三维激光扫描技术在3DGIS数据建模及可视化中应用研究
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摘要
地理信息系统是一种采集、存储、管理、分析、显示与应用地理信息的计算机基础平台,是分析和处理海量地理数据的通用技术,其主要功能是数据的输入、管理和输出。GIS可应用于多个领域的建模和决策支持。三维空间信息技术是地理信息系统的重要组成部分,是当前地理信息科学的热点研究领域。而三维地理信息系统试图直接从三维空间的角度去理解表达现实世界中的地物、地理现象及其空间关系。
三维建模与可视化技术有助于用户对空间数据相互关系以及分析结果的直观理解。可视化是科学计算与图形图像技术的结合,涉及到多个学科交叉领域,其基本思想是用图形图像来表示数据。将空间数据生成三维透视图,模仿真实环境,并在此基础上进行地理信息显示与空间分析,是地理信息系统的一个重要研究内容,也是建立“数字地球”的重要技术之一。
本文主要阐述的是三维数据的数据处理、建模及其可视化问题,分析了国内外主流三维GIS软件平台建模的各自优缺点。
重点介绍了地面三维激光扫描技术,对比传统测量技术得出其在测绘领域应用的优势,介绍其在三维数据建模方面的应用方法。同时探讨了三维激光扫描数据处理的重点问题,包括点云数据的预处理和拼接方法、三维激光扫描系统的误差影响。
利用后续处理软件(Cyclone)对实际三维激光扫描数据进行一系列的处理,获得建模数据,对数据进行建模和输出,实现可视化。并基于黄河小浪底水利枢纽三维可视化系统数据,采用VS2008平台和JavaScript语言初步建立黄河小浪底在线信息系统,实现了三维GIS的网络共享。
GIS is a kind of basic computer platform which used to collect, storage, manage, analyse, display and apply geographic information, whose main function is data input, management and output. Three-dimensional information technology is an important part of GIS, and a hot research field in the current geographic information. Three-dimensional GIS attempts to understand and express ground features, geographic phenomenas and spatial relations from the angle of three-dimensional space directly.
Three-dimensional modeling and visualization technology helps users to understand the spatial data relationship and analysis results intuitively. Visualization is the combination of scientific computing and graphics image technology, which involves multiple cross-disciplinary areas. The basic ideas of visualization is to express data using graphic image.An important research content of GIS is to generate three-dimensional perspective drawings of landscapes, to imitate true environments based on the spatial data, and to display geographic information, analyse spatial data. It is also a major technology to establish the "Digital Earth".
This article mainly descripts the problems of processing three-dimensional data, data modeling, and data visualization; analyses the advantages and disadvantages of domestic and foreign mainstream three-dimensional GIS software platform.
This introduces the Terrestrial Laser Scanning Techniques, contrasts the traditional measuring technology, draws the advantages of application in surveying and mapping, and presentates the application methods in the three-dimensional data modeling. Meanwhile, it discusses the key issues of three-dimensional laser scanning data processing, including the point cloud data processing and stitching method, three-dimensional laser scanning system error influence. Using the follow-up processing software Cyclone to conduct a series of processing on the actual three-dimensional laser scanning data to obtain the modeling data, model and output the data, finally achieve visualization. And based on the three-dimensional visualization data of the Yellow River xiaolangdi water conservancy hub project, preliminary established the Yellow River xiaolangdi online system using VS2008 platform and JavaScript language, finally realized the three-dimensional GIS network sharing.
三维建模与可视化技术有助于用户对空间数据相互关系以及分析结果的直观理解。可视化是科学计算与图形图像技术的结合,涉及到多个学科交叉领域,其基本思想是用图形图像来表示数据。将空间数据生成三维透视图,模仿真实环境,并在此基础上进行地理信息显示与空间分析,是地理信息系统的一个重要研究内容,也是建立“数字地球”的重要技术之一。
本文主要阐述的是三维数据的数据处理、建模及其可视化问题,分析了国内外主流三维GIS软件平台建模的各自优缺点。
重点介绍了地面三维激光扫描技术,对比传统测量技术得出其在测绘领域应用的优势,介绍其在三维数据建模方面的应用方法。同时探讨了三维激光扫描数据处理的重点问题,包括点云数据的预处理和拼接方法、三维激光扫描系统的误差影响。
利用后续处理软件(Cyclone)对实际三维激光扫描数据进行一系列的处理,获得建模数据,对数据进行建模和输出,实现可视化。并基于黄河小浪底水利枢纽三维可视化系统数据,采用VS2008平台和JavaScript语言初步建立黄河小浪底在线信息系统,实现了三维GIS的网络共享。
GIS is a kind of basic computer platform which used to collect, storage, manage, analyse, display and apply geographic information, whose main function is data input, management and output. Three-dimensional information technology is an important part of GIS, and a hot research field in the current geographic information. Three-dimensional GIS attempts to understand and express ground features, geographic phenomenas and spatial relations from the angle of three-dimensional space directly.
