安太堡井工矿90102、90103工作面地表移动规律研究
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摘要
随着我国国民经济的快速发展,对自然资源的需求越来越大,尤其是煤炭资源。煤层的地下开采引起煤层上覆岩层移动变形和地表沉陷已经成为一个非常严重的岩土工程问题,同时伴随着地表沉陷在开采范围内会产生大量的地表裂缝。为实现矿山的安全开采,在地下开采过程中,有必要对地下煤层开采引起的地表沉陷规律及地表采动裂缝分布规律进行研究。
本文利用FLAC3D软件对平朔安太堡井工矿90102～90103工作面的开采引起的地表移动规律进行了研究。根据实际开采过程,对煤层开采进行了分步模拟,计算结果表明,两个工作面开采完成后的最大沉降量为9.79m,平均影响半径为100.7m,下沉系数为0.8,主要影响角正切值为2.1,开采影响传播角87.3°,水平移动系数为0.24;另外,数值模拟方法计算结果与概率积分法的计算结果进行了对比分析,验证了本文计算结果的可靠性。
为了研究地表裂缝的发育规律,按照每步开采10m的步距,以6mm/m水平变形等值线为标志,对90102工作面的地表水平变形发展规律进行了模拟,结果表明,在开采工作面推进过程中闭合裂缝容易出现在6mm/m水平变形等值线与推进工作面之间的区域,在工作面开采的后期闭合裂缝会发生闭合;张开裂缝容易出现在采边界外边缘6mm/m水平变形等值线与开采边界之间的区域,整个工作面完成后开采边界外缘区域内的张开裂缝发生贯通;另外,90102工作面整个开采过程中,闭合裂缝和张开裂缝在地表相继出现,在整个开采过程的大部分时间内两种裂缝同时作用于地表,并且两种裂缝分布均受到地形的影响。
With the quick development of our national economy,more and more resources are needed in developing economy, especially the coal resource. It is a highly serious problem of geotechnical engineering that underground mining arouse terrane movement and ground subsidence, which, at the same time, causes a great deal of ground fissure from coal mining. For the sake of mining safety, the rules of ground collapse and fissure distribution are really necessary to be researched.
In this thesis, the rule of surface movement which is caused by the exploitation of faces of 90102 and 90103 of AnTaiBao coal mine is researched with FLAC3D. According to the actual exploitation process, the exploitation is simulated step by step. The numerical simulation result indicates that the maximum ground settling amount is 9.79m; the average radius of influence is 100.7m; the subsidence factor is 0.8; the tangent of major influence angle is 2.1; the mining influence spread angle is 87.3°; the horizontal movement coefficient is 0.24. Some results above are compared with the calculation results of probability integration method, which proves the reliability of calculation results of this thesis.
In order to get the growth rule of ground fissure from coal mining, 10m as one step and 6mm/m horizontal deformation isopleth as the primary symbol, the growth rule of ground horizontal deformation in the area of 90102 mine face is simulated. The simulation results indicate that the closing cracks probably appear in the area between the 6mm/m horizontal deformation isopleth and working face during the process of exploitation and the width of closing cracks gradually decrease during the late stage of the exploitation of the 90102 mine face; the open fractures usually appear in the area between the 6mm/m horizontal deformation isopleth and the outer margin of 90102 mine face, at the end of exploitation, we can see the evolution of open fractures into transfixion. Besides, the open fractures appear after the closing cracks, most of the time of the exploitation, two kinds of cracks work on the ground surface at the same time, and both are affected by terrain.
本文利用FLAC3D软件对平朔安太堡井工矿90102～90103工作面的开采引起的地表移动规律进行了研究。根据实际开采过程,对煤层开采进行了分步模拟,计算结果表明,两个工作面开采完成后的最大沉降量为9.79m,平均影响半径为100.7m,下沉系数为0.8,主要影响角正切值为2.1,开采影响传播角87.3°,水平移动系数为0.24;另外,数值模拟方法计算结果与概率积分法的计算结果进行了对比分析,验证了本文计算结果的可靠性。
为了研究地表裂缝的发育规律,按照每步开采10m的步距,以6mm/m水平变形等值线为标志,对90102工作面的地表水平变形发展规律进行了模拟,结果表明,在开采工作面推进过程中闭合裂缝容易出现在6mm/m水平变形等值线与推进工作面之间的区域,在工作面开采的后期闭合裂缝会发生闭合;张开裂缝容易出现在采边界外边缘6mm/m水平变形等值线与开采边界之间的区域,整个工作面完成后开采边界外缘区域内的张开裂缝发生贯通;另外,90102工作面整个开采过程中,闭合裂缝和张开裂缝在地表相继出现,在整个开采过程的大部分时间内两种裂缝同时作用于地表,并且两种裂缝分布均受到地形的影响。
With the quick development of our national economy,more and more resources are needed in developing economy, especially the coal resource. It is a highly serious problem of geotechnical engineering that underground mining arouse terrane movement and ground subsidence, which, at the same time, causes a great deal of ground fissure from coal mining. For the sake of mining safety, the rules of ground collapse and fissure distribution are really necessary to be researched.
