基于道集记录的地震道内插算法研究
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摘要
浅层地震勘探在工程勘查中能够提供介质的弹性动力学相关参数而受到工程界的重视。由于浅部地质条件、施工环境的影响,浅层地震记录经常存在空间采样不足的情况,不利于后续的信号处理和精细化解释,地震道内插是目前广泛采用的解决空间采样不足的方法。
现有的地震道内插算法,多是沿用深部油气地震勘探的处理模式,未考虑到浅部地震记录的复杂性。浅层地质结构对浅层地震信号采集的影响程度远大于深部信号,并且浅部地震记录受直达波、面波、人文噪声、工业噪声、地表起伏等诸多因素的影响,因此,浅部地震信号比深部记录要相对复杂,研究适合浅部地震记录的插值算法有实践意义。
图像处理手段在地球物理资料的数字图形处理中有着广泛的应用,但目前还没有将其运用到地震道内插中。本文基于浅层地震记录整体(多道)规律性不明显、相邻道相关性强的特殊性,利用图像插值可充分考虑相邻近采样点的相关性特点,将图像插值运用到地震道内插中,通过采样率变换和方向插值算法,较好地实现了浅层数据的内插。
BP人工神经网络有着很强的泛化能力,能够模拟复杂的函数关系,本文利用其这一特点模拟浅层地震记录道间复杂的内相关关系,以原有的地震记录为学习样本,用训练成熟的网络对有假频的浅层地震数据进行内插,该算法可达到较好的内插效果。
模拟记录和实际地震记录的内插结果表明,方向插值的算法和基于BP人工神经网络的插值算法在浅层记录的地震道插值中有着良好的实用性。
Shallow seismic exploration attracted great attention from the engineering as it can provide the parameters of Elastodynamics in the engineering investigation. As the impact of the shallow geological conditions and the environment of construction, insufficient space sampling often exists in the shallow seismic records, which is not conducive to the subsequent signal processing and detailed interpretation, so seismic trace interpolation is being used widely to solve this problem.
The existing seismic trace interpolation mostly follow the processing mode of deep oil and gas seismic exploration, which doesn't take into amount of the complexity of shallow seismic records. The affects of shallow geological structure to the shallow seismic signal is much stronger than the deep, and shallow seismic records are affected by the direct wave, surface wave, human noise, industrial noise, surface relief, and many other factors. So the shallow seismic records are much more complex than the deep records, and the research of interpolation algorithm which is fit for the shallow seismic records has great practical significance.
The image processing is widely used in the digital image processing of Geophysics, but until now, it has not been applied to the seismic trace interpolation. This article uses image interpolation into the trace interpolation of shallow seismic base on the specificity of shallow seismic records, which doesn't have the whole (multi-channel) regularity but with strong correlation between the adjacent channels, and makes use of the image interpolation can fully consider the proximity of the relevant characteristics of sampling points. Through the sampling rate conversion and directional interpolation algorithm, this manner can be used well in shallow seismic data interpolation.
The BP artificial neural network has strong capacity of generalization, and it can simulate the complex function. So, in this paper, this characteristic is used in simulating the complex internal relationship among the channels of shallow seismic records, with using the original seismic records as learning samples. Then use the mature network in trace interpolation of the shallow seismic data with alias. This interpolation algorithm can achieve good results.
The results of trace interpolation used in analog and practical shallow seismic records indicate that the directional interpolation algorithm and the interpolation algorithm based on the BP artificial neural network have good practicability.
现有的地震道内插算法,多是沿用深部油气地震勘探的处理模式,未考虑到浅部地震记录的复杂性。浅层地质结构对浅层地震信号采集的影响程度远大于深部信号,并且浅部地震记录受直达波、面波、人文噪声、工业噪声、地表起伏等诸多因素的影响,因此,浅部地震信号比深部记录要相对复杂,研究适合浅部地震记录的插值算法有实践意义。
图像处理手段在地球物理资料的数字图形处理中有着广泛的应用,但目前还没有将其运用到地震道内插中。本文基于浅层地震记录整体(多道)规律性不明显、相邻道相关性强的特殊性,利用图像插值可充分考虑相邻近采样点的相关性特点,将图像插值运用到地震道内插中,通过采样率变换和方向插值算法,较好地实现了浅层数据的内插。
BP人工神经网络有着很强的泛化能力,能够模拟复杂的函数关系,本文利用其这一特点模拟浅层地震记录道间复杂的内相关关系,以原有的地震记录为学习样本,用训练成熟的网络对有假频的浅层地震数据进行内插,该算法可达到较好的内插效果。
模拟记录和实际地震记录的内插结果表明,方向插值的算法和基于BP人工神经网络的插值算法在浅层记录的地震道插值中有着良好的实用性。
Shallow seismic exploration attracted great attention from the engineering as it can provide the parameters of Elastodynamics in the engineering investigation. As the impact of the shallow geological conditions and the environment of construction, insufficient space sampling often exists in the shallow seismic records, which is not conducive to the subsequent signal processing and detailed interpretation, so seismic trace interpolation is being used widely to solve this problem.