Three-dimensional modeling and visualization technology helps users to understand the spatial data relationship and analysis results intuitively. Visualization is the combination of scientific computing and graphics image technology, which involves multiple cross-disciplinary areas. The basic ideas of visualization is to express data using graphic image.An important research content of GIS is to generate three-dimensional perspective drawings of landscapes, to imitate true environments based on the spatial data, and to display geographic information, analyse spatial data. It is also a major technology to establish the "Digital Earth".
This article mainly descripts the problems of processing three-dimensional data, data modeling, and data visualization; analyses the advantages and disadvantages of domestic and foreign mainstream three-dimensional GIS software platform.
This introduces the Terrestrial Laser Scanning Techniques, contrasts the traditional measuring technology, draws the advantages of application in surveying and mapping, and presentates the application methods in the three-dimensional data modeling. Meanwhile, it discusses the key issues of three-dimensional laser scanning data processing, including the point cloud data processing and stitching method, three-dimensional laser scanning system error influence. Using the follow-up processing software Cyclone to conduct a series of processing on the actual three-dimensional laser scanning data to obtain the modeling data, model and output the data, finally achieve visualization. And based on the three-dimensional visualization data of the Yellow River xiaolangdi water conservancy hub project, preliminary established the Yellow River xiaolangdi online system using VS2008 platform and JavaScript language, finally realized the three-dimensional GIS network sharing.
引文
[1]史文中,吴立新,李清泉等.三维空间信息系统模型与算法[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2007
[2]王月.机场地理信息系统及三维可视化的研究与实现[D].北京：北京交通大学硕士论文,2006
[3]汤杨华.三维GIS中海量空间数据可视化研究[D].西安：长安大学硕士论文,2009
[4]李清泉.基于混合数据结构的三维GIS数据模型与空间分析研究[D].武汉：武汉测绘科技大学博士论文,1998
[5]刘经南,张小红,李征航.影响机载激光扫描测高精度的系统误差分析[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2002(2)
[6]蔡润彬.地面激光扫描数据后处理若干关键技术研究[D].上海：同济大学博士论文,2008：15-16
[7]李清泉,杨必胜,史文中等.三维空间数据的实时获取、建模与可视化[D].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2003：98-99
[8]胡圣武,李鲲鹏.三维GIS关键技术的研究[J].地理空间信息,2006(3)：2-3
[9]倪明田,吴良芝.计算机图形学[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1999
[10]苗兰芳.点模型的表面几何建模和绘制[D].浙江大学博士论文,2005
[11]张小红.机载激光扫描测高数据滤波及地物提取[D],武汉大学博士论文,2002
[12]张小红.机载激光雷达测量技术理论与方法[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2007
[13]黄嫚.小浪底水里枢纽三维可视化研究与实现[D].西安：长安大学硕士论文,2010
[14]张政民,薛荣俊等.ArcSDE在数字海底系统中的应用[J].海洋技术,2004(2),64-67
[15]何全军.三维可视化技术在地理信息系统中的应用研究[D].长春：吉林大学硕士论文,2004：3-4
[16]龚建华,林辉.虚拟地理环境-在线虚拟现实的地理学透视[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2001：97-100
[17]殷畅.可视化及其在GIS中的应用展望[J].计算机与地图,2005：17-20
[18]黄燕.三维地形地貌的可视化研究[D].北京：北京工业大学硕士论文,2002
[19]张茂军.虚拟现实系统[M].北京：科学出版社,2001：79
[20]高志国.地面三维激光扫描数据处理及建模研究[D].西安：长安大学硕士论文,2010：1-2
[21]林明华.机载激光雷达点云数据处理理论与应用研究[D].武汉：武汉大学博士论文,2008
[22]卢晓鹏.基于三维激光扫描技术的滑坡监测应用研究[D].西安：长安大学硕士论文,2010：13-15
[23]Terrascan软件使用手册
[24]激光扫描数据处理的理论与方法[D],同济大学博士论文,2005
[25]郑德华.点云数据直接缩减方法及缩减效果研究[J].测绘工程,2006(4)：27-30
[26]郑德华,雷伟刚.地面三维激光影像扫描测量技术[J].铁路航测.2003年第2期
[27]cyclone软件使用手册
[28]Samberg. A. Hyyppa. J. Ruppert. Ghyyppa. H. Ziegler. M. Schardt. M. Shinnied. A. An evaluation of the laser scanner data in the forest area. In Proceedings of SPIE. Laser Radar Technology and Applications IV, SPIE,1999;579-581.
