箭与制导学报，2005，3
[12] 陈贵生，瞬变电磁法(TEM)勘察研究，[硕士学位论文]，湖南长沙，中南大学，2001，12
[13] 房纯纲，贾永梅，柯志泉等，电磁法在城市雨洪利用地下灌排系统探测中的应用，水电自动化与大坝检测，2002，26，6，37-41
[14] 郭崇光，田卫东，瞬变电磁法在山西采空区探测中的应用，山西煤炭，2003，13，25
[15] 周先胜，昌修林，瞬变电磁法在矿井水文探测中的应用，煤矿现代化，2006，3，63
[16] 路军臣，苏维涛，张济怀，瞬变电磁法在探测小窑采空区中的应用，河北煤炭，2002，2，25-27
[17] 傅茂朝，瞬变电磁法原理及应用，军工勘察，1996，2，55-56
[18] 王兴泰，工程与环境物探新方法新技术，地质出版社，北京，1996，132-135
[19] Nabighan, M. N. and Macnae, J. C. Time domain electromagnetic prospecting metkods in Nabighian
[20] H. F. lrlorrison Correction of measured transient electromagnetic responses for finite transmitter turn-off duration, Geonics Limited technical note TN-16, 1984, 1-6
[21] 蒋邦远，实用近区磁源瞬变电磁法勘探，北京，地质出版社，1998
[22] 中地装备集团，重庆地质仪器厂A T E—I I使用说明书，2006
[23] 静恩杰，李志腆，瞬变电磁法野外工作方法，中国煤田地质，1995，7，3 88-91
[24] Buselli, G.McCracken, K. G, Rutter.H, Manual for SIROTEM field procedures and data inter-pretation, CSIRO Australia, 1985
[25] Jing, E, Modelling electromagnetic responses of 3-D earth structures; ph. o.thesis, Univesity of Mel-bourne, 1995
[26] Nabighan, M.N,Macnae,J.C, Time domain electromagnetic prospecting metkods in Nabighian, M.N,Ed., electomagnetic methods in applied goopbysics,Vol. 2:investigations in Geophysics, Soc. Ex-pl. Geophys.1991
[27] Grant, F. S.West,G.F.,Interpretation theory in applied goophysics, NewYork, McGraw Hill.1965
[28] 王丰，王兴泰，改进的模拟退火方法及其在电阻率图像重建中的应用，长春科技大学学报，1999，29(2)：175—178
[29] Hogg, R.V., J.Ledolter.Engineering Statistics.MacMillan PublishingCompany, 1987
[30] 周明平，期瞬变电磁法测量中地形改正方法探讨，贵州地质，2001，2，117-120
[31] 祁明星，万兆昌，陕北煤田火区磁探工作方法及效果，物探与化探，No．8，1987
[32] 煤炭科学研究总院抚顺分院情报室，利用磁感应及远距离测定作出煤层火灾区域地图，国外煤矿安全信息，1996，7
[33] N．B．潘菲若娃，确定矿体内因火灾的中心位置，国外煤矿安全信息，1995，6
[34] 戴广龙，双元示踪技术探测煤炭自燃火源的研究，西安矿业学院学报，1996，16，3
[35] 康高峰，雷学武，吴军虎等，TM图像在新疆奇台北山煤田火区动态监测中的应用，国土资源遥感，1996，2
[36] 余明高，岳超平，采空区火源位置探测技术现状及发展方向，中国安全科学学报，1998，18，5
[37] 刘鸿福，用相对测温法与测氡法在地表探测地下煤层自燃的尝试，山西矿学院学报，1989，11
[38] 刘鸿福，程小平等、测氡技术在探测地下火区范围中的应用，物探与化探，1997，21(1)，77—80
[39] 刘鸿描，白春明，舒祥泽等，用测氡技术探测煤矿地下火区的研究，煤炭学报，1997，8
[40] 刘鸿福，白春明，煤炭自燃区上部地气氡分布规律的实验研究，中国地球物理年会年刊，1994年
[41] 王惠亮，应用瞬变电磁法探测煤层风氧化带，采矿技术，2004，6，2，61-62
[42] Fitterman D V, Anderson W L, Effect of transmitter turn off time on transient sounding. Geoexploration, 1987, 24, 56-58
[43] Raiche A P. The effect of ramp function turn-off on the TEM response of layered earth. Exploration Geophysics, 1984,15,23
[44] Weidelt, Respose characteristics of coincident loop transient electromagnetic system. Geophysiscs, 1982,47, 1325-1330
[2] A. A 考夫曼，G. V. 凯勒，频率域和时间域电磁测深，北京，地质出版社，1987
[3] 牛之琏，脉冲瞬变电磁法及其应用，湖南长沙，中南工业大学出版社，1992
[4] 牛之琏，时间域电磁法原理，湖南长沙，中南工业大学出版社，1992
[5] 朴化荣，电磁勘探法原理，北京，地质出版社，1990
[6] 方文藻等，李予国，李貅，瞬变电磁测深法原理，西安，西北工业大学出版社，1993
[7] 江坤树，瞬变电磁法在贵港岩溶勘查中的应用，勘察科学技术，1997，2，59
