开发中后期油藏精细描述与开发调整研究
|
摘要
本文针对油田开发中后期油藏精细描述和开发调整中需要解决的有关问题，以高30断块为例，以剩余油分布为核心，采取了地质、测井、地震、开发研究相结合，静态预测与动态分析相结合，油藏动态研究与数值模拟相结合的技术路线，从三维定量储层预测模型的建立、油藏数值模拟、改善注水开发效果的调整方法研究等几个方面进行了系统的研究。通过本文的研究，建立起了从三维储层定量建模到开发调整全过程的工作流程和方法体系，对于开展开发中后期油藏精细描述和开发调整的理论方法研究和实际应用具有重要的指导意义。
储层成因是开发中后期形成剩余油分布的地质基础。为此，本文首先以现代沉积学知识为指导，以高分辨率层序地层学的理论和方法为手段，通过密井网资料的详细划分与对比，结合动态和地震反演资料，识别不同成因砂体、确定单砂体的横向连通性，建立了密井网条件下的储层原型模型，并从地质成因和开发成因两个方面分析了河流相砂岩储层剩余油形成的控制因素和机理。
其次，在建立地层模型的基础上，本文选择地震反演确定性建模和储层随机建模相结合的方法，以储层地质知识库的建立为基础，建立了储层的宏观模型和三维储层预测模型，为油藏数值模拟的研究提供了可靠的定量地质模型，是油田开发过程中储层地质模型重建的有效方法和工具。与此同时，根据三维储层预测模型的建模结果，通过网格粗化处理形成所需要的油藏参数模型，并通过油藏数值模拟的研究，定性和定量地描述了剩余油的分布状况，对不同开发调整方案的开发效果进行了预测，为搞好井网调整、注采调整和增产挖潜提供了科学依据。
最后，通过对高30断块油藏开发特征的分析，对该断块油藏的生产动态进行了总体评价，得出了高含水期仍是高30断块油藏注水开发的一个重要阶段的认识。因此，改善中高含水期油田的水驱效果显得尤为重要。据此对高30断块油藏今后的开发提出了加强注水，进一步完善注采系统；进行注水井大剂量深部调剖和油井堵水；开展周期注水试验；加强油田动态监测等四项建议。对油田下一步的开发调整具有重要的指导意义。
To solving the relative problems of reservoir description and development plan regulation in the maturing field, taking Gaoyang 30 fault-block oil reservoir as an example, with the residual oil distribution as center, this thesis makes an extensive study about the stochastic prediction modeling for the river facies sand-body, reservoir simulating and the regulation methods of improving water-flood efficiency adopting the methods of the combination of geology, log, seism and reservoir development research, reservoir static prediction and performance analysis, reservoir performance research and reservoir simulation. Though the study, the thesis establishes the study program and the method system from stochastic modeling to reservoir development plan regulation, which has great significance on the theoretical research and practical application of reservoir description and development regulation in the maturing field.
Genesis of reservoir is the geologic setting of influencing the residual oil distribution. So, under the guidance of modem sedimentology, by means of the theory and method of high definition stratigraphie geology, this thesis discerns the single sand-body and determining the horizontal continuity of sand body in the river facies, establishes the primary model under the condition of high density wells, analyses the elements and mechanism of affecting the residual oil distribution in sandstone reservoir according to the geologic origin and development condition.
Secondly, on the basis of establishing reservoir model, the thesis chooses the method of the combination of seismic inversion and stochastic modeling, which is a valid method for rebuilding the reservoir model, establishes the huge model of the reservoir and three-dimensional reservoir prediction model which provides a reliable qualitative geologic model for reservoir simulation. At the same time, according to the result of reservoir modeling, This thesis builds the reservoir parameter model by use of the upscaling, and through the study of reservoir simulation, the thesis describes the residual oil distribution qualitatively and quantitatively, and predicts the development efficiency for different development regulating plans, which provides scientific ground for flood pattern modification and flood development regulation.
Finally, through analyzing the development characteristic of Gaoyang 30 fault-black oil reservoir, the thesis evaluates the production performance of this reservoir, and comes to the understanding of high water cut being an important water-flood development stage for Gaoyang 30 fault-black oil reservoir. Therefore, it is very important to improve the efficiency of water-flood development for medium-high water cut reservoir. The thesis gives 4 suggestions on development of Gaoyang 30 fault-black oil reservoir, which are enhanced water-flood development, performing water injection profile control and water shutoff in the deep location, cyclic flooding test, and reservoir performance monitoring. These conclusions above are very important and significant to reservoir development plan regulation next.
