新疆山地草原牲畜采食践踏路迹研究
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摘要
草原在新疆整个国民经济和农牧民生产、生活中起着重要作用。目前新疆草地退化现象日趋严重。超载过牧和开荒造田是造成新疆草地退化的最主要原因。牲畜采食践踏路迹是反映草原生态恶化的最为直观的标志之一,是新疆山地草原最常见的景观,是动物采食过程中反复践踏所形成的最微小的地貌形态,它在一定程度上反映了动物采食习惯。
以精河县小海子山地草原为研究对象,在野外利用Trimble GPS—RTK测量仪和普通数码相机,获取了4个典型样区的像控点三维空间坐标和立体像对。在室内运用ERDAS数字摄影系统进行立体量测,获取样区DEM及正射影像数据,从中提取样区地形地貌及其他信息,分析牲畜采食践踏路迹的形态特征,地貌重塑作用及其对生态的影响。经过初步研究得出以下结论:
1.分析总结得出在野外利用Trimble GPS—RTK测量仪和普通数码相机获取样区像控点三维空间坐标和样区立体像对的方法。
2.通过对样区内采食践踏路迹走向的分析,将精河县小海子山地草原内采食践踏路迹分为三种类型:平行状采食践踏路迹、斜交状采食践踏路迹和格网状采食践踏路迹。
3.通过对样区内采食践踏路迹分布密度和分布宽度的分析得出,格网状采食践踏路迹的分布密度和宽度均大于平行及斜交状采食践踏路迹。
4.通过对各样区植被覆盖度的分析得出,植被覆盖度随着采食践踏路迹的宽度、密度的增大而减少;格网状采食践踏路迹放牧程度大于斜交状采食践踏路迹,初步反映了各样区草原退化程度。
5.根据各样区的剖面图分析得出斜交状采食践踏路迹样区的土壤侵蚀小于格网状采食践踏路迹的样区。
6.利用立体量测获得的DEM数据,提取各样区的坡度、坡向、地形起伏度、地表粗糙度和高程变异系数等地形因子,进行统计分析得出格网状采食践踏路迹样区地表破碎程度最高,说明格网状采食践踏路迹对地貌的改造作用最大。
Grassland plays an important role in the entire national economy and production and daily life of farmers and herdsmen in Xinjiang.At present,grassland degradation of Xinjiang is becoming more and more serious.Overgrazing and farmland reclamationis the main reason of grassland degradation in Xinjiang.The track of livestock feeding and trampling is one of the most intuitive mark to reflect the deterioration of grassland ecology and is the commonest landscape of Xinjiang mountain grassland.It is the minorest geomorphological form by the formation of repeatedly trampling during the process of animals feeding,which reflects the feeding habits of animals to some extent.
Studying the Xiaohaizi mountain grassland of Jinghe county,we use Trimble GPS-RTK measuring instrument and the general digital cameras in the wild to obtain three-dimensional space coordinates of image control points and stereoscopic image pairs of four typical sample districts.We use ERDAS digital photography system for stereoscopic measurement indoor and obtain DEM and orthoimage data from which we extract topography and other information of the sample districts,analyzing the morphological characteristics of the track of livestock feeding and trampling, the reshaping role of geomorphology and its impact on the ecology. After a preliminary study we come to the following conclusions:
1.We analyze and summarize methods about using Trimble GPS-RTK measuring instrument and the general digital cameras in the wild to obtain three-dimensional space coordinates of image control points of the sample districts and stereoscopic image pairs of the sample districts.
2.Through analyzing the trend of feeding and trampling track in the sample districts,we divide the track of feeding and trampling in the Xiaohaizi mountain grassland of Jinghe county into three types: parallel-shape feeding and trampling track、diagonal-shape feeding and trampling track and grid-shape feeding and trampling track.
3.Through analyzing the distribution density and the distribution width of feeding and trampling track in the sample districts we conclude that the distribution density and width of grid-shape feeding and trampling track are greater than that of parallel-shape feeding and trampling track and that of diagonal-shape feeding and trampling track.