[29]Baltsavias, E. P. Airborne laser scanning:basic relation sand formulas. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing.,1999a,54 (2-3):199-214.
[30]Baltsavias, E. P. A comparison between photogrammetry and laser scanning. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing.1999b,54 (2-3):83-94
[31]Kraus, K., Pfeifer, N. Determination of terrain models in wooded areas with airborne laser scanner data. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,1998.53(4):193-203.
[32]Vosselman, G. Slope based filtering of laser altimetry data. In: International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol. ⅩⅩⅩⅢ, Part B3, Amsterdam,2000,pp:935-942。
[33]Axelsson, P. DEM generation from laser scanner data using adaptive TIN models[J]. International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,2000,33(B4/1):110-117.
[34]Sohn, G. and Dowman, L. Terrain Surface Reconstruction by Use of Tetrahedron Model With the MDL Criterion
[35]Yong Hu. Automated Extraction of Digital Terrain Models, Road Networks an Buildings Using Airborne LIDAR Data [D]. Calgary University,2003。
[36]Sithole, G. and Vosselman, G. Filtering of laser altimetry data using a slope adaptive filter[J]. International Archives of Photogrametry and Remote Sensing,2001,34(3/W4):203-210.
[37]Jacobsen, K. and Lohmann, P. Segmented filtering of laser scanner DSMs[A]. Proceedings of the ISPRS working group Ⅲ/3 workshop "3-D reconstrunction from airborne laser scanner and InSAR data" [C].Dresden, Germany,2003.
[38]Jie Shan & Aparajithan Sampath. Urban DEM Generation from Raw LIDAR Data: A Labeling Algorithm and its Performance [J]. Photogrammetry Engineering & Remote Sensing,2005,71(2):217-226.
[39]龚健雅,夏宗国.矢量与栅格集成的三维数据模型[D].武汉测绘科技大学学报,1997,22(1)：7-15.
[40]马立广.地面三维激光扫描测量技术研究[D].武汉大学硕士学位论文2005.
[41]袁夏.三维激光扫描点云数据处理及应用技术[D].南京理工大学硕士论文,2006.
[42]罗德安,廖丽琼.地面激光扫描仪的精度影响分析[J].铁道勘察,2007(4)
[43]刘文.基于数学形态学原理和TerraScan的LIDAR点云分类方法研究[D].国家海洋局第一海洋研究所硕士论文,2008.
[44]董秀军.三维激光扫描技术及其工程应用研究[D].成都理工大学硕士论文,2007
[45]黄晶晶.数字高程模型TIN和等高线建模[D].中南大学硕士论文,2007
[46]JavaScript动态网页编程[M].北京：人民邮电出版社,2007
[47]徐建新,徐地保,段玉清.等高线内插数学模型的探讨[J].江苏测绘2000(12)：31-33
[48]张毅.地面三维激光扫描点云数据处理方法研究[D].武汉大学博士论文,2008
[49]何正斌.机载LIDAR技术用于数字地面的应用研究[D].长安大学硕士论文,2008
[50]郑康平.基于云点数据的曲面重构关键技术的研究[D].西安交大博士学位论文,2002
[2]王月.机场地理信息系统及三维可视化的研究与实现[D].北京：北京交通大学硕士论文,2006
[3]汤杨华.三维GIS中海量空间数据可视化研究[D].西安：长安大学硕士论文,2009
[4]李清泉.基于混合数据结构的三维GIS数据模型与空间分析研究[D].武汉：武汉测绘科技大学博士论文,1998
[5]刘经南,张小红,李征航.影响机载激光扫描测高精度的系统误差分析[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2002(2)
[6]蔡润彬.地面激光扫描数据后处理若干关键技术研究[D].上海：同济大学博士论文,2008：15-16
[7]李清泉,杨必胜,史文中等.三维空间数据的实时获取、建模与可视化[D].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2003：98-99
[8]胡圣武,李鲲鹏.三维GIS关键技术的研究[J].地理空间信息,2006(3)：2-3
[9]倪明田,吴良芝.计算机图形学[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1999
[10]苗兰芳.点模型的表面几何建模和绘制[D].浙江大学博士论文,2005
[11]张小红.机载激光扫描测高数据滤波及地物提取[D],武汉大学博士论文,2002
[12]张小红.机载激光雷达测量技术理论与方法[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2007
[13]黄嫚.小浪底水里枢纽三维可视化研究与实现[D].西安：长安大学硕士论文,2010
[14]张政民,薛荣俊等.ArcSDE在数字海底系统中的应用[J].海洋技术,2004(2),64-67