储层成因是开发中后期形成剩余油分布的地质基础。为此，本文首先以现代沉积学知识为指导，以高分辨率层序地层学的理论和方法为手段，通过密井网资料的详细划分与对比，结合动态和地震反演资料，识别不同成因砂体、确定单砂体的横向连通性，建立了密井网条件下的储层原型模型，并从地质成因和开发成因两个方面分析了河流相砂岩储层剩余油形成的控制因素和机理。
其次，在建立地层模型的基础上，本文选择地震反演确定性建模和储层随机建模相结合的方法，以储层地质知识库的建立为基础，建立了储层的宏观模型和三维储层预测模型，为油藏数值模拟的研究提供了可靠的定量地质模型，是油田开发过程中储层地质模型重建的有效方法和工具。与此同时，根据三维储层预测模型的建模结果，通过网格粗化处理形成所需要的油藏参数模型，并通过油藏数值模拟的研究，定性和定量地描述了剩余油的分布状况，对不同开发调整方案的开发效果进行了预测，为搞好井网调整、注采调整和增产挖潜提供了科学依据。
最后，通过对高30断块油藏开发特征的分析，对该断块油藏的生产动态进行了总体评价，得出了高含水期仍是高30断块油藏注水开发的一个重要阶段的认识。因此，改善中高含水期油田的水驱效果显得尤为重要。据此对高30断块油藏今后的开发提出了加强注水，进一步完善注采系统；进行注水井大剂量深部调剖和油井堵水；开展周期注水试验；加强油田动态监测等四项建议。对油田下一步的开发调整具有重要的指导意义。
To solving the relative problems of reservoir description and development plan regulation in the maturing field, taking Gaoyang 30 fault-block oil reservoir as an example, with the residual oil distribution as center, this thesis makes an extensive study about the stochastic prediction modeling for the river facies sand-body, reservoir simulating and the regulation methods of improving water-flood efficiency adopting the methods of the combination of geology, log, seism and reservoir development research, reservoir static prediction and performance analysis, reservoir performance research and reservoir simulation. Though the study, the thesis establishes the study program and the method system from stochastic modeling to reservoir development plan regulation, which has great significance on the theoretical research and practical application of reservoir description and development regulation in the maturing field.
Genesis of reservoir is the geologic setting of influencing the residual oil distribution. So, under the guidance of modem sedimentology, by means of the theory and method of high definition stratigraphie geology, this thesis discerns the single sand-body and determining the horizontal continuity of sand body in the river facies, establishes the primary model under the condition of high density wells, analyses the elements and mechanism of affecting the residual oil distribution in sandstone reservoir according to the geologic origin and development condition.
Secondly, on the basis of establishing reservoir model, the thesis chooses the method of the combination of seismic inversion and stochastic modeling, which is a valid method for rebuilding the reservoir model, establishes the huge model of the reservoir and three-dimensional reservoir prediction model which provides a reliable qualitative geologic model for reservoir simulation. At the same time, according to the result of reservoir modeling, This thesis builds the reservoir parameter model by use of the upscaling, and through the study of reservoir simulation, the thesis describes the residual oil distribution qualitatively and quantitatively, and predicts the development efficiency for different development regulating plans, which provides scientific ground for flood pattern modification and flood development regulation.
Finally, through analyzing the development characteristic of Gaoyang 30 fault-black oil reservoir, the thesis evaluates the production performance of this reservoir, and comes to the understanding of high water cut being an important water-flood development stage for Gaoyang 30 fault-black oil reservoir. Therefore, it is very important to improve the efficiency of water-flood development for medium-high water cut reservoir. The thesis gives 4 suggestions on development of Gaoyang 30 fault-black oil reservoir, which are enhanced water-flood development, performing water injection profile control and water shutoff in the deep location, cyclic flooding test, and reservoir performance monitoring. These conclusions above are very important and significant to reservoir development plan regulation next.