In this thesis, the rule of surface movement which is caused by the exploitation of faces of 90102 and 90103 of AnTaiBao coal mine is researched with FLAC3D. According to the actual exploitation process, the exploitation is simulated step by step. The numerical simulation result indicates that the maximum ground settling amount is 9.79m; the average radius of influence is 100.7m; the subsidence factor is 0.8; the tangent of major influence angle is 2.1; the mining influence spread angle is 87.3°; the horizontal movement coefficient is 0.24. Some results above are compared with the calculation results of probability integration method, which proves the reliability of calculation results of this thesis.
In order to get the growth rule of ground fissure from coal mining, 10m as one step and 6mm/m horizontal deformation isopleth as the primary symbol, the growth rule of ground horizontal deformation in the area of 90102 mine face is simulated. The simulation results indicate that the closing cracks probably appear in the area between the 6mm/m horizontal deformation isopleth and working face during the process of exploitation and the width of closing cracks gradually decrease during the late stage of the exploitation of the 90102 mine face; the open fractures usually appear in the area between the 6mm/m horizontal deformation isopleth and the outer margin of 90102 mine face, at the end of exploitation, we can see the evolution of open fractures into transfixion. Besides, the open fractures appear after the closing cracks, most of the time of the exploitation, two kinds of cracks work on the ground surface at the same time, and both are affected by terrain.
引文
[1]吴侃.开采引起的地表裂缝深度和宽度预计.阜新矿业学院学报,1997,16(6):649~652
[2]王树元,赵德勤.矿山开采破坏学.北京:冶金工业出版社,1993
[3]王孝存.团城铁矿地压显现与岩层移规律研究:[硕士学位论文].哈尔滨:东北大学,2003
[4]洪靖文.采动覆岩动态移动破坏规律及开采沉陷预计系统研究:[中国矿业大学博士论文].北京:中国矿业大学,1999
[5]贺跃光.工程开挖引起的地表移动与变形模型及监测技术研究:[中南大学博士学位论文].长沙:中南大学,2003
[6]孙世国,蔡美峰,王思敬等.开挖对岩体稳态的扰动与活化分析.中国矿业,2000,9(3):64～67
[7]采矿设计手册.北京有色冶金设计研究院.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1988年
[8]解世俊.金属矿床地下开采.北京:冶金工业出版社,1999年
[9]王艳辉,蔡嗣经,宋卫东.基于人工神经网络的地下矿山岩层移动研究.北京科技大学学报,2003,25(2):106～109
[10]张树标.下垄钨矿大平矿区地表塌陷原因分析及危险区圈定.中国钨业,1999,25(3):25～27
[11]彭苏萍,孙连英.地下开采岩体变形综合分析方法及其应用.中国矿业大学学报,2002,31(1):80～83
[12]王维纲,苑靖.采矿设计中的陷落角问题.中国矿业,2000,13(3):34～38
[13]何晖,等.渭北采动沉陷区地表裂缝规律及村镇抗变形民宅设计分析.西安工业学院学报,2002,22(3):250
[14]康建荣,何万龙,胡海峰.山区采动地表变形及坡体稳定性分析[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,2002
[15]杜国栋,等.充填采矿法引起的地表变形数值模拟研究.金属矿山,2008,379(1):39～42
[16]马崇武,等.采矿引起的构造应力场变动与地表开裂的关系.西安科技大学学报,2008,25(2):36～39
[17]康建荣.山区采动裂缝对地表移动变形的影响分析.岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(1):59~63
[18]麻风海.岩层移动及动力学过程的理论与实践[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,1997
[19]张玉卓,仲惟林等.断层影响下地表移动的统计和数值模拟研究.煤炭学报,1987,25(3):458