The existing seismic trace interpolation mostly follow the processing mode of deep oil and gas seismic exploration, which doesn't take into amount of the complexity of shallow seismic records. The affects of shallow geological structure to the shallow seismic signal is much stronger than the deep, and shallow seismic records are affected by the direct wave, surface wave, human noise, industrial noise, surface relief, and many other factors. So the shallow seismic records are much more complex than the deep records, and the research of interpolation algorithm which is fit for the shallow seismic records has great practical significance.
The image processing is widely used in the digital image processing of Geophysics, but until now, it has not been applied to the seismic trace interpolation. This article uses image interpolation into the trace interpolation of shallow seismic base on the specificity of shallow seismic records, which doesn't have the whole (multi-channel) regularity but with strong correlation between the adjacent channels, and makes use of the image interpolation can fully consider the proximity of the relevant characteristics of sampling points. Through the sampling rate conversion and directional interpolation algorithm, this manner can be used well in shallow seismic data interpolation.
The BP artificial neural network has strong capacity of generalization, and it can simulate the complex function. So, in this paper, this characteristic is used in simulating the complex internal relationship among the channels of shallow seismic records, with using the original seismic records as learning samples. Then use the mature network in trace interpolation of the shallow seismic data with alias. This interpolation algorithm can achieve good results.
The results of trace interpolation used in analog and practical shallow seismic records indicate that the directional interpolation algorithm and the interpolation algorithm based on the BP artificial neural network have good practicability.
引文
[1]. Larner K, Gibson B, Rothman D. Trace interpolation and the design of seismicsurveys [J]. Geophysics,1981,46,407.
[2]. J. Julian Cabrera and Shlomo Levy. Stable plane-wave decomposition and spherical-wave reconstruction:Applications to converted S-mode separation and trace interpolation[J]. GEOPHYSICS, VOL.49, NO. I1 (NOVEMBER 1984); P. 1915-1932.
[3]. Joshua Ronen. Wave-equation trace interpolation. GEOPHYSICS. VOL.52. NO. 7 (JULY 1987); P.973-984.
[4].库国正.道内插技术及其应用[J].石油地球物理勘探,1988,23(8)：738-736
[5].Spitz S.F-X域地震道内插[J].石油物探译丛,1992,(1)：1-12.
[6]. Spitz S. Seismic trace interpolation in the f-x domain [J]. Geophysics, 1991,56,785-794.
[7]. Claerbout J, Nichols D. Interpolation beyond aliasing by(t-x) domain PEFs[C]:53rd Ann Internat Mtg, Eur Assn Geosci Eng, Expanded Abstracts, paper A001,1991.
[8].李国发.F-K域与F-X域联合实现道内插[J].石油地球勘探物探,1995,30(5)：693-701.
[9].朱生旺.f-x,y域三维道内插[J].石油地球物理勘探.1997,32(1)：117～123.
[10]. Yanghua Wang. Seismic trace interpolation in the f-x-y domain[J]. GEOPHYSICS, VOL.67, NO.4 (JULY-AUGUST 2002); P.1232-1239.
[11].国九英,周兴元.F-K域等道距道内插[J].石油地球物理勘探,1996,31(2)：210-218.
[12]. Guo J, Zhou X, Yang H J. Efficient f-k domainseismic trace interpolation for spatially aliased data[C]:66th Ann Internat Mtg, Soc Expl Geophys, Expanded Abstracts,1457-1460,1996.
[13].国九英,周兴元,俞寿朋.F-X域等道距道内插[J].石油地球物理勘探,1996,31(1)：28-34.
[14].周兴元.F-X域地震道内插理论及其实现[J].石油地球物理勘探,1997,32(2)：154-162.