[15]何全军.三维可视化技术在地理信息系统中的应用研究[D].长春：吉林大学硕士论文,2004：3-4
[16]龚建华,林辉.虚拟地理环境-在线虚拟现实的地理学透视[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2001：97-100
[17]殷畅.可视化及其在GIS中的应用展望[J].计算机与地图,2005：17-20
[18]黄燕.三维地形地貌的可视化研究[D].北京：北京工业大学硕士论文,2002
[19]张茂军.虚拟现实系统[M].北京：科学出版社,2001：79
[20]高志国.地面三维激光扫描数据处理及建模研究[D].西安：长安大学硕士论文,2010：1-2
[21]林明华.机载激光雷达点云数据处理理论与应用研究[D].武汉：武汉大学博士论文,2008
[22]卢晓鹏.基于三维激光扫描技术的滑坡监测应用研究[D].西安：长安大学硕士论文,2010：13-15
[23]Terrascan软件使用手册
[24]激光扫描数据处理的理论与方法[D],同济大学博士论文,2005
[25]郑德华.点云数据直接缩减方法及缩减效果研究[J].测绘工程,2006(4)：27-30
[26]郑德华,雷伟刚.地面三维激光影像扫描测量技术[J].铁路航测.2003年第2期
[27]cyclone软件使用手册
[28]Samberg. A. Hyyppa. J. Ruppert. Ghyyppa. H. Ziegler. M. Schardt. M. Shinnied. A. An evaluation of the laser scanner data in the forest area. In Proceedings of SPIE. Laser Radar Technology and Applications IV, SPIE,1999;579-581.
[29]Baltsavias, E. P. Airborne laser scanning:basic relation sand formulas. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing.,1999a,54 (2-3):199-214.
[30]Baltsavias, E. P. A comparison between photogrammetry and laser scanning. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing.1999b,54 (2-3):83-94
[31]Kraus, K., Pfeifer, N. Determination of terrain models in wooded areas with airborne laser scanner data. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,1998.53(4):193-203.
[32]Vosselman, G. Slope based filtering of laser altimetry data. In: International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol. ⅩⅩⅩⅢ, Part B3, Amsterdam,2000,pp:935-942。
[33]Axelsson, P. DEM generation from laser scanner data using adaptive TIN models[J]. International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,2000,33(B4/1):110-117.
[34]Sohn, G. and Dowman, L. Terrain Surface Reconstruction by Use of Tetrahedron Model With the MDL Criterion
[35]Yong Hu. Automated Extraction of Digital Terrain Models, Road Networks an Buildings Using Airborne LIDAR Data [D]. Calgary University,2003。
[36]Sithole, G. and Vosselman, G. Filtering of laser altimetry data using a slope adaptive filter[J]. International Archives of Photogrametry and Remote Sensing,2001,34(3/W4):203-210.
[37]Jacobsen, K. and Lohmann, P. Segmented filtering of laser scanner DSMs[A]. Proceedings of the ISPRS working group Ⅲ/3 workshop "3-D reconstrunction from airborne laser scanner and InSAR data" [C].Dresden, Germany,2003.
[38]Jie Shan & Aparajithan Sampath. Urban DEM Generation from Raw LIDAR Data: A Labeling Algorithm and its Performance [J]. Photogrammetry Engineering & Remote Sensing,2005,71(2):217-226.
[39]龚健雅,夏宗国.矢量与栅格集成的三维数据模型[D].武汉测绘科技大学学报,1997,22(1)：7-15.
[40]马立广.地面三维激光扫描测量技术研究[D].武汉大学硕士学位论文2005.
[41]袁夏.三维激光扫描点云数据处理及应用技术[D].南京理工大学硕士论文,2006.
[42]罗德安,廖丽琼.地面激光扫描仪的精度影响分析[J].铁道勘察,2007(4)
[43]刘文.基于数学形态学原理和TerraScan的LIDAR点云分类方法研究[D].国家海洋局第一海洋研究所硕士论文,2008.
[44]董秀军.三维激光扫描技术及其工程应用研究[D].成都理工大学硕士论文,2007
[45]黄晶晶.数字高程模型TIN和等高线建模[D].中南大学硕士论文,2007
[46]JavaScript动态网页编程[M].北京：人民邮电出版社,2007
[47]徐建新,徐地保,段玉清.等高线内插数学模型的探讨[J].江苏测绘2000(12)：31-33
[48]张毅.地面三维激光扫描点云数据处理方法研究[D].武汉大学博士论文,2008
[49]何正斌.机载LIDAR技术用于数字地面的应用研究[D].长安大学硕士论文,2008
[50]郑康平.基于云点数据的曲面重构关键技术的研究[D].西安交大博士学位论文,2002