[20]胡友键,吴北平,戴华阳等.山区地下开采影响下地表移动规律.焦作工学院学报,1999,18(4):553
[21] Salamon M D G, Elastic analysis of displacement and stresses induced by the mining of seamj or roof deposis, J. S. Afr, Inst. Metall, 1963, Vol.63
[22] Fayol M, Sur Les movements deterrain provoques par L’explotitation desmines, Bull. Soc. Lindustrie Minerale, 2nd series, 1885, 818
[23] Wang Yongjia. Boundary Element Method for Viscoelastic Problem in Rock Mechanics, Press of Northeast Univ of Tech, 1986
[24] M. F. Lough, S. H. Lee, J. Kamath, An efficient boundary integral formulation for flow through fractured porous media, Journal of Computational Physics, 1998, 462~483
[25] Chao Shan, Iraj Javandel, Paul A. Witherspoon, Characterization of leaky faults. Study of air flow in faulted vadose zones, Water Resources Research., 1999, 2007~2013
[26]乔兰,王双红,蔡美峰.某地下矿岩层及地表移动规律的有限元模型研究.金属矿山,2000,31(15):23~25
[27]伍佑伦,许梦国.山坡地形下崩落采矿法开采引起大范围地表开裂的数值分析.黄金,2001,36(12):17~19
[28] Turner M. J. Stiffnes and Deflection Analysis of Complex Structures. Journal of Aeronautical Science, 1956, 805~824
[29] Clough R. W. The Finite Element Method in Plane Stress Analysis. Proc 2nd ASCE Conference on Electronic Computation, Pittsburgh, 1960
[30]魏秀泉.石人沟铁矿地下开采引起地表沉陷数值模拟:[硕士学位论文].唐山:河北理工大学,2005
[31]蔡美峰.某金矿岩层与地表移动规律及其与地下采矿的关系.有色金属,1999,23(12):6~11
[32]隋惠权,范学理.矿区他先控制与灾害防治技术研究.中国地质灾害与防治学报,2002,15(23):42~45
[33]王艳辉,宋卫东,蔡嗣景.地下金属矿山崩落采矿法岩层移动规律分析.金属矿山,2002,15(13):13~16
[34]郭文兵.地层岩性与地表裂缝发育范围的影响关系.中州煤炭,1998,26(1):25~27
[35]张帆,贺振华.预测裂缝发育带的构造应力场数值模拟技术.石油地球物理勘探,2000, 25(14):36~37
[36]余学义,张恩强.开采损害学.北京:煤炭工业出版社,2004
[37]何国清,杨仑等.矿山开采沉陷学[M].北京:中国矿业大学出版社,1991
[38]王晋丽.山区采煤地裂缝的分布特征与成因探讨:[硕士学位论文].太原:太原理工大学,2005
[39]谢广林.地裂缝[M].北京:地震出版社,1988
[40]王景明.地裂缝及其灾害的理论与应用[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版社,2000
[41]范立民.煤矿地裂缝研究[M].北京:地震出版社,1995
[42]周亚涛.襄垣县采煤诱发地质灾害的工程地质研究:[硕士学位论文].太原:太原理工大学,2002
[43] Salamon M D G, Study of the strength of coal pillars, J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall, 68, 1967
[44] Kratzsch H, Mining Subsidence Engineering Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1983
[45] Brauner, Subsidence due to underground mining, Bureau of Mines, USA, 1973
[46]石平五,候忠杰.神府浅埋煤层顶板破断规律研究.西安矿业学院学报,1996,16(3):203~207
[47]钱鸣高.岩层控制中的关键层理论.煤炭学报,1996,21(3):225~230
[48]候忠杰.浅埋煤层关键层研究.煤炭学报,1999,24(4):359~363 2004
[2]王树元,赵德勤.矿山开采破坏学.北京:冶金工业出版社,1993
[3]王孝存.团城铁矿地压显现与岩层移规律研究:[硕士学位论文].哈尔滨:东北大学,2003
[4]洪靖文.采动覆岩动态移动破坏规律及开采沉陷预计系统研究:[中国矿业大学博士论文].北京:中国矿业大学,1999
[5]贺跃光.工程开挖引起的地表移动与变形模型及监测技术研究:[中南大学博士学位论文].长沙:中南大学,2003
[6]孙世国,蔡美峰,王思敬等.开挖对岩体稳态的扰动与活化分析.中国矿业,2000,9(3):64～67
[7]采矿设计手册.北京有色冶金设计研究院.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1988年
[8]解世俊.金属矿床地下开采.北京:冶金工业出版社,1999年
[9]王艳辉,蔡嗣经,宋卫东.基于人工神经网络的地下矿山岩层移动研究.北京科技大学学报,2003,25(2):106～109
[10]张树标.下垄钨矿大平矿区地表塌陷原因分析及危险区圈定.中国钨业,1999,25(3):25～27
[11]彭苏萍,孙连英.地下开采岩体变形综合分析方法及其应用.中国矿业大学学报,2002,31(1):80～83