[8] 薛国强，李勇，杨静东，瞬变电磁法在公路地质勘察中的应用，石油仪器，2001，20，2，41
[9] 张运霞，牛向东，韩自豪，周建雄，瞬变电磁法在矿井水害治理工作中的应用，工程地球物理学报，2004，1，5，418-423
[10] 刘君，陈强，瞬变电磁法在山西探测陷落柱中的应用，科技情报开发与经济，2005，15，16，301
[11] 张稻，陆廷金，马建军，荣鹏辉 瞬变电磁法在地下金属物体探测中的应用，弹箭与制导学报，2005，3
[12] 陈贵生，瞬变电磁法(TEM)勘察研究，[硕士学位论文]，湖南长沙，中南大学，2001，12
[13] 房纯纲，贾永梅，柯志泉等，电磁法在城市雨洪利用地下灌排系统探测中的应用，水电自动化与大坝检测，2002，26，6，37-41
[14] 郭崇光，田卫东，瞬变电磁法在山西采空区探测中的应用，山西煤炭，2003，13，25
[15] 周先胜，昌修林，瞬变电磁法在矿井水文探测中的应用，煤矿现代化，2006，3，63
[16] 路军臣，苏维涛，张济怀，瞬变电磁法在探测小窑采空区中的应用，河北煤炭，2002，2，25-27
[17] 傅茂朝，瞬变电磁法原理及应用，军工勘察，1996，2，55-56
[18] 王兴泰，工程与环境物探新方法新技术，地质出版社，北京，1996，132-135
[19] Nabighan, M. N. and Macnae, J. C. Time domain electromagnetic prospecting metkods in Nabighian
[20] H. F. lrlorrison Correction of measured transient electromagnetic responses for finite transmitter turn-off duration, Geonics Limited technical note TN-16, 1984, 1-6
[21] 蒋邦远，实用近区磁源瞬变电磁法勘探，北京，地质出版社，1998
[22] 中地装备集团，重庆地质仪器厂A T E—I I使用说明书，2006
[23] 静恩杰，李志腆，瞬变电磁法野外工作方法，中国煤田地质，1995，7，3 88-91
[24] Buselli, G.McCracken, K. G, Rutter.H, Manual for SIROTEM field procedures and data inter-pretation, CSIRO Australia, 1985
[25] Jing, E, Modelling electromagnetic responses of 3-D earth structures; ph. o.thesis, Univesity of Mel-bourne, 1995
[26] Nabighan, M.N,Macnae,J.C, Time domain electromagnetic prospecting metkods in Nabighian, M.N,Ed., electomagnetic methods in applied goopbysics,Vol. 2:investigations in Geophysics, Soc. Ex-pl. Geophys.1991
[27] Grant, F. S.West,G.F.,Interpretation theory in applied goophysics, NewYork, McGraw Hill.1965
[28] 王丰，王兴泰，改进的模拟退火方法及其在电阻率图像重建中的应用，长春科技大学学报，1999，29(2)：175—178
[29] Hogg, R.V., J.Ledolter.Engineering Statistics.MacMillan PublishingCompany, 1987
[30] 周明平，期瞬变电磁法测量中地形改正方法探讨，贵州地质，2001，2，117-120
[31] 祁明星，万兆昌，陕北煤田火区磁探工作方法及效果，物探与化探，No．8，1987
[32] 煤炭科学研究总院抚顺分院情报室，利用磁感应及远距离测定作出煤层火灾区域地图，国外煤矿安全信息，1996，7
[33] N．B．潘菲若娃，确定矿体内因火灾的中心位置，国外煤矿安全信息，1995，6
[34] 戴广龙，双元示踪技术探测煤炭自燃火源的研究，西安矿业学院学报，1996，16，3
[35] 康高峰，雷学武，吴军虎等，TM图像在新疆奇台北山煤田火区动态监测中的应用，国土资源遥感，1996，2
[36] 余明高，岳超平，采空区火源位置探测技术现状及发展方向，中国安全科学学报，1998，18，5
[37] 刘鸿福，用相对测温法与测氡法在地表探测地下煤层自燃的尝试，山西矿学院学报，1989，11
[38] 刘鸿福，程小平等、测氡技术在探测地下火区范围中的应用，物探与化探，1997，21(1)，77—80
[39] 刘鸿描，白春明，舒祥泽等，用测氡技术探测煤矿地下火区的研究，煤炭学报，1997，8
[40] 刘鸿福，白春明，煤炭自燃区上部地气氡分布规律的实验研究，中国地球物理年会年刊，1994年
[41] 王惠亮，应用瞬变电磁法探测煤层风氧化带，采矿技术，2004，6，2，61-62
[42] Fitterman D V, Anderson W L, Effect of transmitter turn off time on transient sounding. Geoexploration, 1987, 24, 56-58
[43] Raiche A P. The effect of ramp function turn-off on the TEM response of layered earth. Exploration Geophysics, 1984,15,23
[44] Weidelt, Respose characteristics of coincident loop transient electromagnetic system. Geophysiscs, 1982,47, 1325-1330