引文
1．裘怿楠，陈子琪．油藏描述．北京：石油工业出版社，1996．
2．王允诚等．砂岩储集岩的分类和评价．石油实验地质，Vol．3，No．4，1981．
3．刘泽容，信荃麟等．油藏描述原理及方法技术．北京：石油工业出版社，1993．
4．王康立．油藏描述中的多学科集成．石油地球物理勘探，1998，33(4)．
5．王捷．油藏描述技术(勘探阶段)．北京：石油工业出版社，1996．
6．程绍志等主编．《国外油藏描述研究》．河南科学技术出版社，1994．
7．张博全等．开发早期油藏描述．北京：中国地质大学出版社，1995．
8．曾文冲．油气藏储集层测井评价技术．北京：石油工业出版社，1991．
9．Keith Hirsche 等著，高林译．地质统计学的应用与滥用．石油物探译丛，1997，Vol．6．
10．D.N.Meehan 等，黄鹂译．用地质统计学模型改进低渗透气藏的储层描述．国外油气科技，1995，Vol．4．
11．Olivier,Dubrule,Helge,and H.Haldorsen 著，归鑫龙译．用地质统计学方法预测渗透率．油藏描述译文集．北京：石油工业出版社，1994．
12．裘怿楠，储层地质模型．《中国油气储层研究论文集》．北京：石油工业出版社，1993，第1～7页．
13．张团峰，王家华．油气储层随机模拟的地质应用．《中国数学地质》Vol．5，中国地质学会数学地质专业委员会编著．北京：地质出版社，1994，第62～73页．
14．于兴河．碎屑岩储层地质建模及计算机模拟．北京：地质出版社，1996．
15．林克湘，张昌民等。地面～地下对比建立储层精细地质模型．北京：石油工业出版社，1995．
16．陈恭洋．碎屑岩油气储层随机建模．北京：地质出版社，2000，第41～54页
17．裘怿楠．储层沉积学研究工作流程．石油勘探与开发，Vol．7，No．1，1990．
18．华北油田石油地质编写组．中国石油地质志(卷五)—华北油田．北京：石油工业出版社，1988．9．
19．邓宏文．美国层序地层研究中的新学派—高分辨率层序地层学．石油与天然气地质，1995，16 (2)，第90～97页．
20．邓宏文，王洪亮．高分辨率层序地层对比在河流相中的应用．石油与天然气地质，1997，18 (2)，第90～95页．
21．邓宏文、王洪亮．层序地层地层基准面的识别、对比技术及应用．石油与天然气地质，1996，17 (3)，第177～183页．
22．裘怿楠．河流沉积学中的河型分类．石油勘探与开发，1985，No．2，第72～74页．
23．彭苏萍．复合型三角洲平原上网状河的基本特征．科学通报，1989，34 (17)，第1326～1328页．
24．A.D.米阿尔．河流沉积体系分析．北京：石油工业出版社，1986．
25．牟永光．储层地球物理学．北京：石油工业出版社，1996．
26．郝钧．三维地震勘探技术．北京：石油工业出版社，1992．
27．W.A.Wendt,S.Sakurai,and P.H.Nelson著，叶敬东译．根据测井资料应用多元回归预测渗透率．油藏描述译文集．北京：石油工业出版社，1994．
28．欧阳健．石油测井解释与储层描述．北京：石油工业出版社，1994．
29．孙建孟．应用岩芯分析资料建立测井解释模型．石油大学学报，1995，Vol．19(4)．
30．杜奉屏．油矿地球物理测井．北京：地质出版社，1984．
31．郭黔杰，康永尚，朱强，赵国欣．支持石油勘探开发决策的新方法-分形几何与地质统计学．石油学报，1998 19(2)．
32．杨安平．用二口或三口井资料的地质统计内插方法．《第四次国际石油工程会议论文集》．北京：石油工业出版社，1992，SPE 22346．
33．李庆忠．论地震约束反演的策略．石油地球物理勘探，1998，33(4)．
34．沙磊等．地震和测井资料联合反演储层物性参数的方法．物探化探计算技术，1997，19(1)．
35．陈崇河，马晓芬，吴胜和．用地震资料进行早期储层预测的新思路．石油学报，1998 19(2)．
36．Ercill Hunt 等著，金羽龙，虞绍永译．测井分析基础．石油物探译丛，1997，Vol．6．
37．孟宪军，杜世通．地震资料的测井约束多项式拟合外推反演．石油地球物理勘探，1995，Vol．30(6)．
38．车卓吾．测井资料分析手册．北京：石油工业出版社，1995．
39．钟兴水．测井资料计算机处理解释方法．北京：石油工业出版社，1986．
40．Quincy Chent 等著，王忠译．用于储层预测和监测的地震属性技术．石油物探译丛，1997，Vol．6．
41．Wayne D. Pennington 等著，朱衍镛译．地震岩石物理学-油藏地球物理学的一门应用科学．石油物探译丛，1997，Vol．6．
42．Ashley Francis 等著，傅长生译．声阻抗反演的陷阱与模糊分析．石油物探译丛，1997，Vol．4．
43．Catherine Lewis 著，张翠兰译．用于油藏监测的地震属性：应用正演模拟的可行性研究．石油物探译丛，1997，Vol．6．
44．李正文，杨谦．地震宽带波阻抗剖面及应用．矿物岩石，1997，17(4)．
45．赵志超，罗运先．实用地层岩性地震技术．成都：成都科技大学出版社，1995．
46．Cynthia T. Kalkomey 著，杨勤勇译．用地震属性预测油藏特性的潜在风险．石油物探译丛，1997，Vol．6．
47．Dag Helland-Hansen 等著，严建文译．地震反演在Snorre油田储层特征描述和钻井设计中的应用．石油物探译丛，1997，Vol．6．
48．Christian Gastaldi 等著，张仪宁译．用地震属性描述油藏特性：Peciko 油田(印尼)的一个实例．石油物探译丛，1997，Vol．6．
49．杨斌，肖慈珣．测井约束下神经网络地震储层参数反演．矿物岩石，1998，18(增刊)．