[12]王维纲,苑靖.采矿设计中的陷落角问题.中国矿业,2000,13(3):34～38
[13]何晖,等.渭北采动沉陷区地表裂缝规律及村镇抗变形民宅设计分析.西安工业学院学报,2002,22(3):250
[14]康建荣,何万龙,胡海峰.山区采动地表变形及坡体稳定性分析[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,2002
[15]杜国栋,等.充填采矿法引起的地表变形数值模拟研究.金属矿山,2008,379(1):39～42
[16]马崇武,等.采矿引起的构造应力场变动与地表开裂的关系.西安科技大学学报,2008,25(2):36～39
[17]康建荣.山区采动裂缝对地表移动变形的影响分析.岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(1):59~63
[18]麻风海.岩层移动及动力学过程的理论与实践[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,1997
[19]张玉卓,仲惟林等.断层影响下地表移动的统计和数值模拟研究.煤炭学报,1987,25(3):458
[20]胡友键,吴北平,戴华阳等.山区地下开采影响下地表移动规律.焦作工学院学报,1999,18(4):553
[21] Salamon M D G, Elastic analysis of displacement and stresses induced by the mining of seamj or roof deposis, J. S. Afr, Inst. Metall, 1963, Vol.63
[22] Fayol M, Sur Les movements deterrain provoques par L’explotitation desmines, Bull. Soc. Lindustrie Minerale, 2nd series, 1885, 818
[23] Wang Yongjia. Boundary Element Method for Viscoelastic Problem in Rock Mechanics, Press of Northeast Univ of Tech, 1986
[24] M. F. Lough, S. H. Lee, J. Kamath, An efficient boundary integral formulation for flow through fractured porous media, Journal of Computational Physics, 1998, 462~483
[25] Chao Shan, Iraj Javandel, Paul A. Witherspoon, Characterization of leaky faults. Study of air flow in faulted vadose zones, Water Resources Research., 1999, 2007~2013
[26]乔兰,王双红,蔡美峰.某地下矿岩层及地表移动规律的有限元模型研究.金属矿山,2000,31(15):23~25
[27]伍佑伦,许梦国.山坡地形下崩落采矿法开采引起大范围地表开裂的数值分析.黄金,2001,36(12):17~19
[28] Turner M. J. Stiffnes and Deflection Analysis of Complex Structures. Journal of Aeronautical Science, 1956, 805~824
[29] Clough R. W. The Finite Element Method in Plane Stress Analysis. Proc 2nd ASCE Conference on Electronic Computation, Pittsburgh, 1960
[30]魏秀泉.石人沟铁矿地下开采引起地表沉陷数值模拟:[硕士学位论文].唐山:河北理工大学,2005
[31]蔡美峰.某金矿岩层与地表移动规律及其与地下采矿的关系.有色金属,1999,23(12):6~11
[32]隋惠权,范学理.矿区他先控制与灾害防治技术研究.中国地质灾害与防治学报,2002,15(23):42~45
[33]王艳辉,宋卫东,蔡嗣景.地下金属矿山崩落采矿法岩层移动规律分析.金属矿山,2002,15(13):13~16
[34]郭文兵.地层岩性与地表裂缝发育范围的影响关系.中州煤炭,1998,26(1):25~27
[35]张帆,贺振华.预测裂缝发育带的构造应力场数值模拟技术.石油地球物理勘探,2000, 25(14):36~37
[36]余学义,张恩强.开采损害学.北京:煤炭工业出版社,2004
[37]何国清,杨仑等.矿山开采沉陷学[M].北京:中国矿业大学出版社,1991
[38]王晋丽.山区采煤地裂缝的分布特征与成因探讨:[硕士学位论文].太原:太原理工大学,2005
[39]谢广林.地裂缝[M].北京:地震出版社,1988
[40]王景明.地裂缝及其灾害的理论与应用[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版社,2000
[41]范立民.煤矿地裂缝研究[M].北京:地震出版社,1995
[42]周亚涛.襄垣县采煤诱发地质灾害的工程地质研究:[硕士学位论文].太原:太原理工大学,2002
[43] Salamon M D G, Study of the strength of coal pillars, J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall, 68, 1967
[44] Kratzsch H, Mining Subsidence Engineering Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1983
[45] Brauner, Subsidence due to underground mining, Bureau of Mines, USA, 1973
[46]石平五,候忠杰.神府浅埋煤层顶板破断规律研究.西安矿业学院学报,1996,16(3):203~207
[47]钱鸣高.岩层控制中的关键层理论.煤炭学报,1996,21(3):225~230
[48]候忠杰.浅埋煤层关键层研究.煤炭学报,1999,24(4):359~363 2004