4.Through the analysis of vegetation coverage in the various sample districts we conclude that vegetation coverage will reduce as the width and density of feeding and trampling track increases; the grazing extent of grid-shape feeding and trampling track are larger than that of diagonal-shape feeding and trampling track, which initially reflects the degree of grassland degradation in the various sample districts.
5.According to the analysis of profile in the various sample districts we conclude that the soil erosion in the sample districts of diagonal-shape feeding and trampling track is samller than that in the sample districts of grid-shape feeding and trampling track.
6.Making use of the DEM data obtained from stereoscopic measurement ,we extract terrain factors in the various sample districts such as slope、aspect、relief amplitude、surface roughness and variance coefficient in elevation to analyze statistically and conclude that the extent of the surface broken is highest in the sample districts of grid-shape feeding and trampling track, saying that grid-shape feeding and trampling track plays the largest role in transforming the geomorphology.
以精河县小海子山地草原为研究对象,在野外利用Trimble GPS—RTK测量仪和普通数码相机,获取了4个典型样区的像控点三维空间坐标和立体像对。在室内运用ERDAS数字摄影系统进行立体量测,获取样区DEM及正射影像数据,从中提取样区地形地貌及其他信息,分析牲畜采食践踏路迹的形态特征,地貌重塑作用及其对生态的影响。经过初步研究得出以下结论:
1.分析总结得出在野外利用Trimble GPS—RTK测量仪和普通数码相机获取样区像控点三维空间坐标和样区立体像对的方法。
2.通过对样区内采食践踏路迹走向的分析,将精河县小海子山地草原内采食践踏路迹分为三种类型:平行状采食践踏路迹、斜交状采食践踏路迹和格网状采食践踏路迹。
3.通过对样区内采食践踏路迹分布密度和分布宽度的分析得出,格网状采食践踏路迹的分布密度和宽度均大于平行及斜交状采食践踏路迹。
4.通过对各样区植被覆盖度的分析得出,植被覆盖度随着采食践踏路迹的宽度、密度的增大而减少;格网状采食践踏路迹放牧程度大于斜交状采食践踏路迹,初步反映了各样区草原退化程度。
5.根据各样区的剖面图分析得出斜交状采食践踏路迹样区的土壤侵蚀小于格网状采食践踏路迹的样区。
6.利用立体量测获得的DEM数据,提取各样区的坡度、坡向、地形起伏度、地表粗糙度和高程变异系数等地形因子,进行统计分析得出格网状采食践踏路迹样区地表破碎程度最高,说明格网状采食践踏路迹对地貌的改造作用最大。
Grassland plays an important role in the entire national economy and production and daily life of farmers and herdsmen in Xinjiang.At present,grassland degradation of Xinjiang is becoming more and more serious.Overgrazing and farmland reclamationis the main reason of grassland degradation in Xinjiang.The track of livestock feeding and trampling is one of the most intuitive mark to reflect the deterioration of grassland ecology and is the commonest landscape of Xinjiang mountain grassland.It is the minorest geomorphological form by the formation of repeatedly trampling during the process of animals feeding,which reflects the feeding habits of animals to some extent.
Studying the Xiaohaizi mountain grassland of Jinghe county,we use Trimble GPS-RTK measuring instrument and the general digital cameras in the wild to obtain three-dimensional space coordinates of image control points and stereoscopic image pairs of four typical sample districts.We use ERDAS digital photography system for stereoscopic measurement indoor and obtain DEM and orthoimage data from which we extract topography and other information of the sample districts,analyzing the morphological characteristics of the track of livestock feeding and trampling, the reshaping role of geomorphology and its impact on the ecology. After a preliminary study we come to the following conclusions:
1.We analyze and summarize methods about using Trimble GPS-RTK measuring instrument and the general digital cameras in the wild to obtain three-dimensional space coordinates of image control points of the sample districts and stereoscopic image pairs of the sample districts.