50．赵旭东．石油数学地质概论．北京：石油工业出版社，1992．
51．文健，裘怿楠．早期评价阶段应用Boolean方法建立砂体连续性模型．石油学报，1994，Vol．15，增刊．
52．纪华发等．序贯指示建模方法在枣南油田储层非均质研究中的应用．石油学报，1994，Vol．15，增刊．
53．杨安平．用井的地质统计对比法确定断层．《第四次国际石油工程会议论文集》．北京：石油工业出版社，1992．
54．郎兆新主编．油藏工程基础．山东：石油大学出版社，1991．
55．高阳油田高30断块开发方案．华北石油管理局勘探开发研究院，1994．4．
56．秦同洛等．实用油藏工程方法．北京：石油工业出版社，1989，第306～331页．
57．马尔哈辛．油层物理化学机理．北京：石油工业出版社，1987，第124页．
58．郭尚平等．高含水期改善注水和强化采油提高采收率问题．中国石油天然气总公司油气田开发工作会议文集(上)．北京：石油工业出版社，1996，第10～13页．
59．冀宝发等．喇嘛甸油田注采系统调整．《改善高含水期油田注水开发效果实例》．中国石油天然气总公司科技发展局、开发生产局编．北京：石油工业出版社，1993．5，第11～22．
60．中国石油天然气总公司开发生产局编．油藏数值模拟技术应用成果集．北京：石油工业出版社，1996．
61．D.W.皮斯曼著．油藏数值模拟基础．北京：石油工业出版社，1982．
62．喻高明．垂向非均质砂岩油藏周期注水机理数值模拟研究．西南石油学院学报，1997．11．
63．喻高明．轮南油田轮2井区三迭系Ⅱ、Ⅲ油组不同开发方法数值模拟研究．油气采收率技术，1998．6．
64．李联五等．双河油田砂砾岩油藏，北京：石油工业出版社，1997．
65．韩大匡等．我国三次采油提高采收率技术发展展望．《中国石油天然气总公司油气田开发工作会议文集(上)》．北京：石油工业出版社，1997，第126～146页．
66．李忠荣等．大庆长垣南部油田周期注水．《改善高含水期油田注水开发效果实例》．中国石油天然气总公司科技发展局、开发生产局编，北京：石油工业出版社，1993．5，第56～67页．
67．刘渭等．国外高含水油田水动力学调整方法．《改善高含水期油田注水开发效果实例》．中国石油天然气总公司科技发展局、开发生产局编．北京：石油工业出版社，1993．5，第173～218页．
68. F.F. Craig. The Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Waterflooding. Society of Petroleum Engineering of AIME, New York, 1971, Dallas.
69. 1978.
70. H. H.Haldorsen and E. Damsleth, Challenges in Reservoir Characterization. AAPG. Vol.77, No. 4, April 1994.
71. John P. Todoeschuck, Mark Pilkington and mark E. Gregotski. If geology is fractal, what do we do next? Geophysics: The Leading edge of exploration, October, 1992, P.29-35.
72. Journel, A. G. and Alabert, F. G., 1988, Focusing on spatial connectivity of extreme valued attributes stochastic models of reservoir hetergeneities. SPE 18326.
73. Journel, A. G. and Isaaks E. H., Conditional indicator simulation: application to a suskatchewan uranium deposit Jour. Math. Geology, Vol. 16, 1984, P.685-718.
74. S. Begg and P. King, Modelling the effects of shales on reservoir performance. Calculation of efectire vertical permeability, 1985, SPE 13529.
75. Matheron, G., Beucher, H., de Fouquet, C., Galli, A., Guerillot, D. and Ravenne, C., Conditional simulation of the geometry of fluriodeltatic reservoir. SPE 62nd Annual Conference Dallas, Texas. P.591-599.
76. Saleen G.Ghori, Johm P. Heller, and Ashok K.Simgh. An efficient method of generating random permeability fields by the soure point Method. Math. Geology. Vol. 25. No.5, 1993. P.559-572.
77. V. Suro-Perez and A.G. Journel, Indicator pricipal component kriging, Math. Geology, Vol. 23, No. 5, 1991, P. 759-788.