[15]. Gulunay N, Chambers R E. Unaliased f-k domain trace interpolation (UFKI)[C]:66th Ann Internat Mtg, Soc Expl Geophys.Expanded Abstracts,1461-1464,1996
[16]. Gulunay N, Chambers R E..无假频f-k域地震道内插(UFKI)[C].美国勘探地球物理学家学会第66届年会论文集[A],1996：1461-1464.
[17]. Gulunay N. Seismic trace interpolation in the Fourier transform domain[J].Geophysics,2003,68(1):355-369.
[18].宜明理,严又生,魏新,吕德林等.F-K域抗假频道内插[J].石油物探,2001,40(2)：36-41
[19].王建立,郭树祥,杨长春,张洪宙.广义谱分解地震道内插方法[J].石油地球物理勘探,2002,37(1)：29-38
[20]. Milton J. Porsani.Seismic trace interpolation using half-step prediction filters[J].GEOPHYSICS, VOL.64, NO.5 (SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1999); P. 1461-1467.
[21].周竹生,陆江南.一种快速有效的地震道空间内插方法[J].物探化探计算技术,2000,22(3)：211～215.
[22]. M.M. Nurul Kabir, D.J. Verschuur. Restoration of missing offsets by parabolic radon translation[J]. Geophysical Prospecting,1995,43:347-368.
[23].黄新武,吴律,朱滨华.基于抛物线拉东变换的地震道重构[J].中国矿业大学学报,2003,32(5)：534～539.
[24].张红梅,刘洪.基于稀疏τ-p变换的叠后地震道内插[J].石油地球物理勘探,2006,41(3)：281～285.
[25].张红梅,刘洪.基于稀疏离散τ-p变换的非均匀地震道重建[J].石油物探,2006,45(2)：141-145.
[26].徐忠范,周中强,赵波.τ-p变换压制干扰及道内插技术[J].石油地球物理勘探,1985,20(1)：31-45.
[27].崔兴福,刘东奇,张关泉.小波变换实现地震道内插[J].石油地球物理勘探,2003,38(增刊)：93～97.
[28]. Zhenli Wang, Yanda Li,李小秋.应用小波变换的道内插[A],美国勘探地球物理学家学会第64届年会论文集[C],1994年.
[29].吕小伟,陈小宏,刁顺.利用L1范数求取道间时差技术进行地震道插值[J].石油地球物理勘探,2003,38(6)：618～622.
[30]. Bin Liul and Mauricio D. Sacchi. Minimum weighted norm interpolation of seismic records. GEOPHYSICS, VOL.69, NO.6 (NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 2004); P.1560-1568.
[31]. Bin Liu and Mauricio D Sacchi. On The Impact of Wavefield Interpolation on Imaging Techniques and AVA Analysis. http://www.cspg.org/conventions/abstracts/2003abstracts/226S0130.pdf
[32]. Li-Yun Fu.Wavefield interpolation in the Fourier wavefield extrapolation. GEOPHYSICS, VOL.69, NO.1 (JANUARY-FEBRUARY 2004); P.257-264.
[33].张广智,印兴耀,刘洪.地震子波外推方法研究[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2007,31(1)：25～29.
[34]. Mostafa Naghizadeh, M.D. Sacchi. Seismic Trace Interpolation using Adaptive Prediction Filters[J]. Back to Exploration-2008 CSPG CSEG CWLS Convention:188-191.
[35]. M. Naghizadeh and M.D. Sacchi. Seismic data reconstruction using multidimensional prediction filters[J]. Geophysical Prospecting,2010,58, 157-173.
[36]. Sergey Fomel. Seismic reflection data interpolation with differential offset and shot continuation[J]. GEOPHYSICS, VOL.68,NO.2 (MARCH-APRIL 2003); P. 733-744.
[37]. Douglas G Martinson, John R. Hopper. Nonlinear seismic trace interpolation. GEOPHYSICS, VOL.57, NO. Ⅰ (JANUARY 1992):P.136-145.
[38].桂现才.BP神经网络在MATLAB上的实现与应用[J].湛江师范学院学报,2004,25(3)：79～83.
[39].朱德兵,何继善.前向神经网络定解及泛化问题研究[J].物探化探计算技术.2001,23(2)：144～149.
[40].何继善,朱德兵.前馈神经网络隐性单调与泛化能力[J].物探化探计算技术,2001,23(4)：289～294.