2.Through analyzing the trend of feeding and trampling track in the sample districts,we divide the track of feeding and trampling in the Xiaohaizi mountain grassland of Jinghe county into three types: parallel-shape feeding and trampling track、diagonal-shape feeding and trampling track and grid-shape feeding and trampling track.
3.Through analyzing the distribution density and the distribution width of feeding and trampling track in the sample districts we conclude that the distribution density and width of grid-shape feeding and trampling track are greater than that of parallel-shape feeding and trampling track and that of diagonal-shape feeding and trampling track.
4.Through the analysis of vegetation coverage in the various sample districts we conclude that vegetation coverage will reduce as the width and density of feeding and trampling track increases; the grazing extent of grid-shape feeding and trampling track are larger than that of diagonal-shape feeding and trampling track, which initially reflects the degree of grassland degradation in the various sample districts.
5.According to the analysis of profile in the various sample districts we conclude that the soil erosion in the sample districts of diagonal-shape feeding and trampling track is samller than that in the sample districts of grid-shape feeding and trampling track.
6.Making use of the DEM data obtained from stereoscopic measurement ,we extract terrain factors in the various sample districts such as slope、aspect、relief amplitude、surface roughness and variance coefficient in elevation to analyze statistically and conclude that the extent of the surface broken is highest in the sample districts of grid-shape feeding and trampling track, saying that grid-shape feeding and trampling track plays the largest role in transforming the geomorphology.
引文
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[3]马安利,俞权刚,赵帮元,穆胜国,董亚维等.数字摄影测量系统在水土保持生态环境动态监测中的应用研究[J].水土保持学报,2002,16(5):87-88.
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[21] Whinam,J.and Chilcott,N.M.Impacts after four years of experimental trampling in alpine/sub-alpine environment in westernTasmania.Journal of Environmental Management.2003,67:339-351.
[22]赵刚,许志信,李德新.反刍家畜牧食行为综述[J].内蒙古农业大学学报,2000,21(2):109-116.
[23]陈利顶,傅伯杰.干扰的类型、特征及其生态学意义[J].生态学报, 2000,20(4):581-586.
[24]冯秀丽,王珂,楼立明.基于ERDAS的遥感影像正射图的制作[J].遥感技术与应用,2003,18(3):176-179.
[25]冯文灏.近景摄影测量[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2002.7-48.
[26]张建霞,王留召,王宝山.数字近景摄影测量测图应用探讨[J].测绘科学,2006,31(2):47-48.
[27]李土旺.浅析基于普通数码相机的数字摄影测量理论[J].科技创业月刊,2005,3:146.
[28]龚涛.近景摄影测量控制点布设方案的研究[J].西南交通大学学报, 1997,6(3):334-335.
[29]许为民.GPS-RTK实时动态技术在地籍及房地产测量中的应用[J].科技信息,2007,29:53-54.
[30]黄秀春.GPS-RTK技术的误差分析及质量控制.2005数字江苏论坛电子政务与地理信息技术论文专辑,2005,236-238.
[31]陈世培,王铁军.关于数字摄影测量内定向的几个问题[J].测绘与空间地理信息,2004,27(2):21-23.
[32]柯长青,冯学智,刘刚.基于ERDAS软件的敦煌壁画正射影像的制作[J].测绘科学,2003,29(1):57-60.
[33]付晓,周维.数字高程模型及其在森林资源调查中的应用[J].广西林业科学,2002,31(1):12-15.
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[2]雷万贵.摄影测量的现状及新世纪的摄影测量[J].四川测绘,2001, 24(1):3-5.
[3]马安利,俞权刚,赵帮元,穆胜国,董亚维等.数字摄影测量系统在水土保持生态环境动态监测中的应用研究[J].水土保持学报,2002,16(5):87-88.
[4]朱宜萱,邵巨良,王树根等.地面摄影测量测定地质结构面产状和几何要素方法的研究[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报,1991,16(3):84-93.