78. Olivier Dubrule., A review of stochastic models for petroleum reservoir. Geostatistics, Vol. 2, 1989, P.493-506.
79. DERALD G.Smith. Anastomosing river deposits, Sedimentation rates and basin subsidence, Magdalona river, Northwestern colombia, South America. Sedimentary Geology, 1986 (46), P. 177-196.
80. B.R. Rust. Sedimentation in an arid-zone anastomosing fluvial system Cooper's Creek, Cenrtal Australia. J. Sediment Petrol, 1981 (51), P.745-755.
81. Alabert, F. G., The practice of fast conditional simulation through the LU decomposition of the covariance Jour. Math. Geology. Vol 19, 1987, P.369-386.
82. A.S.Emannel, G. K. Alameda, R. A. Behrens and T. A. Jenett, 1989, Reservoir Performance prediction methods besed on fractal geostatistics. SPE Reservoir Engineering. August 1989. P.311-318.
83． A.J. Desbarats, Spatial averaging of hydraulic conductivity in three-dimensional heterogeneous porour media. Math. Geology, Vol. 24, No.3, 1992, P.249-267．
84． Alberto S.Almeida and Andre G.Jourael, 1994． Joird Simulation of Multiple Variables with a Markov-Type Coregionalization model, Math. Geology, Vol 26,No.5,1994, P565-588．
85． Behrens, R. A. and Hewett, T. A., 1988, Conditional simulation of reservoir heterogeneity with fractals. 28． J.D. Doyle And M.L.Sweet. Three-Dimensional Distribution Of Lithofacies Bounding Surfaces, Porosity, And Permeability In A Fluvial Sandstone-Gypsy Sandstone Of Northern Okalahoma. AAPG BULLETIN, 1995 79(1) .
86． M. H. Valderrama,K.C.Nielsen,and G.A.McMechan, Three-Dimensional Seismic Interpretation from the Triangle Zone of the Frontal Ouachita Mountains and Arkoma Basin.Pittsburg county, Oklahoma.AAPG BULLETIN, 1996 Vol 80(8) .
87． Ian D. Bryant Integrated 3-D Geological Modeling of the C1 sands Reservior. Maui Field. Offshore New Zealard AAPG Bulletin. V.79, No.3． March 1995．
88． L. Y. Hu. Random Genetic Simulation of the Internal Geometry of Deltaic Sand Bodies. SPE Formation Evaluation. December 1994
89． A.G.Journel, Nonparametric Estimation of spatial distributions. Math. Geology, Vol.15, No.3, 1983． P.445-468．
90． The Application of New Approaches for share Mangement in a Three-Dimensional Simulation Study of the Frigg Field, SPE Formation Evaluation September 1988．
91． B.Doligez. H. Beucher, Integrated Reservoir Characterization: Improvement in Heterogeneities Stochastic Modeling by integration of Addittional Exteraal Coustraints. Fourth International Reservoir Charaterization Technical Conference. Houston. Texas. March 2-4． 1997．
92． G.Perez, and A.K. Chopra. Evaluation of Fractal Models to Describe Reservoir Heterogeneity and Performance. SPE Formation Evaluation, March 1997．
93． Dae S Young, 1987． Indicator Kriging for Unit Vectors: Rock Joint Orientations. Math. Geology. Vol. 19,No.6,1987． P481-501．