[41].飞思科技产品研发中心.神经网络理论与MATLAB7实现[M].电子工业出版社,北京2005：18～20.
[42].楼顺天,施阳.基于MATLAB的系统分析与设计——神经网络[M].西安电子科技大学出版社,2000年.
[43].木林,马秀荣.人工神经网络的发展及应用[J].呼伦贝尔学院学报,2005,13(3)：63～65.
[44].罗丹.F-K域地震道插值方法原理[D].成都：成都理工大学地球探测与信息技术专业,2009.
[45].陈双全,王尚旭,季敏.基于信号保真的地震数据插值.石油地球物理勘探,2005,40(5)：515～517.
[46].黄文.一种高效的插值算法[J].陕西工学院学报,2002,18(1)：30-32.
[47].曹丹平,印兴耀,张繁昌.改进的井间地震资料波阻抗反演方法[J],中国石油 大学学报(自然科学版),2008,32(2)：34-38.
[48].张丽莉,吴健生,王家林.图像处理在地球物理学中的应用.石油地球物理勘探[J],2003,38(3)：317～323.
[49].朱德兵.瑞雷波频散曲线的BP神经网络反演问题研究[D].武汉：中国地质大学应用地球物理专业,1997.
[2]. J. Julian Cabrera and Shlomo Levy. Stable plane-wave decomposition and spherical-wave reconstruction:Applications to converted S-mode separation and trace interpolation[J]. GEOPHYSICS, VOL.49, NO. I1 (NOVEMBER 1984); P. 1915-1932.
[3]. Joshua Ronen. Wave-equation trace interpolation. GEOPHYSICS. VOL.52. NO. 7 (JULY 1987); P.973-984.
[4].库国正.道内插技术及其应用[J].石油地球物理勘探,1988,23(8)：738-736
[5].Spitz S.F-X域地震道内插[J].石油物探译丛,1992,(1)：1-12.
[6]. Spitz S. Seismic trace interpolation in the f-x domain [J]. Geophysics, 1991,56,785-794.
[7]. Claerbout J, Nichols D. Interpolation beyond aliasing by(t-x) domain PEFs[C]:53rd Ann Internat Mtg, Eur Assn Geosci Eng, Expanded Abstracts, paper A001,1991.
[8].李国发.F-K域与F-X域联合实现道内插[J].石油地球勘探物探,1995,30(5)：693-701.
[9].朱生旺.f-x,y域三维道内插[J].石油地球物理勘探.1997,32(1)：117～123.
[10]. Yanghua Wang. Seismic trace interpolation in the f-x-y domain[J]. GEOPHYSICS, VOL.67, NO.4 (JULY-AUGUST 2002); P.1232-1239.
[11].国九英,周兴元.F-K域等道距道内插[J].石油地球物理勘探,1996,31(2)：210-218.
[12]. Guo J, Zhou X, Yang H J. Efficient f-k domainseismic trace interpolation for spatially aliased data[C]:66th Ann Internat Mtg, Soc Expl Geophys, Expanded Abstracts,1457-1460,1996.
[13].国九英,周兴元,俞寿朋.F-X域等道距道内插[J].石油地球物理勘探,1996,31(1)：28-34.
[14].周兴元.F-X域地震道内插理论及其实现[J].石油地球物理勘探,1997,32(2)：154-162.
[15]. Gulunay N, Chambers R E. Unaliased f-k domain trace interpolation (UFKI)[C]:66th Ann Internat Mtg, Soc Expl Geophys.Expanded Abstracts,1461-1464,1996
[16]. Gulunay N, Chambers R E..无假频f-k域地震道内插(UFKI)[C].美国勘探地球物理学家学会第66届年会论文集[A],1996：1461-1464.
[17]. Gulunay N. Seismic trace interpolation in the Fourier transform domain[J].Geophysics,2003,68(1):355-369.
[18].宜明理,严又生,魏新,吕德林等.F-K域抗假频道内插[J].石油物探,2001,40(2)：36-41
[19].王建立,郭树祥,杨长春,张洪宙.广义谱分解地震道内插方法[J].石油地球物理勘探,2002,37(1)：29-38
[20]. Milton J. Porsani.Seismic trace interpolation using half-step prediction filters[J].GEOPHYSICS, VOL.64, NO.5 (SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1999); P. 1461-1467.
[21].周竹生,陆江南.一种快速有效的地震道空间内插方法[J].物探化探计算技术,2000,22(3)：211～215.