[5]胡秉衡.地面摄影测量绘制峡谷陡岩等值线图[J].勘察科学技术,1991,1:54-55.
[6]杨生春.地面摄影测量及在三峡工程中的应用[J].水利水电施工,1998,65(3):8-10.
[7]梁旺.地面摄影测量技术在宜万铁路勘测中的应用[J].勘测技术,2006,增刊:200-203.
[8]胡整天,李欣,韦廖军.非量测数码相机在喀斯特山体地形测绘中的应用[J].城市勘测,2006,5:18-20.
[9]李江,汪国宪,李洪才.摄影测量技术在交通事故再现中的应用.中国公路报,1995(1).
[10]宫鹏,梅雪良,张祖勋.利用数字摄影测量探测橡树草原变化[J].遥感学报,1999,3(4):285-289.
[11]靳祥升,王琴.地面立体摄影测量技术在水土流失监测中的应用[J].安徽农业科学,2006,34(10):2030-2031.
[12] Yidong Huang.用装在全站仪上的数字相机进行城区测量[J].测绘通报,1998,9:42-43.
[13]王平.北石窟寺地面近景摄影测量系列图的测制方法[J].铁路航测,2001,1:18-20.
[14]侯扶江,任继周.甘肃马鹿冬季放牧的践踏作用及其对土城理化性质影响的评价[J].生态学报,2003,23(3):486-495.
[15]侯扶江,杨中艺.放牧对草地的作用[J].生态学报,2006,26(1):244-264.
[16]任继周,王钦.甘肃天祝永丰滩高山草原更新措施的研究简报[J].甘肃农业大学学报,1959,4:11-20.
[17]林慧龙.环县典型草原放牧家畜践踏的模拟研究[D].兰州大学,2007.
[18]Tutner,M.G.Effects of grazing by feral horses,clipping, trampling,and burning on a Georgia salt marsh.Estuaries.1987,10:54-60.
[19] Mayer,A.C.Stocklil,V.Konold,W.:Kreuzer,M.Influence of cattle stocking rate on browsing of Norway spruce in subalpine wood pastures.AgroforestrySystems,2005,34:33-41.
[20]张英俊,蒋文兰,符义坤等.绵羊宿营法防除天然草地灌木杂草研究[J].草业学报,1999,8(专辑):76-81.
[21] Whinam,J.and Chilcott,N.M.Impacts after four years of experimental trampling in alpine/sub-alpine environment in westernTasmania.Journal of Environmental Management.2003,67:339-351.
[22]赵刚,许志信,李德新.反刍家畜牧食行为综述[J].内蒙古农业大学学报,2000,21(2):109-116.
[23]陈利顶,傅伯杰.干扰的类型、特征及其生态学意义[J].生态学报, 2000,20(4):581-586.
[24]冯秀丽,王珂,楼立明.基于ERDAS的遥感影像正射图的制作[J].遥感技术与应用,2003,18(3):176-179.
[25]冯文灏.近景摄影测量[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2002.7-48.
[26]张建霞,王留召,王宝山.数字近景摄影测量测图应用探讨[J].测绘科学,2006,31(2):47-48.
[27]李土旺.浅析基于普通数码相机的数字摄影测量理论[J].科技创业月刊,2005,3:146.
[28]龚涛.近景摄影测量控制点布设方案的研究[J].西南交通大学学报, 1997,6(3):334-335.
[29]许为民.GPS-RTK实时动态技术在地籍及房地产测量中的应用[J].科技信息,2007,29:53-54.
[30]黄秀春.GPS-RTK技术的误差分析及质量控制.2005数字江苏论坛电子政务与地理信息技术论文专辑,2005,236-238.
[31]陈世培,王铁军.关于数字摄影测量内定向的几个问题[J].测绘与空间地理信息,2004,27(2):21-23.
[32]柯长青,冯学智,刘刚.基于ERDAS软件的敦煌壁画正射影像的制作[J].测绘科学,2003,29(1):57-60.
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