94． Damsleth, E., Tjolsen, C. B., Omre, H. and Haldorsen, H. H., 1990, A two stage stochastic model appplied to a north sea reservoir. SPE 20605．
95． George Christaks, Stochastic simulation of spatially correlated geoprocesses, Math. Geology, Vol. 19, No. 8, 1987．
96． C.B.Tjoison,Gyrid Johnsen,Gunnar Halvorsen,Alf Ryseth, and Elvind Damsleth. Seismic Data Can Improve Stochastic Fades Modeling.SPE Formation Evaluation,September,1996．
97． W.J. E. Van de Graaff, P.J., Ealey, Geological modelling for simulation studies, AAPG., 1989, V. 73, N. 11, P1436-1444．
98． Weber, K. J. and Maatschappij, B. V, How heterogeneity affects oil recovery. Reservoir Characterization, 1986, P487-544．
99． Weber K.J., L.C. Van Genus, 1989, Framwork for constructing clastic reservoir simulation models, SPE 19582．
2．王允诚等．砂岩储集岩的分类和评价．石油实验地质，Vol．3，No．4，1981．
3．刘泽容，信荃麟等．油藏描述原理及方法技术．北京：石油工业出版社，1993．
4．王康立．油藏描述中的多学科集成．石油地球物理勘探，1998，33(4)．
5．王捷．油藏描述技术(勘探阶段)．北京：石油工业出版社，1996．
6．程绍志等主编．《国外油藏描述研究》．河南科学技术出版社，1994．
7．张博全等．开发早期油藏描述．北京：中国地质大学出版社，1995．
8．曾文冲．油气藏储集层测井评价技术．北京：石油工业出版社，1991．
9．Keith Hirsche 等著，高林译．地质统计学的应用与滥用．石油物探译丛，1997，Vol．6．
10．D.N.Meehan 等，黄鹂译．用地质统计学模型改进低渗透气藏的储层描述．国外油气科技，1995，Vol．4．
11．Olivier,Dubrule,Helge,and H.Haldorsen 著，归鑫龙译．用地质统计学方法预测渗透率．油藏描述译文集．北京：石油工业出版社，1994．
12．裘怿楠，储层地质模型．《中国油气储层研究论文集》．北京：石油工业出版社，1993，第1～7页．
13．张团峰，王家华．油气储层随机模拟的地质应用．《中国数学地质》Vol．5，中国地质学会数学地质专业委员会编著．北京：地质出版社，1994，第62～73页．
14．于兴河．碎屑岩储层地质建模及计算机模拟．北京：地质出版社，1996．
15．林克湘，张昌民等。地面～地下对比建立储层精细地质模型．北京：石油工业出版社，1995．
16．陈恭洋．碎屑岩油气储层随机建模．北京：地质出版社，2000，第41～54页
17．裘怿楠．储层沉积学研究工作流程．石油勘探与开发，Vol．7，No．1，1990．
18．华北油田石油地质编写组．中国石油地质志(卷五)—华北油田．北京：石油工业出版社，1988．9．
19．邓宏文．美国层序地层研究中的新学派—高分辨率层序地层学．石油与天然气地质，1995，16 (2)，第90～97页．
20．邓宏文，王洪亮．高分辨率层序地层对比在河流相中的应用．石油与天然气地质，1997，18 (2)，第90～95页．
21．邓宏文、王洪亮．层序地层地层基准面的识别、对比技术及应用．石油与天然气地质，1996，17 (3)，第177～183页．
22．裘怿楠．河流沉积学中的河型分类．石油勘探与开发，1985，No．2，第72～74页．
23．彭苏萍．复合型三角洲平原上网状河的基本特征．科学通报，1989，34 (17)，第1326～1328页．
24．A.D.米阿尔．河流沉积体系分析．北京：石油工业出版社，1986．
25．牟永光．储层地球物理学．北京：石油工业出版社，1996．
26．郝钧．三维地震勘探技术．北京：石油工业出版社，1992．
27．W.A.Wendt,S.Sakurai,and P.H.Nelson著，叶敬东译．根据测井资料应用多元回归预测渗透率．油藏描述译文集．北京：石油工业出版社，1994．
28．欧阳健．石油测井解释与储层描述．北京：石油工业出版社，1994．
29．孙建孟．应用岩芯分析资料建立测井解释模型．石油大学学报，1995，Vol．19(4)．
30．杜奉屏．油矿地球物理测井．北京：地质出版社，1984．
31．郭黔杰，康永尚，朱强，赵国欣．支持石油勘探开发决策的新方法-分形几何与地质统计学．石油学报，1998 19(2)．
32．杨安平．用二口或三口井资料的地质统计内插方法．《第四次国际石油工程会议论文集》．北京：石油工业出版社，1992，SPE 22346．
33．李庆忠．论地震约束反演的策略．石油地球物理勘探，1998，33(4)．
34．沙磊等．地震和测井资料联合反演储层物性参数的方法．物探化探计算技术，1997，19(1)．
35．陈崇河，马晓芬，吴胜和．用地震资料进行早期储层预测的新思路．石油学报，1998 19(2)．
36．Ercill Hunt 等著，金羽龙，虞绍永译．测井分析基础．石油物探译丛，1997，Vol．6．
37．孟宪军，杜世通．地震资料的测井约束多项式拟合外推反演．石油地球物理勘探，1995，Vol．30(6)．
38．车卓吾．测井资料分析手册．北京：石油工业出版社，1995．
39．钟兴水．测井资料计算机处理解释方法．北京：石油工业出版社，1986．