[22]. M.M. Nurul Kabir, D.J. Verschuur. Restoration of missing offsets by parabolic radon translation[J]. Geophysical Prospecting,1995,43:347-368.
[23].黄新武,吴律,朱滨华.基于抛物线拉东变换的地震道重构[J].中国矿业大学学报,2003,32(5)：534～539.
[24].张红梅,刘洪.基于稀疏τ-p变换的叠后地震道内插[J].石油地球物理勘探,2006,41(3)：281～285.
[25].张红梅,刘洪.基于稀疏离散τ-p变换的非均匀地震道重建[J].石油物探,2006,45(2)：141-145.
[26].徐忠范,周中强,赵波.τ-p变换压制干扰及道内插技术[J].石油地球物理勘探,1985,20(1)：31-45.
[27].崔兴福,刘东奇,张关泉.小波变换实现地震道内插[J].石油地球物理勘探,2003,38(增刊)：93～97.
[28]. Zhenli Wang, Yanda Li,李小秋.应用小波变换的道内插[A],美国勘探地球物理学家学会第64届年会论文集[C],1994年.
[29].吕小伟,陈小宏,刁顺.利用L1范数求取道间时差技术进行地震道插值[J].石油地球物理勘探,2003,38(6)：618～622.
[30]. Bin Liul and Mauricio D. Sacchi. Minimum weighted norm interpolation of seismic records. GEOPHYSICS, VOL.69, NO.6 (NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 2004); P.1560-1568.
[31]. Bin Liu and Mauricio D Sacchi. On The Impact of Wavefield Interpolation on Imaging Techniques and AVA Analysis. http://www.cspg.org/conventions/abstracts/2003abstracts/226S0130.pdf
[32]. Li-Yun Fu.Wavefield interpolation in the Fourier wavefield extrapolation. GEOPHYSICS, VOL.69, NO.1 (JANUARY-FEBRUARY 2004); P.257-264.
[33].张广智,印兴耀,刘洪.地震子波外推方法研究[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2007,31(1)：25～29.
[34]. Mostafa Naghizadeh, M.D. Sacchi. Seismic Trace Interpolation using Adaptive Prediction Filters[J]. Back to Exploration-2008 CSPG CSEG CWLS Convention:188-191.
[35]. M. Naghizadeh and M.D. Sacchi. Seismic data reconstruction using multidimensional prediction filters[J]. Geophysical Prospecting,2010,58, 157-173.
[36]. Sergey Fomel. Seismic reflection data interpolation with differential offset and shot continuation[J]. GEOPHYSICS, VOL.68,NO.2 (MARCH-APRIL 2003); P. 733-744.
[37]. Douglas G Martinson, John R. Hopper. Nonlinear seismic trace interpolation. GEOPHYSICS, VOL.57, NO. Ⅰ (JANUARY 1992):P.136-145.
[38].桂现才.BP神经网络在MATLAB上的实现与应用[J].湛江师范学院学报,2004,25(3)：79～83.
[39].朱德兵,何继善.前向神经网络定解及泛化问题研究[J].物探化探计算技术.2001,23(2)：144～149.
[40].何继善,朱德兵.前馈神经网络隐性单调与泛化能力[J].物探化探计算技术,2001,23(4)：289～294.
[41].飞思科技产品研发中心.神经网络理论与MATLAB7实现[M].电子工业出版社,北京2005：18～20.
[42].楼顺天,施阳.基于MATLAB的系统分析与设计——神经网络[M].西安电子科技大学出版社,2000年.
[43].木林,马秀荣.人工神经网络的发展及应用[J].呼伦贝尔学院学报,2005,13(3)：63～65.
[44].罗丹.F-K域地震道插值方法原理[D].成都：成都理工大学地球探测与信息技术专业,2009.
[45].陈双全,王尚旭,季敏.基于信号保真的地震数据插值.石油地球物理勘探,2005,40(5)：515～517.
[46].黄文.一种高效的插值算法[J].陕西工学院学报,2002,18(1)：30-32.
[47].曹丹平,印兴耀,张繁昌.改进的井间地震资料波阻抗反演方法[J],中国石油 大学学报(自然科学版),2008,32(2)：34-38.
[48].张丽莉,吴健生,王家林.图像处理在地球物理学中的应用.石油地球物理勘探[J],2003,38(3)：317～323.
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