40．Quincy Chent 等著，王忠译．用于储层预测和监测的地震属性技术．石油物探译丛，1997，Vol．6．
41．Wayne D. Pennington 等著，朱衍镛译．地震岩石物理学-油藏地球物理学的一门应用科学．石油物探译丛，1997，Vol．6．
42．Ashley Francis 等著，傅长生译．声阻抗反演的陷阱与模糊分析．石油物探译丛，1997，Vol．4．
43．Catherine Lewis 著，张翠兰译．用于油藏监测的地震属性：应用正演模拟的可行性研究．石油物探译丛，1997，Vol．6．
44．李正文，杨谦．地震宽带波阻抗剖面及应用．矿物岩石，1997，17(4)．
45．赵志超，罗运先．实用地层岩性地震技术．成都：成都科技大学出版社，1995．
46．Cynthia T. Kalkomey 著，杨勤勇译．用地震属性预测油藏特性的潜在风险．石油物探译丛，1997，Vol．6．
47．Dag Helland-Hansen 等著，严建文译．地震反演在Snorre油田储层特征描述和钻井设计中的应用．石油物探译丛，1997，Vol．6．
48．Christian Gastaldi 等著，张仪宁译．用地震属性描述油藏特性：Peciko 油田(印尼)的一个实例．石油物探译丛，1997，Vol．6．
49．杨斌，肖慈珣．测井约束下神经网络地震储层参数反演．矿物岩石，1998，18(增刊)．
50．赵旭东．石油数学地质概论．北京：石油工业出版社，1992．
51．文健，裘怿楠．早期评价阶段应用Boolean方法建立砂体连续性模型．石油学报，1994，Vol．15，增刊．
52．纪华发等．序贯指示建模方法在枣南油田储层非均质研究中的应用．石油学报，1994，Vol．15，增刊．
53．杨安平．用井的地质统计对比法确定断层．《第四次国际石油工程会议论文集》．北京：石油工业出版社，1992．
54．郎兆新主编．油藏工程基础．山东：石油大学出版社，1991．
55．高阳油田高30断块开发方案．华北石油管理局勘探开发研究院，1994．4．
56．秦同洛等．实用油藏工程方法．北京：石油工业出版社，1989，第306～331页．
57．马尔哈辛．油层物理化学机理．北京：石油工业出版社，1987，第124页．
58．郭尚平等．高含水期改善注水和强化采油提高采收率问题．中国石油天然气总公司油气田开发工作会议文集(上)．北京：石油工业出版社，1996，第10～13页．
59．冀宝发等．喇嘛甸油田注采系统调整．《改善高含水期油田注水开发效果实例》．中国石油天然气总公司科技发展局、开发生产局编．北京：石油工业出版社，1993．5，第11～22．
60．中国石油天然气总公司开发生产局编．油藏数值模拟技术应用成果集．北京：石油工业出版社，1996．
61．D.W.皮斯曼著．油藏数值模拟基础．北京：石油工业出版社，1982．
62．喻高明．垂向非均质砂岩油藏周期注水机理数值模拟研究．西南石油学院学报，1997．11．
63．喻高明．轮南油田轮2井区三迭系Ⅱ、Ⅲ油组不同开发方法数值模拟研究．油气采收率技术，1998．6．
64．李联五等．双河油田砂砾岩油藏，北京：石油工业出版社，1997．
65．韩大匡等．我国三次采油提高采收率技术发展展望．《中国石油天然气总公司油气田开发工作会议文集(上)》．北京：石油工业出版社，1997，第126～146页．
66．李忠荣等．大庆长垣南部油田周期注水．《改善高含水期油田注水开发效果实例》．中国石油天然气总公司科技发展局、开发生产局编，北京：石油工业出版社，1993．5，第56～67页．
67．刘渭等．国外高含水油田水动力学调整方法．《改善高含水期油田注水开发效果实例》．中国石油天然气总公司科技发展局、开发生产局编．北京：石油工业出版社，1993．5，第173～218页．
68. F.F. Craig. The Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Waterflooding. Society of Petroleum Engineering of AIME, New York, 1971, Dallas.
69. 1978.
70. H. H.Haldorsen and E. Damsleth, Challenges in Reservoir Characterization. AAPG. Vol.77, No. 4, April 1994.
71. John P. Todoeschuck, Mark Pilkington and mark E. Gregotski. If geology is fractal, what do we do next? Geophysics: The Leading edge of exploration, October, 1992, P.29-35.
72. Journel, A. G. and Alabert, F. G., 1988, Focusing on spatial connectivity of extreme valued attributes stochastic models of reservoir hetergeneities. SPE 18326.
73. Journel, A. G. and Isaaks E. H., Conditional indicator simulation: application to a suskatchewan uranium deposit Jour. Math. Geology, Vol. 16, 1984, P.685-718.
74. S. Begg and P. King, Modelling the effects of shales on reservoir performance. Calculation of efectire vertical permeability, 1985, SPE 13529.
75. Matheron, G., Beucher, H., de Fouquet, C., Galli, A., Guerillot, D. and Ravenne, C., Conditional simulation of the geometry of fluriodeltatic reservoir. SPE 62nd Annual Conference Dallas, Texas. P.591-599.
76. Saleen G.Ghori, Johm P. Heller, and Ashok K.Simgh. An efficient method of generating random permeability fields by the soure point Method. Math. Geology. Vol. 25. No.5, 1993. P.559-572.
77. V. Suro-Perez and A.G. Journel, Indicator pricipal component kriging, Math. Geology, Vol. 23, No. 5, 1991, P. 759-788.
78. Olivier Dubrule., A review of stochastic models for petroleum reservoir. Geostatistics, Vol. 2, 1989, P.493-506.
79. DERALD G.Smith. Anastomosing river deposits, Sedimentation rates and basin subsidence, Magdalona river, Northwestern colombia, South America. Sedimentary Geology, 1986 (46), P. 177-196.
80. B.R. Rust. Sedimentation in an arid-zone anastomosing fluvial system Cooper's Creek, Cenrtal Australia. J. Sediment Petrol, 1981 (51), P.745-755.
81. Alabert, F. G., The practice of fast conditional simulation through the LU decomposition of the covariance Jour. Math. Geology. Vol 19, 1987, P.369-386.
82. A.S.Emannel, G. K. Alameda, R. A. Behrens and T. A. Jenett, 1989, Reservoir Performance prediction methods besed on fractal geostatistics. SPE Reservoir Engineering. August 1989. P.311-318.
83． A.J. Desbarats, Spatial averaging of hydraulic conductivity in three-dimensional heterogeneous porour media. Math. Geology, Vol. 24, No.3, 1992, P.249-267．
84． Alberto S.Almeida and Andre G.Jourael, 1994． Joird Simulation of Multiple Variables with a Markov-Type Coregionalization model, Math. Geology, Vol 26,No.5,1994, P565-588．
85． Behrens, R. A. and Hewett, T. A., 1988, Conditional simulation of reservoir heterogeneity with fractals. 28． J.D. Doyle And M.L.Sweet. Three-Dimensional Distribution Of Lithofacies Bounding Surfaces, Porosity, And Permeability In A Fluvial Sandstone-Gypsy Sandstone Of Northern Okalahoma. AAPG BULLETIN, 1995 79(1) .
86． M. H. Valderrama,K.C.Nielsen,and G.A.McMechan, Three-Dimensional Seismic Interpretation from the Triangle Zone of the Frontal Ouachita Mountains and Arkoma Basin.Pittsburg county, Oklahoma.AAPG BULLETIN, 1996 Vol 80(8) .
87． Ian D. Bryant Integrated 3-D Geological Modeling of the C1 sands Reservior. Maui Field. Offshore New Zealard AAPG Bulletin. V.79, No.3． March 1995．
88． L. Y. Hu. Random Genetic Simulation of the Internal Geometry of Deltaic Sand Bodies. SPE Formation Evaluation. December 1994
89． A.G.Journel, Nonparametric Estimation of spatial distributions. Math. Geology, Vol.15, No.3, 1983． P.445-468．
90． The Application of New Approaches for share Mangement in a Three-Dimensional Simulation Study of the Frigg Field, SPE Formation Evaluation September 1988．
91． B.Doligez. H. Beucher, Integrated Reservoir Characterization: Improvement in Heterogeneities Stochastic Modeling by integration of Addittional Exteraal Coustraints. Fourth International Reservoir Charaterization Technical Conference. Houston. Texas. March 2-4． 1997．
92． G.Perez, and A.K. Chopra. Evaluation of Fractal Models to Describe Reservoir Heterogeneity and Performance. SPE Formation Evaluation, March 1997．
93． Dae S Young, 1987． Indicator Kriging for Unit Vectors: Rock Joint Orientations. Math. Geology. Vol. 19,No.6,1987． P481-501．
94． Damsleth, E., Tjolsen, C. B., Omre, H. and Haldorsen, H. H., 1990, A two stage stochastic model appplied to a north sea reservoir. SPE 20605．
95． George Christaks, Stochastic simulation of spatially correlated geoprocesses, Math. Geology, Vol. 19, No. 8, 1987．
96． C.B.Tjoison,Gyrid Johnsen,Gunnar Halvorsen,Alf Ryseth, and Elvind Damsleth. Seismic Data Can Improve Stochastic Fades Modeling.SPE Formation Evaluation,September,1996．
97． W.J. E. Van de Graaff, P.J., Ealey, Geological modelling for simulation studies, AAPG., 1989, V. 73, N. 11, P1436-1444．
98． Weber, K. J. and Maatschappij, B. V, How heterogeneity affects oil recovery. Reservoir Characterization, 1986, P487-544．
99． Weber K.J., L.C. Van Genus, 1989, Framwork for constructing clastic reservoir simulation models, SPE 19582．